scholarly journals EFFECT OF SULFUR SUPPLEMENTATION ON IN VITRO CELLULOSE DIGESTION AND ON NUTRIENT UTILIZATION AND NITROGEN METABOLISM OF LAMBS FED LOW QUALITY FESCUE HAY

1980 ◽  
Vol 60 (2) ◽  
pp. 337-344 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. M. GUARDIOLA ◽  
G. C. FAHEY Jr. ◽  
J. W. SPEARS ◽  
U. S. GARRIGUS
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Tall Fescue ◽  
Sodium Sulfate ◽  
Rumen Fluid ◽  
Control Diet ◽  
Nutrient Utilization ◽  
Neutral Detergent Fiber ◽  
Sulfur Source ◽  
Cellulose Digestion

Experiments were conducted to determine the effects of supplementing low quality tall fescue hay, containing 0.26% total sulfur, with an iso-sulfurous quantity of either sodium sulfate or D,L-methionine. In vitro experiments were carried out where rumen fluid was collected from sheep fed a similar low quality tall fescue hay. In experiment 1, the addition of 1% urea to the low quality fescue ration stimulated in vitro cellulose digestion (P <.001). The addition of 0.05%, 0.10% and 0.15% sulfur from either sodium sulfate or methionine also stimulated cellulose digestion (P <.001) with no difference due to sulfur source. In experiment 2, the addition of 0.8% nitrate-N added as potassium nitrate depressed in vitro fescue cellulose digestion (P <.001) regardless of whether the donor sheep were adapted or unadapted to nitrate in the ration. Addition of sulfur appeared to overcome the depression in cellulose digestion due to nitrate. In vivo experiments involved the use of 12 crossbred female lambs (average initial weight, 34 kg) which were randomly assigned to one of three treatments (fescue, no added sulfur; fescue plus 0.15% sulfur as sodium sulfate; and fescue plus 0.15% sulfuras D,L-methionine). After completion of trial 1, lambs were re-randomized and the trial was replicated. Acid detergent fiber (ADF) and neutral detergent fiber (NDF) digestibilities were improved (P <.01) by supplemental sulfur, regardless of sulfur source. Nitrogen retention was not significantly affected by treatment. Essential amino acids, expressed as a percent of the total amino acids, were higher (P <.01) for lambs receiving the 0.15% sulfate-S diet. Molar percentage of methionine was increased (P <.01) by the addition of sulfur to the control diet whereas phenylalanine and glutamine concentrations decreased with sulfur addition. Serum taken from lambs fed 0.15% methionine-S contained more histidine (P <.05) while lambs fed 0.15% sulfate-S had less (P <.05) serum glycine.

scholarly journals Pomegranate seed oil rich in conjugated linolenic acids reduces in vitro methane production

1970 ◽  
Vol 46 (3) ◽  
pp. 325-335
Author(s):  
E. Maleki ◽  
G.Y. Meng ◽  
M. Faseleh Jahromi ◽  
R. Jorfi ◽  
A. Khoddami ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Methane Production ◽  
Volatile Fatty Acids ◽  
Seed Oil ◽  
Control Diet ◽  
Nutrient Utilization ◽  
Gas Production ◽  
Metabolizable Energy ◽  
Ruminal Fermentation ◽  
Ch4 Production

The objective of this study was to determine the effect of pomegranate (Punica granatum L.) seed oil (PSO) on gas and methane (CH4) production, ruminal fermentation and microbial populations under in vitro conditions. Three treatments consisting of a control diet containing 10 mg tallow (CON); the control diet with 5 mg PSO + 5 mg tallow (MPSO) and the control diet containing 10 mg PSO (HPSO) were compared. Ten mg of the experimental fat/oil samples were inserted into a gas-tight 100 mL plastic syringe containing 30 mL of an incubation inoculum and 250 mg of a basic substrate of a hay/concentrate (1/1, w/w) mixture. In vitro gas production was recorded over 0, 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12 and 24 h of incubation. After 24 hours, incubation was stopped, and methane production, pH, volatile fatty acids (VFAs) and microbial counts were measured in the inoculant. Gas production at 4, 6, 8, 10, 12 and 24 h incubation, metabolizable energy and in vitro organic matter disappearance increased linearly and quadratically as level of PSO increased. Furthermore, the 10 mg PSO (HPSO) decreased CH4 production by 21.0% compared with the control (CON) group. There were no significant differences in total and individual VFA concentrations between different levels of PSO, except for butyric acid. After 24 h of incubation, methanogenesis decreased in the HPSO compared with the MPSO and CON treatments. In addition, total bacteria and protozoa counts increased with rising PSO levels, while population methanogenesis declined significantly. These results suggested that PSO could reduce methane emissions, which might be beneficial to nutrient utilization and growth in ruminants.

