EFFECT OF COLD EXPOSURE ON LIVEWEIGHT AND BODY FLUID COMPARTMENTS IN SHEEP

1980 ◽  
Vol 60 (1) ◽  
pp. 33-41 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. A. DEGEN ◽  
B. A. YOUNG
Keyword(s):  
Cold Exposure ◽  
Rumen Fluid ◽  
Tritiated Water ◽  
Fluid Volume ◽  
Interstitial Fluid Volume ◽  
Body Fluid Compartments ◽  
Ad Libitum ◽  
Fluid Compartments ◽  
Total Body ◽  
Water Space

Effects of cold exposure on liveweight and body fluids were studied in 12 six-month-old wethers. Six sheep were offered feed ad libitum and six sheep were restricted to a near maintenance level of intake of a pelleted concentrate ration. The sheep were individually caged in controlled temperature chambers for two preliminary and four consecutive experimental (I-IV) periods of 10 days each; the preliminary periods and period I at 21 °C air temperature, periods II and III at 0 °C and period IV at 21 °C. In general, the responses to the cold were more pronounced during period II than period III, and more pronounced in the sheep on restricted feed than in the sheep on ad libitum feed. The sheep receiving feed ad libitum were able to maintain or increase their liveweight and body solids throughout the experiment. The sheep receiving a restricted ration lost 2.53 kg during the first 8 days of period II. Their total body water (tritiated water space) was reduced by 1.68 L representing 66% of the weight loss, and their body solids were reduced by 0.85 kg. The reticulo-rumen fluid volume (51Cr EDTA space) was reduced by 1.32 L; the interstitial fluid volume (SCN− space-T-1824 space) by 0.39 L and the plasma volume (T-1824 space) by 0.13 L. There was no reduction in absolute intracellular fluid volume with cold exposure.

Body Fluid Compartments

1977 ◽  
Vol 5 (4) ◽  
pp. 284-294 ◽  
Author(s):  
Roy W. Pain
Keyword(s):  
Body Fluid ◽  
Extracellular Fluid ◽  
Sodium Potassium ◽  
Membrane Pump ◽  
Interstitial Fluid Volume ◽  
New Concepts ◽  
Body Fluid Compartments ◽  
Fluid Compartments ◽  
Total Body ◽  
Osmolar Gap

The terms mole, molality, molarity, osmole, osmolality, osmolarity, osmolar gap and anion gap are defined and their clinical usefulness indicated. The following body fluid compartments are described: total body water ( TBW), extracellular fluid ( ECF), intracellular fluid ( ICF), transcellular fluid ( TCF), plasma volume, red cell volume and interstitial fluid volume. Isotope-dilution techniques are briefly discussed and representative normal values for the various compartments according to sex and age are indicated. The physiological mechanisms that maintain the distinctive ionic compositions of the various fluid spaces are briefly outlined. New concepts of the function of the gel matrix and of the lymph drainage of the interstitium are presented. Opposing models to the sodium-potassium membrane pump are briefly described.

Regulation of body fluid compartments during short-term spaceflight

1996 ◽  
Vol 81 (1) ◽  
pp. 105-116 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. S. Leach ◽  
C. P. Alfrey ◽  
W. N. Suki ◽  
J. I. Leonard ◽  
P. C. Rambaut ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Body Fluid ◽  
Extracellular Fluid ◽  
Plasma Renin ◽  
Capillary Membranes ◽  
Urinary Cortisol Excretion ◽  
Hormone Responses ◽  
Body Fluid Compartments ◽  
Cortisol Excretion ◽  
Fluid Compartments ◽  
Total Body

The fluid and electrolyte regulation experiment with seven subjects was designed to describe body fluid, renal, and fluid regulatory hormone responses during the Spacelab Life Sciences-1 (9 days) and -2 (14 days) missions. Total body water did not change significantly. Plasma volume (PV; P < 0.05) and extracellular fluid volume (ECFV; P < 0.10) decreased 21 h after launch, remaining below preflight levels until after landing. Fluid intake decreased during weightlessness, and glomerular filtration rate (GFR) increased in the first 2 days and on day 8 (P < 0.05). Urinary antidiuretic hormone (ADH) excretion increased (P < 0.05) and fluid excretion decreased early in flight (P < 0.10). Plasma renin activity (PRA; P < 0.10) and aldosterone (P < 0.05) decreased in the first few hours after launch; PRA increased 1 wk later (P < 0.05). During flight, plasma atrial natriuretic peptide concentrations were consistently lower than preflight means, and urinary cortisol excretion was usually greater than preflight levels. Acceleration at launch and landing probably caused increases in ADH and cortisol excretion, and a shift of fluid from the extracellular to the intracellular compartment would account for reductions in ECFV. Increased permeability of capillary membranes may be the most important mechanism causing spaceflight-induced PV reduction, which is probably maintained by increased GFR and other mechanisms. If the Gauer-Henry reflex operates during spaceflight, it must be completed within the first 21 h of flight and be succeeded by establishment of a reduced PV set point.

