scholarly journals The effect of forage and forage–concentrate diets on rumen fermentation and metabolism of nutrients by the mesenteric- and portal-drained viscera in growing steers

1992 ◽  
Vol 67 (3) ◽  
pp. 355-370 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. J. Seal ◽  
D. S. Parker ◽  
P. J. Avery
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Rumen Fluid ◽  
Essential Amino Acids ◽  
Nutrient Utilization ◽  
Whole Body ◽  
Glucose Turnover ◽  
Mucosal Tissue ◽  
Branched Chain Amino Acid ◽  
Portal Veins ◽  
Branched Chain

Growing Friesian steers chronically catheterized in the anterior mesenteric and portal veins were used to study the influence of feeding with either a forage or forage–concentrate diet on nutrient utilization by mucosal tissue. When animals were consuming the forage–concentrate diet the molar proportion of propionate in rumen fluid was significantly increased, although production rate as measured by isotope dilution was not altered. Net rates of absorption of VFA into portal blood when compared with rumen production rates underlined the extent to which metabolism within mucosal tissue modifies the propionate supply to the liver. Net glucose utilization by splanchnic tissue was shown to be significantly lower on the forage–concentrate diet. There were no effects of diet on whole-body glucose turnover or on the proportion of glucose derived from propionate. Animals fed on the forage–concentrate diet had significantly lower concentrations of circulating essential amino acids, due mainly to a reduction in branched-chain amino acid levels. There was net absorption of all amino acids by animals on both diets except for glutamate, glutamine and taurine in forage-fed animals.

Effect of Infused Branched-Chain Amino Acids on Muscle and Whole-Body Amino Acid Metabolism in Man

1990 ◽  
Vol 79 (5) ◽  
pp. 457-466 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rita J. Louard ◽  
Eugene J. Barrett ◽  
Robert A. Gelfand
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Amino Acid ◽  
Muscle Protein ◽  
Muscle Protein Synthesis ◽  
Branched Chain Amino Acids ◽  
Whole Body ◽  
Acid Infusion ◽  
Amino Acid Infusion ◽  
Branched Chain Amino Acid ◽  
Branched Chain

1. Using the forearm balance method, together with systemic infusions of l-[ring-2,6-3H]phenylalanine and l-[1-14C]leucine, we examined the effects of infused branched-chain amino acids on whole-body and skeletal muscle amino acid kinetics in 10 postabsorptive normal subjects; 10 control subjects received only saline. 2. Infusion of branched-chain amino acids caused a four-fold rise in arterial branched-chain amino acid levels and a two-fold rise in branched-chain keto acids; significant declines were observed in circulating levels of most other amino acids, including phenylalanine, which fell by 34%. Plasma insulin levels were unchanged from basal levels (8 ± 1 μ-units/ml). 3. Whole-body phenylalanine flux, an index of proteolysis, was significantly suppressed by branched-chain amino acid infusion (P < 0.002), and forearm phenylalanine production was also inhibited (P < 0.03). With branched-chain amino acid infusion total leucine flux rose, with marked increments in both oxidative and non-oxidative leucine disposal (P < 0.001). Proteolysis, as measured by endogenous leucine production, showed a modest 12% decrease, although this was not significant when compared with saline controls. The net forearm balance of leucine and other branched-chain amino acids changed from a basal net output to a marked net uptake (P < 0.001) during branched-chain amino acid infusion, with significant stimulation of local leucine disposal. Despite the rise in whole-body non-oxidative leucine disposal, and in forearm leucine uptake and disposal, forearm phenylalanine disposal, an index of muscle protein synthesis, was not stimulated by infusion of branched-chain amino acids. 4. The results suggest that in normal man branched-chain amino acid infusion suppresses skeletal muscle proteolysis independently of any rise of plasma insulin. Muscle branched-chain amino acid uptake rose dramatically in the absence of any apparent increase in muscle protein synthesis, as measured by phenylalanine disposal, or in branched-chain keto acid release. Thus, an increase in muscle branched-chain amino acid concentrations and/ or local branched-chain amino acid oxidation must account for the increased disposal of branched-chain amino acids.