Seasonal changes in forage nutritive value of common weeds encountered in Missouri pastures

2019 ◽  
Vol 34 (2) ◽  
pp. 164-171
Author(s):  
Gatlin Bunton ◽  
Zach Trower ◽  
Craig Roberts ◽  
Kevin W. Bradley
Keyword(s):  
Tall Fescue ◽  
Crude Protein ◽  
Nutritive Value ◽  
Late Summer ◽  
Growing Season ◽  
Quality Parameter ◽  
Neutral Detergent Fiber ◽  
Weed Species ◽  
Growing Seasons

AbstractDuring the 2015, 2016, and 2017 growing seasons, weed and weed-free mixed tall fescue and legume forage samples were harvested from 29 pastures throughout Missouri for investigation of the nutritive value of 20 common pasture weed species throughout the season. At certain times during the growing season, many broadleaf weed species had greater nutritive values for a given quality parameter as compared with the available weed-free, mixed tall fescue and legume forage harvested from the same location. There were no significant differences in crude protein concentration between the weed-free forage and many weeds throughout the growing season. However, crude protein content of common burdock, common cocklebur, common ragweed, dandelion, horsenettle, and lanceleaf ragweed was greater than that of the corresponding forage sample at multiple collection periods. The digestible neutral detergent fiber (dNDF) content of all broadleaf weeds except lanceleaf ragweed was significantly lower than that of the weed-free forage at all collection periods. Conversely, large crabgrass had significantly greater digestible neutral detergent fiber levels than did the mixed tall fescue forage at all sampling dates. Dandelion and spiny amaranth had greater in vitro true digestibility (IVTD) content than did the forage for the entire growing season. Three perennial weeds—horsenettle, vervains, and late boneset—did not differ in IVTD levels as compared with the mixed tall fescue and legume forage at any collection date. For most summer annual weeds, the trend was toward greater digestibility earlier in the season, with a gradual decline and often lower IVTD by the late summer or early fall. The results of this study will enable producers to make more informed management decisions about the potential benefit or detriment a weed may provide to the overall nutritive value of the pasture system.

INFLUENCE OF PHENOLIC ACIDS ON FORAGE STRUCTURAL CARBOHYDRATE DIGESTION

1984 ◽  
Vol 64 (5) ◽  
pp. 50-51 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. G. JUNG ◽  
G. C. FAHEY JR.
Keyword(s):  
Tall Fescue ◽  
Phenolic Acid ◽  
Acid Content ◽  
Coumaric Acid ◽  
Cellulose Digestion ◽  
Hemicellulose Degradation ◽  
Structural Carbohydrate ◽  
Ferulic Acids ◽  
Carbohydrate Digestion

p-Coumaric acid (PCA) and ferulic acid (FA) inhibit cellulose digestion in vitro, whereas PCA stimulates hemicellulose degradation. Acid concentrations increase in tall fescue during maturation but remain stable in alfalfa. Hemicellulose and cellulose digestion by sheep is associated with phenolic acid content of tall fescue but not of alfalfa. Key words: p-Coumaric and ferulic acids, hemicellulose and cellulose digestion

Performance and nutrient utilization of growing pigs given an expanded and pelleted diet

1998 ◽  
Vol 66 (1) ◽  
pp. 225-230 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. Vande Ginste ◽  
R. De Schrijver
Keyword(s):  
Control Diet ◽  
Protein Solubility ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
Experimental Period ◽  
Nutrient Utilization ◽  
Growing Pigs ◽  
Adaptation Period ◽  
Crude Fibre ◽  
Pelleted Diet

AbstractA grower diet containing barley, wheat and soya-bean meal was expanded at 110°C and subsequently pelleted at 80°C. This processing was evaluated in laboratory tests as well as in digestibility experiments involving 12 barrows with an average initial live weight of 40 kg. The unprocessed control diet was offered as a meal. Each diet was offered ad libitum to six pigs during a 5-week period. The 1st week was an adaptation period and measurements were not carried out. Each pig was used in two 5-day digestibility trials which were performed in weeks 2 and 4. Neither food intake, weight gain nor food: gain ratio during the whole 4-week experimental period, nor apparent faecal digestibility and apparent retention of protein were significantly affected (P > 0·05) by expanding and pelleting the diet. Processing caused an increase in the in vitro protein solubility (P < 0·05) and reduced the dietary contents of free lysine and methionine (P < 0·05) while the contents of available lysine and free threonine and tryptophan were not significantly changed (P > 0·05). Apparent faecal digestibility of crude fibre increased substantially (P < 0·05) when the diet was processed, resulting in significantly lower production of faecal mass (P < 0·05) as well as lowerfaecal moisture content (P < 0·05). These phenomena were parallelled by a smaller water consumption (P < 0·05). Apparent digestibility and retention of phosphorus and calcium were diminished (P < 0·05) when the diet was expanded and pelleted.

