Comparisons of body composition and energy utilization between Merino and fixed halfbred (Border Leicester × Merino) wethers

1972 ◽  
Vol 23 (2) ◽  
pp. 339 ◽  
Author(s):  
TW Searle ◽  
NM Graham
Keyword(s):  
Energy Content ◽  
Tritiated Water ◽  
The Body ◽  
Energy Utilization ◽  
Energetic Efficiency ◽  
Detectable Difference ◽  
Concentrate Mixture ◽  
Ad Libitum ◽  
Water Space

Merino and halfbred weaner sheep were fed ad libitum for 6 months and food intake recorded; some animals of each breed were given a roughage-concentrate mixture and others were given a wholly roughage diet. The chemical composition of the body was determined from time to time. The halfbred animals ate more of each diet and grew faster than the Mennos. The Merinos became progressively fatter, weight for weight, than the halfbreds; fatness was not affected by diet per se. There was no detectable difference between the breeds in energetic efficiency. Prediction of the energy content of the body from tritiated water space measured in vivo gave similar results to carcass analysis.

Body composition in vivo. IX. The relation of body composition to the tritiated water spaces of ewes and wethers fasted for short periods

1968 ◽  
Vol 19 (2) ◽  
pp. 267 ◽  
Author(s):  
BA Panaretto
Keyword(s):  
Body Composition ◽  
Total Body Water ◽  
Tritiated Water ◽  
Body Water ◽  
The Body ◽  
Total Body ◽  
Water Space

Correlations are described between tritiated water space, total body water, fat, and protein in sheep subjected to 18–21 hr of fasting. These provide a system for estimating the body composition of living ruminants.

Body composition in lambs and young sheep and its prediction in vivo from tritiated water space and body weight

1970 ◽  
Vol 74 (2) ◽  
pp. 357-362 ◽  
Author(s):  
T. W. Searle
Keyword(s):  
Body Composition ◽  
Body Weight ◽  
Tritiated Water ◽  
The Body ◽  
Combining Data ◽  
Healthy Sheep ◽  
Body Components ◽  
Water Space ◽  
Representative Samples

SUMMARYTritiated water (TOH) space was determined in sixty-one sheep of known age (3 days to 18 months). Representative samples of the minced carcass were subsequently analysed to determine body composition (water, fat, protein, ash and energy). The regressions of the weight of the various body components on TOH space and body weight reported here gave equations suitable for prediction. These were similar to equations derived from published results for adults. Combining data on young sheep and adults gave broadly based equations that could be used to predict the body composition of healthy sheep of all ages from 3 days to adults.

scholarly journals Modeling net energy requirements of 2 to 3-week-old Cherry Valley ducks

2020 ◽  
Vol 33 (10) ◽  
pp. 1624-1632
Author(s):  
Ting Yang ◽  
Lexiao Yu ◽  
Min Wen ◽  
Hua Zhao ◽  
Xiaoling Chen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Body Composition ◽  
Weight Gain ◽  
Energy Content ◽  
The Body ◽  
Metabolizable Energy ◽  
Energy Utilization ◽  
Energy Requirements ◽  
Net Energy ◽  
Ad Libitum ◽  
Comparative Slaughter

Objective: A total of three hundred unsexed ducks were utilized to estimate net energy requirements of maintenance (NEm) and weight gain (NEg) for 2 to 3-week-old Cherry Valley ducks and to establish a model equation to predict NE requirements using the factorial method.Methods: To determine the apparent metabolizable energy (AME) of the diet, fifty 7-day-old ducks at approximately equal body weights (BWs) were randomly assigned into five groups that were fed at different levels (ad libitum, 85%, 75%, 65%, and 55% of ad libitum intake), and the endogenous acid-insoluble ash as indigestible marker. The two hundred and fifty 7-day-old ducks were used for a comparative slaughter experiment. At the beginning of the experiment, ten ducks were sacrificed to determine the initial body composition and energy content. The remaining ducks were randomly assigned into five groups (same as metabolic experiment). Ducks of the ad libitum group were slaughtered at 14 and 21-dayold. At the end of the experiment, two ducks were selected from each replicate and slaughtered to determine the body composition and energy content.Results: The results of the metabolizable experiment showed AME values of 13.43 to 13.77 MJ/kg for ducks at different feed intakes. The results of the comparative slaughter experiment showed the NEm value for 2 to 3-week-old Cherry Valley ducks was 549.54 kJ/kg of BW0.75/d, and the NEg value was 10.41 kJ/g. The deposition efficiency values of fat (Kf) and crude protein (Kp) were 0.96 and 0.60, respectively, and the values of efficiency of energy utilization (Kg) and maintenance efficiency (Km) were 0.75 and 0.88, respectively.Conclusion: The equation for the prediction of NE requirements for 2 to 3-week-old Cherry Valley ducks was the following: NE = 549.54 BW0.75+10.41 ΔW, where ΔW is the weight gain (g).