DIGESTION IN THE RUMEN AND AMINO ACID SUPPLY TO THE DUODENUM OF SHEEP FED ENSILED AND FRESH ALFALFA

1986 ◽  
Vol 66 (4) ◽  
pp. 1019-1027 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. A. FLORES ◽  
L. E. PHILLIP ◽  
D. M. VEIRA ◽  
M. IVAN
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Amino Acid ◽  
Rumen Fluid ◽  
Essential Amino Acids ◽  
Ruminal Ph ◽  
Sheep Rumen ◽  
Branched Chain ◽  
High Degree ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Adaptation Phase

A study was conducted with six sheep equipped with rumen and duodenal re-entrant cannulae to investigate differences in duodenal amino acid supply with fresh and ensiled alfalfa. The experiment was conducted as a cross-over design with two 12-d periods consisting of an adaptation phase (5 d) followed by feces collection (5 d), and finally on day 12, 24 h continuous collection of duodenal digesta and sampling of rumen fluid. During the experiment the sheep were restricted on feed to 52 g DM d−1 kg−0.75. Analyses of the forages revealed extensive breakdown of threonine, lysine and other basic amino acids, and high degree of preservation of branched chain amino acids. Relative to the amount consumed, there was a net loss of amino acids at the duodenum with fresh alfalfa but a net gain with silage. The relationship between intake of individual essential amino acids and duodenal recovery was inconsistent. Duodenal recovery of total essential amino acids was 28% higher with fresh than with ensiled alfalfa, a difference which was most pronounced with threonine and lysine. Digestion of organic matter and fiber was unaffected (P > 0.05) by ensiling of alfalfa. Estimates of ruminal pH were higher (P < 0.05) for silage than fresh forage (6.9 vs. 6.7) but VFA concentrations were lower (P < 0.05) for silage (52.1 vs. 64.1 mmol L−1). Rumen ammonia levels were similar for the two forages. The deficit in duodenal supply of essential amino acids with silage is discussed in relation to the problem of silage intake in ruminants. Key words: Alfalfa silage, duodenal amino acids, sheep, rumen digestion

scholarly journals Insulin does not stimulate muscle protein synthesis during increased plasma branched-chain amino acids alone but still decreases whole body proteolysis in humans

2016 ◽  
Vol 311 (4) ◽  
pp. E671-E677 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sarah Everman ◽  
Christian Meyer ◽  
Lee Tran ◽  
Nyssa Hoffman ◽  
Chad C. Carroll ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Protein Synthesis ◽  
Insulin Infusion ◽  
Muscle Protein ◽  
Muscle Protein Synthesis ◽  
Essential Amino Acids ◽  
Branched Chain Amino Acids ◽  
Whole Body ◽  
Synthesis Rate ◽  
Branched Chain

Insulin stimulates muscle protein synthesis when the levels of total amino acids, or at least the essential amino acids, are at or above their postabsorptive concentrations. Among the essential amino acids, branched-chain amino acids (BCAA) have the primary role in stimulating muscle protein synthesis and are commonly sought alone to stimulate muscle protein synthesis in humans. Fourteen healthy young subjects were studied before and after insulin infusion to examine whether insulin stimulates muscle protein synthesis in relation to the availability of BCAA alone. One half of the subjects were studied in the presence of postabsorptive BCAA concentrations (control) and the other half in the presence of increased plasma BCAA (BCAA). Compared with that prior to the initiation of the insulin infusion, fractional synthesis rate of muscle protein (%/h) did not change ( P > 0.05) during insulin in either the control (0.04 ± 0.01 vs 0.05 ± 0.01) or the BCAA (0.05 ± 0.02 vs. 0.05 ± 0.01) experiments. Insulin decreased ( P < 0.01) whole body phenylalanine rate of appearance (μmol·kg−1·min−1), indicating suppression of muscle proteolysis, in both the control (1.02 ± 0.04 vs 0.76 ± 0.04) and the BCAA (0.89 ± 0.07 vs 0.61 ± 0.03) experiments, but the change was not different between the two experiments ( P > 0.05). In conclusion, insulin does not stimulate muscle protein synthesis in the presence of increased circulating levels of plasma BCAA alone. Insulin's suppressive effect on proteolysis is observed independently of the levels of circulating plasma BCAA.