Preliminary experiments on the in vitro cultivation of an amphistome Orthocoelium scoliocoelium (Trematoda: Digenea)

1982 ◽  
Vol 56 (3) ◽  
pp. 169-176 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. N. Sharma ◽  
P. N. Sharma
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Egg Production ◽  
Rumen Fluid ◽  
Inorganic Salts ◽  
In Vitro Cultivation ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Physiological Alterations

ABSTRACTA medium containing inorganic salts, vitamins and amino-acids is described for the in vitro cultivation of the amphistome, Orthocoelium scoliocoelium, from the rumen of buffalo. Based on the properties of rumen fluid, this medium promoted and sustained normal egg production, at 37°C temperature and pH 7·4 to 7·8 for 15 days. In contrast to other media used, no patho-physiological alterations except abnormal cytoplasmic lipid, were detected. Since the parasites produced normal eggs, it is concluded that this medium is suitable for short-term cultivation of the parasites.

scholarly journals Ferric citrate decreases ruminal hydrogen sulphide concentrations in feedlot cattle fed diets high in sulphate

2013 ◽  
Vol 111 (2) ◽  
pp. 261-269 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mary E. Drewnoski ◽  
Perry Doane ◽  
Stephanie L. Hansen
Keyword(s):  
Hydrogen Sulphide ◽  
Rumen Fluid ◽  
Control Diet ◽  
Gas Production ◽  
Feedlot Cattle ◽  
Ferric Citrate ◽  
Ammonium Citrate ◽  
Ferric Ammonium Citrate ◽  
Ferric Ammonium

Dissimilatory reduction of sulphate by sulphate-reducing bacteria in the rumen produces sulphide, which can lead to a build-up of the toxic gas hydrogen sulphide (H2S) in the rumen when increased concentrations of sulphate are consumed by ruminants. We hypothesised that adding ferric Fe would competitively inhibit ruminal sulphate reduction. The effects of five concentrations and two sources (ferric citrate or ferric ammonium citrate) of ferric Fe were examinedin vitro(n6 per treatment). Rumen fluid was collected from a steer that was adapted to a high-concentrate, high-sulphate diet (0·51 % S). The addition of either source of ferric Fe decreased (P< 0·01) H2S concentrations without affecting gas production (P= 0·38), fluid pH (P= 0·80) orin vitroDM digestibility (P= 0·38) after a 24 h incubation. Anin vivoexperiment was conducted using eight ruminally fistulated steers (543 (sem12) kg) in a replicated Latin square with four periods and four treatments. The treatments included a high-concentrate, high-sulphate control diet (0·46 % S) or the control diet plus ferric ammonium citrate at concentrations of 200, 300 or 400 mg Fe/kg diet DM. The inclusion of ferric Fe did not affect DM intake (P= 0·21). There was a linear (P< 0·01) decrease in the concentration of ruminal H2S as the addition of ferric Fe concentrations increased. Ferric citrate appears to be an effective way to decrease ruminal H2S concentrations, which could allow producers to safely increase the inclusion of ethanol co-products.

scholarly journals Idendification of sulphur-rich proteins which resist rumen degradation and are hydrolysed rapidly by intestinal proteases

1994 ◽  
Vol 72 (6) ◽  
pp. 855-863 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kerrie R. Hancock ◽  
Paul M. Ealing ◽  
Derek W.R. White
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Rumen Fluid ◽  
Polyacrylamide Gel Electrophoresis ◽  
Sodium Dodecyl ◽  
Essential Amino Acids ◽  
Rumen Degradation ◽  
Foreign Proteins ◽  
Sheep Rumen ◽  
Pasture Plants

