APPARENT AND TRUE AVAILABILITIES OF AMINO ACIDS IN WHEAT AND MILLING BY-PRODUCTS FOR GROWING PIGS

1977 ◽  
Vol 57 (4) ◽  
pp. 775-784 ◽  
Author(s):  
W. C. SAUER ◽  
S. C. STOTHERS ◽  
R. J. PARKER
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Amino Acid ◽  
Growing Pigs ◽  
Fecal Analysis ◽  
Isoleucine Leucine ◽  
Whole Wheat ◽  
Method Of Determination ◽  
Indispensable Amino Acids ◽  
Amino Acid Levels ◽  
The Difference

The apparent availabilities of amino acids measured by the ileal and fecal analysis methods, in wheat, flour and a diet consisting of 45% bran, 45% shorts and 10% middlings (wheat offal), and the metabolic ileal and fecal amino acid levels from protein-free diets containing 5, 10 or 15% alphafloc were determined with barrows ranging in weight from 45 to 70 kg. Availabilities of amino acids, by either method of determination, declined from the flour to the whole wheat to the wheat offal diets for all except arginine by the ileal method. Overall, availability as determined by the fecal method was higher than by the ileal method, and in the majority of comparisons the difference was significant. Lysine and threonine were the least available of the indispensable amino acids by either method of determination. However, because of their relatively large disappearance in the large intestine, the availabilities of threonine in all diets tested and of lysine in wheat offal may not be accurately determined by the fecal analysis method. As the level of alphafloc in the protein-free diets was increased, ileal and fecal amino acid levels, expressed as grams per kilogram dry matter intake, increased. The metabolic amino acid levels were found to increase for isoleucine, leucine, lysine, methionine and aspartic acid and to decrease for glycine and proline between the end of the ileum and feces.

AVAILABILITIES OF AMINO ACIDS IN BARLEY AND WHEAT FOR GROWING PIGS

1981 ◽  
Vol 61 (3) ◽  
pp. 793-802 ◽  
Author(s):  
W. C. SAUER ◽  
J. J. KENNELLY ◽  
F. X. AHERNE ◽  
R. M. CICHON
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Amino Acid ◽  
Glutamic Acid ◽  
Growing Pigs ◽  
Chromic Oxide ◽  
Analysis Method ◽  
Fecal Analysis ◽  
Amino Acid Levels

The apparent ileal and fecal availabilities of amino acids in four barley samples and in four wheat samples were determined with four growing barrows (Yorkshire × Lacombe), fitted with ileocecal re-entrant cannulae. The experimental rations consisted of 96.8% barley or wheat, 2.7% minerals plus vitamins and 0.5% chromic oxide. True availabilities were calculated based on metabolic ileal and fecal amino acid levels obtained in previous studies. There were differences (P <.05) between the apparent ileal as well as between the true ileal availabilities of lysine, methionine, phenylalanine and glutamic acid in the barley samples. The apparent ileal availabilities ranged from 64.9 to 72.5% for lysine, from 72.1 to 83.9% for methionine and from 64.4 to70.4% for threonine. In the same sequence, the true availabilities of these amino acids ranged from 71.2 to 78.8%, from 75.4 to 87.3% and from 74.6 to 79.3%. There were no differences between the apparent as well as between the true availabilities of amino acids in the barley samples when these were measured by the fecal analysis method. With the exception of serine, there were no differences between the apparent as well as between the true ileal availabilities of amino acids in the wheat samples. The average apparent ileal availabilities were 76.7, 82.1 and 76.5% for lysine, methionine and threonine, respectively. In the same sequence, the average true ileal availabilities of these amino acids were 83.5, 85.0 and 85.7%.

APPARENT AVAILABILITIES OF AMINO ACIDS IN CORN, WHEAT AND BARLEY FOR GROWING PIGS

1977 ◽  
Vol 57 (3) ◽  
pp. 585-597 ◽  
Author(s):  
W. C. SAUER ◽  
S. C. STOTHERS ◽  
G. D. PHILLIPS
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Amino Acid ◽  
Growing Pigs ◽  
The Other ◽  
Cereal Grains ◽  
Analysis Method ◽  
Fecal Analysis ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
Indispensable Amino Acids

The apparent ileal and fecal recoveries of amino acids in corn, wheat and barley were determined with barrows ranging in weight from 50 to 70 kg that were fitted with ileocecal re-entrant cannulas. Average ileal availabilities were 4–7% less than average fecal availabilities in the three cereal grains. Of the indispensable amino acids in the cereal grains, the recoveries of lysine and threonine were approximately equal in being the lowest at the end of the ileum, and they decreased from those in corn, to wheat and to those in barley. The recovery of lysine was the lowest in all cereal grains when determined by the fecal analysis method. The apparent fecal recoveries of amino acids in the cereal grains obtained from cannulated pigs were essentially similar to those obtained from non-cannulated pigs. Apparent ileal and fecal recoveries of amino acids in finely ground and cracked wheat were determined with eight barrows that weighed approximately 75 kg. The ileal recoveries of most amino acids were significantly higher (P <.05) in finely ground than in cracked wheat. On the other hand, differences in amino acid availabilities due to processing of wheat could not be detected by the use of the fecal analysis method.