Body composition in vivo. III. The composition of living ruminants and its relation to the tritiated water spaces

1963 ◽  
Vol 14 (6) ◽  
pp. 944 ◽  
Author(s):  
BA Panaretto
Keyword(s):  
Body Composition ◽  
Tritiated Water ◽  
The Body ◽  
Precise Method

Two methods for predicting the body composition of living goats from the tritiated water spaces derived in them were proposed previously from results obtained with 11 goats. The relation of tritiated water spaces to body composition has been studied in an addltlonal 10 goats and 9 sheep, and these results together with those previousl y published have yielded a more precise method for calculating the body composition of living ruminants in terms of water, fat, protein, and ash.

EFFECT OF COLD EXPOSURE ON LIVEWEIGHT AND BODY FLUID COMPARTMENTS IN SHEEP

1980 ◽  
Vol 60 (1) ◽  
pp. 33-41 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. A. DEGEN ◽  
B. A. YOUNG
Keyword(s):  
Cold Exposure ◽  
Rumen Fluid ◽  
Tritiated Water ◽  
Fluid Volume ◽  
Interstitial Fluid Volume ◽  
Body Fluid Compartments ◽  
Ad Libitum ◽  
Fluid Compartments ◽  
Total Body ◽  
Water Space

Effects of cold exposure on liveweight and body fluids were studied in 12 six-month-old wethers. Six sheep were offered feed ad libitum and six sheep were restricted to a near maintenance level of intake of a pelleted concentrate ration. The sheep were individually caged in controlled temperature chambers for two preliminary and four consecutive experimental (I-IV) periods of 10 days each; the preliminary periods and period I at 21 °C air temperature, periods II and III at 0 °C and period IV at 21 °C. In general, the responses to the cold were more pronounced during period II than period III, and more pronounced in the sheep on restricted feed than in the sheep on ad libitum feed. The sheep receiving feed ad libitum were able to maintain or increase their liveweight and body solids throughout the experiment. The sheep receiving a restricted ration lost 2.53 kg during the first 8 days of period II. Their total body water (tritiated water space) was reduced by 1.68 L representing 66% of the weight loss, and their body solids were reduced by 0.85 kg. The reticulo-rumen fluid volume (51Cr EDTA space) was reduced by 1.32 L; the interstitial fluid volume (SCN− space-T-1824 space) by 0.39 L and the plasma volume (T-1824 space) by 0.13 L. There was no reduction in absolute intracellular fluid volume with cold exposure.

Growth in sheep. I. The chemical composition of the body

1972 ◽  
Vol 79 (3) ◽  
pp. 371-382 ◽  
Author(s):  
T. W. Searle ◽  
N. McC. Graham ◽  
M. O'Callaghan
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Weight Gain ◽  
Energy Content ◽  
Phase 1 ◽  
Tritiated Water ◽  
The Body ◽  
Average Weight ◽  
Protein Energy ◽  
Rumen Development ◽  
Set Up

SUMMARYFifteen sheep were fed ad libitum from 2 days to 27 months of age, and another 15 sheep were each fed exactly half the average amount consumed by the first group, age for age. The body composition of each sheep (water, fat, protein, energy) was estimated from tritiated water space on 13 occasions during this period.To describe the course of growth in individual sheep in terms of the relationships between the various body components and body weight, a model was set up in which 4 phases of growth were distinguished, viz. the milk-feeding phase, the period of rumen development, and a prefattening followed by a fattening ruminant phase. Each phase was represented by a linear equation.Except for phase 1, mean composition within each phase differed significantly between well-fed animals and those which had been given a restricted diet. Individual animals differed in the body weight at which the final phase commenced; the average weight was ca. 31 kg. Fat storage was zero or negative during the main period of rumen development; otherwise the fat and therefore energy content of weight gain increased from phase to phase. The protein and water content of gain was high in phases 1 and 2 and decreased subsequently.Calculations based on data in the literature indicated that, in phase 4, the composition of weight loss was the same as that of weight gain. It is also suggested that the body weight at which this fattening phase commences is related to mature weight, with animals of large ultimate size starting to fatten at heavier body weights than those of small ultimate size.The application of the results to the determination of nutrient requirements is discussed.