Value of quantitative and qualitative assessment of protein in workers’ diet

2019 ◽  
pp. 97-103
Author(s):  
S. E. Dubenko ◽  
T. V. Mazhaeva ◽  
G. M. Nasybullina
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Physical Exertion ◽  
Qualitative Evaluation ◽  
Essential Amino Acids ◽  
Qualitative Assessment ◽  
Health State ◽  
Occupational Hazards ◽  
Occupational Groups ◽  
Branched Chain ◽  
Amino Acid Contents

Th e authors reviewed literature on methodic evaluations of human requirements of protein, based on Russian and foreign data bases (Scopus, Web of Science, MedLine, RINTs, eLIBRA RY) via key words in article headings, and evaluated quality and quantity of protein in diets of workers exposed to occupational hazards. Average requirements of amino acids and their additional intake for bett er health state in certain occupational groups remains a topical problem. Th e article covers list of methods for quantitative and qualitative evaluation of proteins in foods and diets. Findings are diff erences in approaches to protein quantity regulation in Russian Federation and WHO/FAO/UNU (protein normal level in RF is higher, depends on physical exertion, with lower quantity of amino acids with branched chain in structure of essential amino acids). Th erapeutic and prophylactic diet corresponding to Order N46 of Russian Health Ministry for main occupations of metallurgic workshops can be considered as high-proteous and balanced in amino acid contents. Necessity is to study adequate intake of amino acids in workers exposed to occupational hazards, for improving protective and adaptative body mechanisms, and prevention of occupational and occupationally conditioned diseases.

Isoleucine Plays an Important Role for Maintaining Immune Function

2019 ◽  
Vol 20 (7) ◽  
pp. 644-651 ◽  
Author(s):  
Changsong Gu ◽  
Xiangbing Mao ◽  
Daiwen Chen ◽  
Bing Yu ◽  
Qing Yang
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Acid Metabolism ◽  
Branched Chain Amino Acids ◽  
Whole Body ◽  
Immune Functions ◽  
Host Defense Peptides ◽  
Innate And Adaptive Immunity ◽  
Physiological Functions ◽  
Branched Chain ◽  
The Relationship

Branched chain amino acids are the essential nutrients for humans and many animals. As functional amino acids, they play important roles in physiological functions, including immune functions. Isoleucine, as one of the branched chain amino acids, is also critical in physiological functions of the whole body, such as growth, immunity, protein metabolism, fatty acid metabolism and glucose transportation. Isoleucine can improve the immune system, including immune organs, cells and reactive substances. Recent studies have also shown that isoleucine may induce the expression of host defense peptides (i.e., &#946;-defensins) that can regulate host innate and adaptive immunity. In addition, isoleucine administration can restore the effect of some pathogens on the health of humans and animals via increasing the expression of &#946;-defensins. Therefore, the present review will emphatically discuss the effect of isoleucine on immunity while summarizing the relationship between branched chain amino acids and immune functions.

scholarly journals Quantitative Analysis of the Whole-Body Metabolic Fate of Branched-Chain Amino Acids

2019 ◽  
Vol 29 (2) ◽  
pp. 417-429.e4 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael D. Neinast ◽  
Cholsoon Jang ◽  
Sheng Hui ◽  
Danielle S. Murashige ◽  
Qingwei Chu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Quantitative Analysis ◽  
Branched Chain Amino Acids ◽  
Whole Body ◽  
Metabolic Fate ◽  
Branched Chain

scholarly journals Nutritional components of the sea cucumber Holothuria scabra

2017 ◽  
Vol 7 (3) ◽  
pp. 168 ◽  
Author(s):  
Morakot Sroyraya ◽  
Peter J. Hanna ◽  
Tanapan Siangcham ◽  
Ruchanok Tinikul ◽  
Prapaporn Jattujan ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Stearic Acid ◽  
Sea Cucumber ◽  
Body Wall ◽  
Essential Fatty Acids ◽  
Essential Amino Acids ◽  
Whole Body ◽  
Holothuria Scabra ◽  
Arachidonic Acids

