scholarly journals IRON, MANGANESE, COPPER, ZINC AND SELENIUM CONCENTRATIONS IN ALBERTA GRAINS AND ROUGHAGES

1978 ◽  
Vol 58 (4) ◽  
pp. 553-558 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. S. REDSHAW ◽  
P. J. MARTIN ◽  
D. H. LAVERTY
Keyword(s):  
Research Council ◽  
Agricultural Research ◽  
National Research Council ◽  
Barley Grain ◽  
Wheat Grain ◽  
National Academy Of Sciences ◽  
Minimum Requirement ◽  
Agricultural Research Council ◽  
Minimum Requirements ◽  
The Mean

Samples of barley, oat and wheat grain, barley, oat, barley–oat, grass, legume and grass–legume roughage grown throughout Alberta were analyzed for Fe, Mn, Cu and Zn concentrations. In addition, the barley grain and grass–legume roughage samples were analyzed for Se concentrations. The various element concentrations were compared with Agricultural Research Council and National Academy of Sciences–National Research Council minimum requirements for cattle. The geographic distribution of these concentrations within Alberta was also examined. The mean Fe concentrations for all feeds were well above the suggested minimum requirement of 30 ppm. On the other hand, the mean Zn concentrations for all feeds were below the suggested minimum requirement of 50 ppm. Mean Mn concentrations of barley grain, barley roughage and legume roughage were less than the suggested minimum requirement of 40 ppm. Wheat grain was the only feed showing a mean Cu concentration of less than the suggested minimum requirement of 10 ppm. Mean Se concentrations of barley grain and grass–legume roughage were above the suggested minimum requirement of 100 ppb. With the exception of Se in barley grain there were no geographic differences in elements evident within Alberta. Selenium in barley grain showed highest concentrations in the south and southeast of the Province with greater occurrence of low concentrations towards the west, north and northwest.

NUTRIENT CONCENTRATIONS IN GRASS AND LEGUME FORAGES OF NORTHWESTERN MANITOBA

1980 ◽  
Vol 60 (4) ◽  
pp. 991-1002 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. A. DRYSDALE ◽  
T. J. DEVLIN ◽  
L. E. LILLIE ◽  
W. K. FLETCHER ◽  
K. W. CLARK
Keyword(s):  
Research Council ◽  
Agricultural Research ◽  
National Research Council ◽  
Nutrient Concentrations ◽  
National Academy Of Sciences ◽  
Cu Deficiency ◽  
Agricultural Research Council ◽  
Minimum Requirements ◽  
Academy Of Sciences ◽  
Swan River

Concentrations of Mo, Cu, Zn, Mn, Fe, N, Ca, P, Mg and K were determined in native and introduced grasses and legume forages from throughout northwestern Manitoba. Nutrient concentrations were compared with minimum requirements of cattle suggested by the Agricultural Research Council and the National Academy of Sciences–National Research Council. Differences in Mo concentrations were noted in forages between two geologic subareas within the study area. Cu and Mo concentrations suggested potentials for primary Cu deficiency in grasses throughout the region, and for Mo-induced Cu deficiency with grasses west of the Swan River formation and with legumes from all areas within the region. Throughout the study area, concentrations of Zn and Mn were found to be at deficient levels while those of Fe and Ca were found to be at adequate to excessive levels for cattel production. N and P concentrations in all forages were borderline to adequate, while Mg and K concentrations of grass forages were deficient to borderline with relation to the requirement of cattle.

COPPER, ZINC, MANGANESE AND IRON VARIATION IN FIVE FEEDS FOR RUMINANTS

1970 ◽  
Vol 50 (2) ◽  
pp. 293-300 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. E. MILTIMORE ◽  
J. L. MASON ◽  
D. L. ASHBY
Keyword(s):  
British Columbia ◽  
Research Council ◽  
Copper Deficiency ◽  
Agricultural Research ◽  
Corn Silage ◽  
Minimum Requirement ◽  
Agricultural Research Council ◽  
Minimum Requirements ◽  
Copper Zinc ◽  
Recommended Level

Samples of legume hay, grass hay, corn silage, oat forage and grains grown throughout British Columbia were analyzed to determine Cu, Zn, Mn and Fe concentrations and these concentrations were compared with the British Agricultural Research Council minimum requirements for cattle. Approximately 95% of all feeds were below 10 ppm Cu, the recommended minimum for cattle. These data provide the first indication of a general simple copper deficiency in British Columbia, whereas previous reports for British Columbia and Canada concerned pockets of copper deficiency resulting from molybdenum toxicity. Some 95% of the samples were below the minimum recommended level of 50 ppm Zn. Manganese concentrations were somewhat higher, with only 40% of the samples below the recommended minimum of 40 ppm Mn. Twenty-five percent of the grass samples contained above 151 ppm Mn. The average Fe concentration for all feeds was well above the suggested minimum requirement of 30 ppm. Some 15% of the samples were sevenfold the minimum recommended. These analyses suggest the need for greatly increased levels of Cu and Zn supplementation for cattle on winter feed. There is also need for Mn supplementation where legume hays and corn silages are fed in British Columbia.