Effects of dehydration on body-water distribution in desert kangaroos

1975 ◽  
Vol 229 (1) ◽  
pp. 251-254 ◽  
Author(s):  
MJ Denny ◽  
TJ Dawson
Keyword(s):  
Plasma Volume ◽  
Water Loss ◽  
Water Distribution ◽  
Extracellular Volume ◽  
Body Water ◽  
Red Kangaroo ◽  
Ecological Implications ◽  
Body Fluid Compartments ◽  
Fluid Compartments ◽  
Total Body

The effect of dehydration on the distribution of water in the bodies of two species of desert kangaroos, the red kangaroo Megaleia rufa and the euro Macropus robustus, has been examined. The volumes of various body-fluid compartments were determined in normally hydrated animals and then after the kangaroos had been dehydrated until body weight declined to 80% of the initial weight. The fluid compartments examined were total body water, plasma volume, intracellular volume (cellular and gut water), and extracellular volume. Both species were camel-like in their response to dehydration in that plasma volume was maintained in both species, falling by only 8.3% in red kangaroos and 7.4% in euros. The pattern of water loss from other compartments differed between species, particularly gut water loss. This compartment, which includes the large rumenlike fore stomach, contributed 56% of the total water loss of red kangaroos but only 22% of the loss from euros. The ecological implications of the preferential maintenance of gut water by the sedentary, cave-dwelling euros have been discussed.

In vivo total body electrical conductivity following perturbations of body fluid compartments in rats

Metabolism ◽  
1986 ◽  
Vol 35 (6) ◽  
pp. 572-575 ◽  
Author(s):  
John J. Cunningham ◽  
Joseph A. Molnar ◽  
Patricia A. Meara ◽  
Hans H. Bode
Keyword(s):  
Electrical Conductivity ◽  
Body Fluid ◽  
Body Fluid Compartments ◽  
Fluid Compartments ◽  
Total Body

The effect of dehydration on Sudanese desert sheep and goats

1986 ◽  
Vol 106 (1) ◽  
pp. 17-20 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. M. El-Hadi
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Body Temperature ◽  
Extracellular Space ◽  
Total Body Water ◽  
Tritiated Water ◽  
The Body ◽  
Water Turnover ◽  
Sheep And Goats ◽  
Fluid Compartments ◽  
Total Body

SUMMARYChanges in body weight and body temperature were observed in Sudanese desert sheep and goats, which had been subjected to the summer sun (20 °C min. to 42 °C max.), given water normally and then deprived of water for 3 days. Tritiated water was also used to measure total body water and water turnover in these animals together with measurements of plasma and extracellular space, intracellular fluid volume and blood osmolality. The body weight and the size of the fluid compartments decreased in the two species at varying degrees associated with haemoconcentration. The extent of some changes was more marked in sheep than in goats, suggesting better adaptation of the former species to desert life.

The effect of route of dosing and method of estimation of tritiated water space on the determination of total body water and the prediction of body fat in sheep

1974 ◽  
Vol 82 (1) ◽  
pp. 105-112 ◽  
Author(s):  
B. S. W. Smith ◽  
A. R. Sykes
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Body Fat ◽  
Total Body Water ◽  
Specific Activity ◽  
Tritiated Water ◽  
Multiple Correlation Coefficient ◽  
Body Water ◽  
Total Body ◽  
Water Space

SUMMARYEight mature female sheep were offered a ration which maintained body weight constant during a 20-week period. During the final 10 weeks a comparison was made in each animal of the pattern of equilibration and urinary losses of tritiated water during 8 h after dosing by four different routes. These were intravenous, intraperitoneal, intraruminal and a combination of the intraperitoneal and intraruminal routes. Tritiated water spaces were calculated from (a) the 8-h plasma specific activity and (b) by extrapolation to zero time of the plasma specific activities during the 7 days after injection. At the end of the experiment the fat and water contents of the bodies of the sheep were determined directly.Complete equilibration of tritiated water between plasma and rumen water was not achieved in all animals 8 h after intravenous or intraperitoneal injection but was when the rumen was primed by the combination of intraperitoneal and intraruminal dosing. After intraruminal dosing equilibration was not achieved in any animal within 8 h of dosing.Urinary losses of marker were lower after intraruminal dosing but otherwise averaged 4–5 % of the dose/1 urine. This was equivalent to 0·3–6·7% of the dose for individual sheep.Errors resulting from incomplete equilibration and urinary loss of marker did not influence the efficiency of prediction of total body water from tritiated water space. The multiple correlation coefficient relating body fat with empty body weight and its water content was very high (r = 0·99). Errors introduced into this relationship by the inclusion of gut water in the prediction equations were apparently of a similar magnitude to those resulting from the errors in the estimation of tritiated water space.The extrapolation method for the determination of tritiated water space was shown to have the same accuracy as equilibration techniques under these controlled dietary conditions.