Background: Holothuria scabra is one of the most commercially important species found in the Pacific region. The sea cucumber extracts have been widely reported to have beneficial health effects. The aim of this study was to determine the nutritional compositions of H. scabra, and compare its important nutritional contents with that of other species.Methods: The sea cucumbers were dissected, sliced into small pieces, and then freeze-dried. The nutritional compositions, including proximate composition, amino acids, fatty acids, collagen, GABA, Vitamin A, C, and E of the whole body and body wall of H. scabra, were analyzed.Results: H. scabra contained a high quantity of protein (22.50% in whole body and 55.18% in body wall) and very low lipids (1.55% in whole body and 1.02% in body wall). The three most abundant amino acids found in both the whole body and body wall were glycine, glutamic acid, and proline. The main fatty acids found in the whole body were stearic acid and nervonic acid, and in the body wall were arachidonic acid and stearic acid. The whole body and body wall also contained high levels of essential amino acids, essential fatty acids, and collagen, in addition to moderate amounts of vitamin E and low amounts of GABA and vitamin C.Conclusions: The sea cucumber, H. scabra, contained high quantity of protein and very low lipid. It contained high essential amino acids, essential fatty acids, nervonic and arachidonic acids, and collagen, which also contained GABA, vitamin C, and vitamin E.Keywords: sea cucumber; Holothuria scabra; nutrition components; functional food            

scholarly journals The influence of slowly and rapidly degradable concentrate protein on nitrogen balance, rumen fermentation pattern and blood parameters in dairy cattle.

1988 ◽  
Vol 36 (2) ◽  
pp. 127-143 ◽  
Author(s):  
W.A.G. Veen ◽  
J. Veling ◽  
Y.T. Bakker
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Rumen Fluid ◽  
Essential Amino Acids ◽  
Blood Parameters ◽  
Milk Composition ◽  
Rumen Fermentation ◽  
Net Energy ◽  
Rumen Ph ◽  
Fermentation Pattern ◽  
Degradable Protein

In a crossover trial, 4 cows were given concentrates containing rapidly and slowly degradable protein in combination with prewilted grass silage. Diets were given in 2 equal daily portions according to DCP and net energy requirements. The trial consisted of 3 main periods of 3 weeks each, with faeces, urine and milk collected and measured during the final week. On 1 day during this week samples of rumen fluid were taken and on 2 days blood samples were taken, directly before the morning feed and 1, 2, 3, 4 and 8 h later. N digestibity and N retention were the same on both rations. A concentrate with slowly-degradable protein resulted in a significantly higher rumen pH and acetate:propionate ratio. Ammonia concn. tended to be lower. Slowly-degradable concentrate protein led to a significantly higher concn. of urea and a lower concn. of insulin in blood. The concn. of several of the essential amino acids, and of the glucogenic amino acids and glycine was significantly lower. There were no significant effects of type of protein on milk yield or milk composition, but there was a tendency for these parameters to increase with ration containing slowly-degradable protein. Results suggest the ration containing slowly-degradable concentrate protein produced a more even rumen fermentation, which promoted a higher acetate:propionate ration in the rumen. On this ration there was a tendency for more gluconeogenesis from amino acids to occur. (Abstract retrieved from CAB Abstracts by CABI’s permission)

scholarly journals Effects of branched chain amino acids infusion on whole‐body plasma glucose disposal: a pilot study

2010 ◽  
Vol 24 (S1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Sarah Everman ◽  
Lawrence J Mandarino ◽  
Guilherme M Puga ◽  
Christian Meyer ◽  
Christos S Katsanos
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Pilot Study ◽  
Plasma Glucose ◽  
Branched Chain Amino Acids ◽  
Whole Body ◽  
Glucose Disposal ◽  
Branched Chain
Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document