scholarly journals Faecal endogenous loss of calcium in young sheep

1989 ◽  
Vol 61 (1) ◽  
pp. 59-65 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. S. Chrisp ◽  
A. R. Sykes ◽  
N. D. Grace
Keyword(s):  
White Clover ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Research Council ◽  
Agricultural Research ◽  
Energy Requirement ◽  
Energy Requirements ◽  
Maintenance Energy ◽  
Agricultural Research Council ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Maintenance Energy Requirement

1. Two groups of eight 6–7-month-old wether lambs were offered either a frozen ryegrass (Lolium perenne L.)-white clover (Trifolium repens L.) pasture or a ryegrass-white clover hay, containing 12.1 and 6.4 g calcium/ kg dry matter (DM) respectively. Within groups the amounts offered to individual sheep ranged from 0.5 to 2.0 times the estimated maintenance energy requirements.2. A single intravenous injection of 150 μCi 45Ca as CaCl2. 2H2O, and stable balances were used to determine absorption, faecal endogenous loss and balance of Ca.3. Faecal endogenous loss of Ca increased by 1.2 mg/kg body-weight (W) per d with each g/kg W per d increase in DM intake regardless of the diet. At any DM intake the mean faecal endogenous loss was 5.5 mg/kg W per d higher in the sheep offered the frozen herbage diet when compared with those on the hay diet. At any Ca intake the mean faecal endogenous loss was 6.9 mg/kg W higher in sheep offered the hay diet compared with those on the frozen herbage.4. At feeding levels of about 1.5–2 times the estimated maintenance energy requirement the observed faecal endogenous loss of Ca ranged from 35 to 50 mg/kg W per d, which is two- to threefold greater than the present estimate of the Agricultural Research Council (1980) of 16 mg/kg W per d.5. A simple model to explain the variation in faecal endogenous loss of Ca between the present study with young sheep and that with lactating ewes (Chrisp et al. 1989) also offered herbage diets is developed, which incorporates the concept of a true endogenous loss related to DM intake and a net endogenous loss reflecting the extent of re-absorption of Ca endogenous losses within the gastrointestinal tract.

The nutritive value of silages

1978 ◽  
Vol 40 (2) ◽  
pp. 205-219 ◽  
Author(s):  
N. C. Kelly ◽  
P. C. Thomas
Keyword(s):  
Dry Matter ◽  
Research Council ◽  
Nutritive Value ◽  
Agricultural Research ◽  
Metabolizable Energy ◽  
Broad Agreement ◽  
Grass Silage ◽  
Agricultural Research Council ◽  
The Mean ◽  
High Level

1. Two calorimetric experiments were conducted to study the utilization of energy in sheep given diets of grass silage or grass silage and barley. Three silages were investigated. One was made from first-harvest grass in the spring (S) and the others from regrowth cut either early or late in the autumn (E and L respectively). All were of perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne) and preserved with formic acid. Each silage was given at two levels of feeding, the lower providing approximately a maintenance energy intake. The S and L silages were also given supplemented with barley.2. The digestibilities of organic matter, cellulose and energy in the silages were high. Measured at maintenance, digestible energy (de) contents (MJ/kg dry matter (dm)) were 11.83, 14.67 and 12.90 for S, E and L respectively. The de contents of the S and E silages were depressed at the higher level of feeding but the effect was offset by changes in the energy losses as methane and urine. Metabolizable energy (me) contents (MJ/kg dm) for the three silages, S, E and L were respectively 9.88, 12.54 and 10.73 at the low level of feeding and 9.91, 11.99 and 11.08 at the high level of feeding. The mean me content of barley calculated by difference was 13.76 MJ/kg dm.3. The mean efficiencies of utilization of me for maintenance (km) for the S, E and L silages were 0.69, 0.71 and 0.68 respectively. Corresponding values for fattening (kf) were 0.21, 0.57 and 0.59. Excepting the kf for the S silage which was low, observed efficiencies were in broad agreement with those predicted by the equations of the Agricultural Research Council (1965). Similar agreement was obtained with all diets consisting of silage and barley.

Protein and energy requirements and responses : a United States perspective

1995 ◽  
Vol 19 ◽  
pp. 43-50
Author(s):  
L. D. Satter ◽  
T. R. Dhiman
Keyword(s):  
Milk Production ◽  
Research Council ◽  
Agricultural Research ◽  
National Research Council ◽  
Protein Supplementation ◽  
Metabolizable Energy ◽  
Net Energy ◽  
Food Protein ◽  
Response Curves ◽  
Agricultural Research Council

AbstractA comparison of UK (Agricultural Research Council; ARC) and USA (National Research Council; NRC) feeding standards for dairy cows is made. The two standards appear similar in terms of food energy required for milk production, even though the ARC uses metabolizable energy and the NRC uses net energy. The two systems have the same basic approach to calculating protein supply, although ARC incorporates information on level of food intake in calculating rumen microbial protein synthesis and in estimating undegraded food protein. The maintenance requirement for protein is much less with the ARC system because NRC assigns a large maintenance charge to metabolic faecal nitrogen. The result is that ARC has lower dietary protein recommendations than NRC. Milk production response to incremental additions of energy (grain) or protein diminishes as the point of maximum response is approached. The most profitable level of energy and/or protein supplementation is often below the supplementation level required for maximum milk production. More emphasis must be given to lactation studies for information to improve accuracy of the feeding standards and for construction of milk response curves to incremental additions of supplements.