Several proteins with high proportions of S-containing essential amino acids were incubated in sheep rumen fluid in vitro and their rate of digestion was examined by sodium dodecyl sulphate-polyacrylamide-gel electrophoresis. The S-rich proteins rice prolamin (10 kDa), maize zein (10 kDa) and the 3·2 kDa pumpkin (Cucurbita maxima L.) trypsin inhibitor-1 (CMTI-1) were highly resistant to rumen fluid degradation, relative to control proteins of known degradation rate (casein, bovine serum albumin (BSA) and pea (Pisum sativum) albumin-1 (PA1)). Comparison of PA1 and a recombinant N-terminal epitope-tagged PA1 indicated that addition of the epitope caused a slight increase in resistance to rumen degradation. The proteins were also incubated with a mixture of trypsin (EC 3·4·21·4) and chymotrypsin (EC 3·4·21.1). PA1, BSA and casein were hydrolysed less rapidly than rice prolamin, maize zein and CMTI-1. Digestion by these intestinal proteases appeared to be complete. Thus, the prolamin, zein and CMTI-1 proteins are suitable candidates for expression as foreign proteins in pasture plants to increase throughput and uptake of essential amino acids in sheep.

scholarly journals The effect of forage and forage–concentrate diets on rumen fermentation and metabolism of nutrients by the mesenteric- and portal-drained viscera in growing steers

1992 ◽  
Vol 67 (3) ◽  
pp. 355-370 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. J. Seal ◽  
D. S. Parker ◽  
P. J. Avery
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Rumen Fluid ◽  
Essential Amino Acids ◽  
Nutrient Utilization ◽  
Whole Body ◽  
Glucose Turnover ◽  
Mucosal Tissue ◽  
Branched Chain Amino Acid ◽  
Portal Veins ◽  
Branched Chain

Growing Friesian steers chronically catheterized in the anterior mesenteric and portal veins were used to study the influence of feeding with either a forage or forage–concentrate diet on nutrient utilization by mucosal tissue. When animals were consuming the forage–concentrate diet the molar proportion of propionate in rumen fluid was significantly increased, although production rate as measured by isotope dilution was not altered. Net rates of absorption of VFA into portal blood when compared with rumen production rates underlined the extent to which metabolism within mucosal tissue modifies the propionate supply to the liver. Net glucose utilization by splanchnic tissue was shown to be significantly lower on the forage–concentrate diet. There were no effects of diet on whole-body glucose turnover or on the proportion of glucose derived from propionate. Animals fed on the forage–concentrate diet had significantly lower concentrations of circulating essential amino acids, due mainly to a reduction in branched-chain amino acid levels. There was net absorption of all amino acids by animals on both diets except for glutamate, glutamine and taurine in forage-fed animals.

scholarly journals Impact of Supplementation of Hemp Seeds (Cannavis sativa L.) on In Vitro Gas Fermentation Parameters and Digestibility using Foregut Fluid from Dromdary Camel

2020 ◽  
Vol 33 (1) ◽  
pp. 98-106
Author(s):  
Tahereh Mohammadabadi
Keyword(s):  
Biogas Production ◽  
Rumen Fluid ◽  
Control Diet ◽  
Nitrogen Concentration ◽  
Ammonia Nitrogen ◽  
Gas Production ◽  
Control Treatment ◽  
Cellulolytic Bacteria ◽  
Gas Fermentation

This experiment was conducted to investigate the effect of hemp seeds on in vitro biogas production, and digestibility of one-humped camel. Two female fistulated dromedary camels (300 kg) were fed with a forage diet (60 wheat straw and 40 alfalfa) for 1 month. Then rumen fluid was supplied from camels prior to the morning meal. Experimental samples were control diet and diet containing 10 % hemp seeds. Glass vials 100 ml containing 30 ml buffered rumen fluid was used. Gas production parameters were measured by exponential models and digestibility of foregut bacteria of camels were determined. The results showed that addition hemp seeds decreased potential of gas production (P<0.05), but gas production rate was not influenced (P>0.05). Actually digested organic matter and microbial biomass of diet containing hemp seeds were more than a control diet (P<0.05).While, hemp seeds supplementation had the greatest digestibility by cellulolytic bacteria of camel, after 24, 48 and 72 h incubation. The results also showed hemp seeds decreased ammonia nitrogen concentration as compared to the control treatment (P<0.05). Therefore, adding hemp seeds in the camel diet caused to reduce gas emission and ammonia nitrogen production in foregut and increased cellulolytic bacteria digestibility; so hemp seeds may be used in camel diets and will influence camel growth performance and decrease gas emissions in the environment.

scholarly journals Estudio de la cinética de degradación in vitro de cuatro forrajes tropicales y una leguminosa de clima templado