Undernutrition in grazing sheep. I. Changes in the composition of the body, blood, and rumen contents

1972 ◽  
Vol 23 (3) ◽  
pp. 483 ◽  
Author(s):  
DJ Farrell ◽  
RA Leng ◽  
JL Corbett
Keyword(s):  
Volatile Fatty Acids ◽  
Energy Content ◽  
Tritiated Water ◽  
The Body ◽  
Metabolizable Energy ◽  
Energy Requirements ◽  
Plasma Urea ◽  
Merino Sheep ◽  
Group A ◽  
Body Energy

Studies were made on three initially similar groups of adult Merino sheep at pasture; each group comprised eight animals of which four each had a rumen cannula. Group A was kept at about the initial mean liveweight of 35 kg; groups B and C were reduced in weight over 14 weeks by restriction of grazing and then held at about 26 and 23 kg respectively for 9 months. Measurements were made at intervals of 4-6 weeks of ruminal concentrations of volatile fatty acids (VFA) and ammonia, rumen volume and flow rate of digesta, tritiated water (TOH) space, and blood composition. Haemoglobin concentrations and haematocrit values decreased in the undernourished sheep, but there were no marked changes in blood β-hydroxybutyrate, or lactate, or plasma urea nitrogen. Estimates of body composition from TOH space indicated that sheep in groups B and C lost 51 and 58 Mcal respectively during the first 14 weeks; estimated fat contents were thereafter about 9 and 7% of liveweight. Metabolizable energy requirements for maintenance were calculated from estimated VFA production rates and changes in body energy content. During a 9 month period commencing shortly after shearing and extending into winter, requirements per unit liveweight were about 45% greater for the undernourished groups B and C than for group A.

Prediction of body compostion of sheep from tritiated water space and body weight—tests of published equations

1970 ◽  
Vol 75 (3) ◽  
pp. 497-500 ◽  
Author(s):  
T. W. Searle
Keyword(s):  
Body Composition ◽  
Body Weight ◽  
Tritiated Water ◽  
Infected Sheep ◽  
The Body ◽  
Regression Equations ◽  
General Application ◽  
Body Weights ◽  
Healthy Sheep ◽  
Water Space

SUMMARYThe body composition of parasite-infected sheep and of healthy sheep of various body weights and breeding was predicted from tritiated water (TOH) space and body weight using previously published regression equations. Results agreed well with body composition determined by analysis of the minced carcass though a small bias existed in some groups. It is concluded that the equations have a general application to the prediction of body composition in sheep.

Body composition of young sheep and goats determined by the tritium dilution technique

1993 ◽  
Vol 121 (3) ◽  
pp. 399-408 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. W. Benjamin ◽  
R. Koenig ◽  
K. Becker
Keyword(s):  
Body Composition ◽  
Chemical Composition ◽  
Energy Content ◽  
Tritiated Water ◽  
Component Composition ◽  
The Body ◽  
Energy Concentration ◽  
Sheep And Goats ◽  
Body Components ◽  
Similar Body

SUMMARYTen young crossbred Finnish Landrace sheep and eleven young crossbred Damascus goats with liveweights ranging from 14 to 50 kg and of different ages and body condition, were used to develop equations to predict the body composition (chemical) in the intact body and dressed carcass of young sheep and goats. After injection with tritiated water, the animals were slaughtered and their carcasses partitioned into anatomical body components which were each analysed for chemical composition (water, fat, protein, ash) and energy content. From these components, the energy content and chemical composition of the intact bodies were calculated by summation. Apart from organ and gut fat, the two species had a similar body component composition. Goat intact bodies were more hydrated and had less fat, but were similar to sheep in protein and ash content. The energy concentration in their body components was also similar, but goats had a lower energy concentration in their intact bodies. Total body water, energy content and dressed carcass were predicted accurately by the derived equations, but fat, protein and ash were predicted with less precision.

Efficiency of energy utilization in cattle given food ad libitum: predictions according to the ARC system and practical consequences

1994 ◽  
Vol 59 (1) ◽  
pp. 43-47 ◽  
Author(s):  
B. J. Tolkamp ◽  
J. J. M. H. Ketelaars
Keyword(s):  
Energy Intake ◽  
Agricultural Research ◽  
Energy Content ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
Metabolizable Energy ◽  
Energy Utilization ◽  
Net Energy ◽  
Ad Libitum ◽  
Overall Efficiency ◽  
Diet Type

AbstractOverall efficiency of energy utilization (i.e. total net energy intake as a fraction of metabolizable energy intake) in cattle given food ad libitum was calculated from information included in the United Kingdom energy evaluation system as published by the Agricultural Research Council. For growing cattle (live weight 250 kg), overall efficiency was estimated for five levels of diet metabolizability (ranging from q = 0·45 to q = 0·65) for each of two diet types: coarse/long roughage and fine/pelleted diets. The overall efficiencies varied from 0·58 to 0·62 and were not systematically affected by diet type or diet metabolizability. For lactating cattle (live weight 600 kg), overall efficiency was also calculated for five diets with metabolizability ranging from 0·45 to 0·65. Calculations were made for cows at equilibrium intake (i.e. zero energy balance) and at milk production levels proportionately 0·30 higher or lower than those attained at equilibrium intake. Overall efficiencies varied from 0·60 to 0·63 and were not systematically affected by diet metabolizability.It is concluded that, in practical cattle production systems with ad libitum feeding, the net energy content of food may be estimated at 0·6 of the metabolizable energy content (or 0·5 of the digestible energy content), irrespective of diet type, diet metabolizability or productive function.

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