Barcroft, Sir Joseph, (26 July 1872–21 March 1947), Director of Unit of Animal Physiology (Agricultural Research Council), since 1941; Fellow and formerly Lecturer, King’s College, Cambridge; Member, Chemical Warfare Committee of the War Office, 1917, and formerly of the Ministry of Munitions; Member, Chemical Board, Ministry of Supply, 1939; Member, Army Medical Directorate Consultative Committee, 1928–43, RAF Medical Advisory Board and Agricultural Research Council, 1938–43; Chairman, Food Investigation Board; Member, Advisory Council of Department, Scientific and Industrial Research, 1939–44; Foreign Member, Société Royale des Sciences Medicales et Naturelles de Bruxelles; Konigle Danske Videnskabernes Selskub; K. Akademie Halle; Société de Chemie Biologique, Paris; Chinese Physiological Society; American Physiological Society; Corr. Member, Société de Biologie, Paris, Czeckoslovak Society of Physicians, Bratislav, Czeck Society of Physicians, Prague; and Des Moines Academy of Medicine; Hon. Member, National Academy of Buenos Aires, Biological Society of Argentina, Kungl Fysiografiska Sällekapets i Lund, National Academy of Medicine of Mexico and American Academy of Arts and Sciences; Foreign Associate Member, National Academy of Sciences; Foreign Associate Member, National Academy of Sciences, USA

2007 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Research Council ◽  
Agricultural Research ◽  
Advisory Council ◽  
National Academy Of Sciences ◽  
Associate Member ◽  
Arts And Sciences ◽  
Agricultural Research Council ◽  
Animal Physiology ◽  
Des Moines ◽  
Academy Of Sciences

The relative value of concentrates and roughage for fattening cattle

1971 ◽  
Vol 13 (4) ◽  
pp. 569-579 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. Levy ◽  
Z. Holzer
Keyword(s):  
Research Council ◽  
Agricultural Research ◽  
Energy Content ◽  
National Research Council ◽  
Energy System ◽  
Metabolizable Energy ◽  
Equal Weight ◽  
Net Energy ◽  
Agricultural Research Council ◽  
Daily Gain

SUMMARYIn three similar experiments, 2 or 3 kg of a commercial concentrate mixture, forming part of a high concentrate ration, were replaced by an equal weight of dry matter of one of four roughages: hay, straw, silage and green soilage.The metabolizable energy content of the concentrate was 2-4 Mcal/kg. Expected daily gain was calculated according to the following energy systems: Scandinavian feed units (SFU), starch equivalent (SE), total digestible nutrients (TDN), the U.K. Agricultural Research Council system (ARC), and the U.S. National Research Council net energy system (NRC).The replacement of 2 kg of concentrate significantly reduced daily gain only in the straw treatment. Reduction of the fat content of the carcasses was significant for all roughage treatments. The differences between the observed daily gain and the expected, as calculated by the SFU, SE and NRC systems, were highly significant, while those between the observed and those cal culated by the TDN and ARC systems were not significant. The TDN system overestimated the nutritional value of the roughages, while the SFU and SE systems underestimated it.

Urea, meat meal or lupins as nitrogen supplements to barley and hay diets for yearling cattle at two levels of body condition

1985 ◽  
Vol 25 (2) ◽  
pp. 257 ◽  
Author(s):  
DJ Barker ◽  
PJ May ◽  
PER Ridley
Keyword(s):  
Crude Protein ◽  
Research Council ◽  
Agricultural Research ◽  
Nitrogen Concentration ◽  
National Research Council ◽  
Basal Diet ◽  
Agricultural Research Council ◽  
Meat Meal ◽  
Fat Score ◽  
Different Sources

Weaner steers were fed to attain either fat score 1 or 2 by the time that they were 1 year of age. Animals at each fat score were then either slaughtered or fed ad libitum on a basal barley and hay diet containing 11% crude protein or similar diets supplemented by either urea, meat meal or sweet lupins to contain 13% crude protein in the dry matter. Those fed were slaughtered as they attained fat score 3. Compared with those starting at fat score 2, the yearlings at fat score 1 had the same daily feed intake and thus a 10% higher relative intake, grew 15% faster and required 11% less feed per kg liveweight gain. However, they required only 6% less feed per kg carcass weight gain, owing to their 1% lower dressing percentage. The diets supplemented with the three different sources of supplementary nitrogen gave similar improvements over the basal diet in intake, growth rate and efficiency, and there were no interactions between diet and fat score. It was concluded that both the National Research Council and Agricultural Research Council feeding standards underestimate the nitrogen concentration required in grain and hay diets to ensure maximum performance and efficiency by yearling cattle growing from 220 to 370 kg liveweight, and that supplements of either urea, meat meal or lupins providing an extra 2 percentage units of crude protein improve performance to a similar extent.

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