2005 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
pp. 58
Author(s):  
Dora Elisa Sánchez ◽  
Luis Carlos Arreaza ◽  
Beatriz Abadía
Keyword(s):  
Medicago Sativa ◽  
Rumen Fluid ◽  
Gas Production ◽  
Neutral Detergent Fiber ◽  
Insoluble Residue ◽  
Brachiaria Decumbens ◽  
Tropical Grasses ◽  
Degradation Rates ◽  
El Sistema

<p>Cuatro gramíneas tropicales (<em>Pennisetum clandestinum, Brachiaria decumbens, Bothriochloa pertusa </em>y <em>Dichantium aristatum</em>) y una leguminosa de la región templada (<em>Medicago sativa</em>) fueron comparadas mediante la técnica de producción de gas <em>in vitro, </em>con el fin de establecer los parámetros de degradación ruminal (volumen total de gas producido, tasa de degradación de carbohidratos solubles e insolubles y tiempo <em>lag) </em>para ser usados en el sistema CNCPS (<em>Cornell Net Carbohydrate and Protein System</em>). Se emplearon tres preparaciones o fracciones de cada gramínea que consistieron en la materia seca entera (ME), el residuo insoluble en etanol (RIE) y la fibra en detergente neutro (FDN). El experimento consistió en cuatro incubaciones por 48 horas de cada fracción y cada forraje, registrándose la producción total de gas durante 48 horas en un sistema computarizado cerrado. Para efectos cuantitativos y análisis detallado de la cinética de las curvas y tasas de producción de gas en las fermentaciones <em>in vitro</em>, se aplicó un modelo matemático exponencial <em>Y = a*[1-exp{-b*(X-c)}], </em>para el cálculo de las tasas de degradación usadas por el sistema CNCPS. La producción de gas se registró mediante transductores digitales de presión, acoplados con frascos Wheaton de 50 ml con sustrato (100 mg), medio (8 ml) e inóculo ruminal (2 ml) y conectados a una tarjeta de adquisición de datos en un ordenador común, en el que se registraron las diferencias de presión cada 20 min. El valor más alto de producción total de gas a las 48 horas de incubación fue para el ME de <em>B. decumbens </em>con 39,4 ml y el más bajo fue de 8,42 ml para el FDN de alfalfa. La degradación total más alta fue para el FDN de Kikuyo con 77% ± 9,8 y la más baja en el FDN de Angleton con 47% ± 2,3. La baja producción de gas de la fracción fibrosa (FDN) de los cinco forrajes estuvo altamente asociada con la con­centración de lignina en el sustrato. El análisis de la cinética de las fracciones solubles mediante la sustracción de curvas sólo mostró ajuste definido y claro para la alfalfa.</p><p> </p><p><strong>Study of the <em>in vitro </em>degradation kinetics of four tropical grasses and one temperate legume</strong></p><p>Four tropical grasses (<em>Pennisetum clandesti­num, Brachiaria decumbens, Bothriochloa pertusa </em>and <em>Dichantium aristatum</em>) and the temperate legume (<em>Medicago sativa</em>) were compared by using the <em>In Vitro </em>Gas Transducer Technique with the aim to obtain their degradation rates (%/hr), total gas volume and final residue. Carbohydrate fractions: Whole for­rage = ME, Ethanol insoluble residue = RIE and Neutral Detergent Fiber = FDN, from the four grasses were prepared from whole material from each one and incubated with rumen fluid up to 48 hours in a closed com­puterized <em>in vitro </em>gas system. Data from the incubations were analyzed by a non lineal regression, fitting gas data to an exponential equation from Mertens &amp; Loften (1980). Gas accumulation was recorded via pressure transducers connected to 50 ml bottles with substrate (100 mg) and medium (8 ml) plus rumen fluid as inoculum (2 ml). Data were recorded every 20 min via an analog/di-gital card attached to a computer. Voltages recorder were converted to ml of gas in a spreadsheet using Excel® macros. The hig-hest gas production was found in whole for­age from <em>B decumbens</em>: 39.4 ml and the lowest was in NDF from alfalfa: 8.4 ml in 48 hours. Higher degradability was found in NDF from Kikuyu grass: 77% ± 9.8, and the low­est degradation was observed in NDF from angleton: 47% ± 2.3. The low gas production from NDF in all 5 forages was associated with the lignin content in the substrate. The kinetic analysis by curve subtraction for the soluble carbohydrates was consistent for alfalfa but not for the grasses.</p>

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