scholarly journals The direct and difference procedures result in similar estimates for amino acid digestibility in feed ingredients fed to growing pigs

2020 ◽  
Vol 98 (8) ◽  
Author(s):  
Maryane S F Oliveira ◽  
John K Htoo ◽  
Hans H Stein
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Amino Acid ◽  
Soybean Meal ◽  
Crude Protein ◽  
Sole Source ◽  
Growing Pigs ◽  
Cereal Grains ◽  
Ileal Digestibility ◽  
Wheat Middlings ◽  
The Difference

Abstract An experiment was conducted to test the hypothesis that values for standardized ileal digestibility (SID) of amino acids (AA) in corn, wheat, and wheat middlings obtained using the direct procedure are not different from values obtained using the difference procedure. Sixteen ileal-cannulated barrows (initial BW: 69.5 ± 5.0 kg) were allotted to a replicated 8 × 4 Youden Square design with 8 diets and 4 periods. Each period consisted of 5 d of adaptation to the diet and 2 d of collection of ileal digesta. Four diets were based on soybean meal (SBM), corn, wheat, or wheat middlings as the only AA-containing ingredients. Three additional diets were based on a mixture of SBM and corn, SBM and wheat, or SBM and wheat middlings, and an N-free diet was also used. The apparent ileal digestibility (AID) and the SID of crude protein (CP) and AA for the 4 diets containing SBM, corn, wheat, or wheat middlings as the sole source of AA were calculated using the direct procedure. The AID and SID of CP and AA for the 3 mixed diets containing SBM and corn, wheat, or wheat middlings were also calculated and the contribution of digestible AA from SBM was subtracted from the AID or SID values for the diets. The AID or SID of AA in corn, wheat, and wheat middlings were subsequently calculated by difference. Results indicated that the AID values for a few AA were lower (P &lt; 0.05) if the direct procedure was used instead of the difference procedure, regardless of ingredient. The AID of Trp was greater in corn and wheat middlings, and the SID of Trp in corn and wheat middlings tended to be greater, if the direct procedure rather than the difference procedure was used, but that was not the case for wheat (interaction, P &lt; 0.05 and P &lt; 0.10, respectively). However, for all other indispensable AA, and for most of the dispensable AA, the SID of AA in corn, wheat, and wheat middlings was not different between the difference procedure and the direct procedure. Therefore, values for SID of AA in cereal grains and fiber-rich ingredients may be determined using either the direct or the difference procedure.

Plasma Amino Acid Levels in Huntington's Chorea

1978 ◽  
Vol 132 (4) ◽  
pp. 394-397 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. A. G. Watt ◽  
W. L. Cunningham
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Drug Therapy ◽  
Amino Acid ◽  
Consistent Pattern ◽  
Plasma Amino Acid ◽  
Plasma Amino Acids ◽  
Huntington's Chorea ◽  
Isoleucine Leucine ◽  
Specific Factors ◽  
Amino Acid Levels

SummaryConcentrations of plasma amino acids in nine patients with Huntington's chorea and nine control patients were studied while diet and drug therapy were controlled. Significantly low values for threonine, alanine, isoleucine, leucine, lysine and histidine were found in the Huntington's chorea patients. However, since different investigators have failed to establish a consistent pattern of abnormality, it is considered that the findings are probably due to non-specific factors.

scholarly journals The Complementarity of Amino Acids in Cooked Pulse/Cereal Blends and Effects on DIAAS

Plants ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (10) ◽  
pp. 1999
Author(s):  
Fei Han ◽  
Paul James Moughan ◽  
Juntao Li ◽  
Natascha Stroebinger ◽  
Shaojie Pang
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Amino Acid ◽  
Mung Bean ◽  
Protein Quality ◽  
Latin Square ◽  
Growing Pigs ◽  
Adzuki Bean ◽  
Ileal Digestibility ◽  
Indispensable Amino Acids ◽  
The Mean