Body fluid compartments, renal blood flow, and hormones at 6,000 m in normal subjects

1993 ◽  
Vol 74 (3) ◽  
pp. 1234-1239 ◽  
Author(s):  
I. S. Anand ◽  
Y. Chandrashekhar ◽  
S. K. Rao ◽  
R. M. Malhotra ◽  
R. Ferrari ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Heart Failure ◽  
Congestive Heart Failure ◽  
Blood Flow ◽  
Renal Blood Flow ◽  
Body Fluid ◽  
Young Men ◽  
Normal Subjects ◽  
Body Fluid Compartments ◽  
Fluid Compartments ◽  
Total Body

We previously described a syndrome of congestive heart failure occurring in healthy young men at extreme altitude (Anand et al. Lancet 335: 561–565, 1990). The pathogenesis of this condition is unclear. We therefore measured body fluid compartments, renal blood flow, and a variety of plasma hormones in 10 asymptomatic young men staying above 6,000 m for > 10 wk and compared the results with controls at sea level. Body compartments were measured with isotope dilution techniques and renal blood flow with o-[125I]iodohippurate sodium. There was a marked expansion of all the fluid spaces: total body sodium was 14% above normal (P < 0.05), total body water was 18% above normal (P < 0.05), plasma volume was 33% above normal (P < 0.05), and blood volume was 84.5% above normal (P < 0.001). The effective renal plasma flow was lower than normal by 55% (P < 0.001), but the reduction in the effective renal blood flow was 37% below normal (P < 0.001) because the hematocrit was high (41.6% above normal). Plasma norepinephrine was nearly 3 times normal (P < 0.01), cortisol 3 times normal (P < 0.001), and growth hormone 18 times normal (P < 0.01). Aldosterone was twice normal (P < 0.03). Plasma epinephrine, atrial natriuretic peptide, and plasma renin activity were unchanged. The degree of fluid retention in these normal subjects was similar to that in patients with severe untreated congestive heart failure (Anand et al. Circulation 80: 299–305, 1989), whereas sodium retention and reduction in effective renal blood flow were less.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Body composition in vivo. IX. The relation of body composition to the tritiated water spaces of ewes and wethers fasted for short periods

1968 ◽  
Vol 19 (2) ◽  
pp. 267 ◽  
Author(s):  
BA Panaretto
Keyword(s):  
Body Composition ◽  
Total Body Water ◽  
Tritiated Water ◽  
Body Water ◽  
The Body ◽  
Total Body ◽  
Water Space

Correlations are described between tritiated water space, total body water, fat, and protein in sheep subjected to 18–21 hr of fasting. These provide a system for estimating the body composition of living ruminants.

Comparisons of body composition and energy utilization between Merino and fixed halfbred (Border Leicester × Merino) wethers

1972 ◽  
Vol 23 (2) ◽  
pp. 339 ◽  
Author(s):  
TW Searle ◽  
NM Graham
Keyword(s):  
Energy Content ◽  
Tritiated Water ◽  
The Body ◽  
Energy Utilization ◽  
Energetic Efficiency ◽  
Detectable Difference ◽  
Concentrate Mixture ◽  
Ad Libitum ◽  
Water Space

Merino and halfbred weaner sheep were fed ad libitum for 6 months and food intake recorded; some animals of each breed were given a roughage-concentrate mixture and others were given a wholly roughage diet. The chemical composition of the body was determined from time to time. The halfbred animals ate more of each diet and grew faster than the Mennos. The Merinos became progressively fatter, weight for weight, than the halfbreds; fatness was not affected by diet per se. There was no detectable difference between the breeds in energetic efficiency. Prediction of the energy content of the body from tritiated water space measured in vivo gave similar results to carcass analysis.

Simultaneous determination of fluid shifts during thermal stress in a small-animal model

1986 ◽  
Vol 61 (3) ◽  
pp. 1031-1034 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. J. Durkot ◽  
O. Martinez ◽  
D. Brooks-McQuade ◽  
R. Francesconi
Keyword(s):  
Plasma Volume ◽  
Tritiated Water ◽  
Extracellular Fluid ◽  
Small Animal ◽  
Initial Response ◽  
Fluid Volume ◽  
Organ Injury ◽  
Fluid Loss ◽  
Fluid Redistribution ◽  
Fluid Compartments

We have developed methodology to simultaneously measure fluid redistribution among the major compartments during moderate and severe hypohydration. Total body water (TBW) was determined using tritiated water, extracellular fluid volume (ECF) was measured using a single-injection [14C]inulin technique, and plasma volume (PV) was determined by indocyanine green dye dilution. Moderate (10% decrease in body wt) and severe (15%) hypohydration resulted in significant losses in TBW, ECF, and PV. Plasma volume was decreased by approximately 25% in both groups, and other fluid compartments were differentially affected. For example, the moderately dehydrated group maintained PV by shifting fluid from the interstitial fluid volume (ISF) compartment while preserving the intracellular fluid volume (ICF); conversely, the severely dehydrated group maintained PV by redistributing fluid from both the ISF and ICF compartments. The data indicated that the initial response to fluid loss was the movement of fluid from the ISF pool to sustain both PV and ICF. In severely hypohydrated rats, PV was maintained at the expense of ICF. These experiments indicated that PV and ICF were maximally protected, probably to preserve the integrity of the cardiovascular system and to minimize organ injury.

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