The aim was to study the complementary effect between cereals and pulses on protein quality. The values for the digestible indispensable amino acid score (DIAAS) in cooked cereals and pulses, given alone, and blends of cooked cereals and pulses, were determined. True ileal digestibility (TID) values of amino acids for adult humans were obtained. It is difficult to determine ileal amino acid digestibility in humans directly, and for this reason, the growing pig is often used to obtain such values, as a preferred animal model. Seven growing pigs fitted with a T-cannula at the terminal ileum were allotted to a 7 × 6 incomplete Latin square with seven semi-synthetic diets (cooked mung bean, adzuki bean, millet, adlay, mung bean + millet, adzuki bean + adlay, and an N-free diet) and six 7-day periods. The mean TID values for crude protein differed significantly (p < 0.05), with millet having the highest digestibility (89.4%) and the adzuki bean/adlay mixture having the lowest (79.5%). For lysine, adzuki bean had the highest TID (90%) and millet had the lowest (70%). For the mean of all the amino acids, there was a significant (p < 0.05) effect of diet, with the TID ranging from 72.4% for the adzuki bean/adlay mixture to 89.9% for the adzuki beans. For the older child, adolescent, and adult, the DIAAS (%) was 93 for mung beans, 78 for adzuki beans, 22 for millet, 16 for adlay, and 66 for mung beans + millet, and 51 for adzuki beans + adlay. For mung beans, valine was first-limiting, and the SAA for adzuki beans, while lysine was first-limiting for the other foods. Chinese traditional diets, containing both cereals and pulses, are complementary for most, but not all of the indispensable amino acids.

scholarly journals AVAILABILITY OF AMINO ACIDS FROM BARLEY, WHEAT, TRITICALE, AND SOYBEAN MEAL FOR GROWING PIGS

1974 ◽  
Vol 54 (1) ◽  
pp. 97-105 ◽  
Author(s):  
W. C. SAUER ◽  
P. M. GIOVANNETTI ◽  
S. C. STOTHERS
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Amino Acid ◽  
Soybean Meal ◽  
Growing Pigs ◽  
Cereal Grains ◽  
Available P ◽  
Analysis Method ◽  
Fecal Analysis

Amino acid (AA) availabilities from barley, wheat, triticale and soybean meal for barrows weighing 10 and 30 kg were determined by the fecal analysis method. In general, the true availability of each essential AA decreased in the following order: soybean meal > triticale > wheat > barley. Lysine was the least available (P < 0.05) essential AA from the cereal grains. When pigs were fed either triticale, wheat or barley, the respective lysine availabilities were 86, 81 and 77% (10-kg barrows) and 78, 67 and 65% (30-kg barrows). Availabilities of isoleucine, methionine, threonine and valine were similar and were grouped as the next least available essential AA from the cereal grains. Their availabilities varied between 90–92, 87–90 and 85–88% for the 10-kg pigs and between 87–88, 85–86 and 82–85% for the 30-kg pigs fed triticale, wheat and barley, respectively. Methionine was the least available essential AA (86.3%) from soybean meal for the 30-kg barrows. However, the availability of methionine was not significantly different (P < 0.05) from those of lysine, threonine and valine.

scholarly journals Amino acids as biomarkers of phase сomposition of gallstones

2020 ◽  
Vol 10 ◽  
pp. 22-30
Author(s):  
O. Ye. Amosova ◽  
◽  
Е. V. Mashina ◽  
S. N. Shanina
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Phase Composition ◽  
Amino Acid ◽  
Amino Acid Composition ◽  
Acid Composition ◽  
Gallstone Disease ◽  
Komi Republic ◽  
Protein Component ◽  
Isoleucine Leucine ◽  
The Difference

Gallstone disease (cholelithiasis) remains one of the most common gastroenterological diseases worldwide. The formation of gallstones has not been fully studied due to the latent course of the initial stage of gallstone disease. The composition of gallstones is diverse. Among the substances present in gallstones, the least studied is the protein component, the structural units of which are amino acids. In this connection, the main goal of the study was to identify patterns of changes in the amino acid composition of gallstones of various phase compositions. The objects of the study were 23 samples of gallstones belonging to residents of the Komi Republic. Data analysis was carried out by statistical one-dimensional and multidimensional methods. The statistical analysis, used in this work to study pathogenic formations in the human body, revealed qualitatively new, previously unremarked features of the amino acid composition of gallstones, which indicated the difference in the protein component and its relationship with the phase composition of gallstones. According to the results of cluster analysis by the contents of all amino acids, the studied gallstones were grouped into three different phase compositions of the type — cholesterol, cholesterol with a mineral component, and pigment. The Mann-Whitney and Student’s criteria established that all three types of gallstones were statistically significantly (p <0.05) pairwise different in the contents of alanine, valine, isoleucine, leucine, proline, phenylalanine, aspartic and glutamic acid. The lowest contents of the amino acids were determined in cholesterol gallstones, the highest — in pigment ones. The multidimensional method of classification trees also revealed individual amino acids phenylalanine, proline, leucine, according to which gallstones of different phase compositions were clearly separated by type. Based on the results obtained by statistical methods, special attention should be paid to Phenylalanine acid most clearly compared gallstones of different phase composition in comparison with others. The established relationships can be used to predict the type of cholelithiasis, to solve the problem of gallstones formation and metaphylaxis.

PSVI-13 Amino Acid Supplementation During the Adaptation Period Did Not Affect the Standardized Ileal Digestibility of Amino Acids in Corn and Soybean Meal Fed to Pigs

2021 ◽  
Vol 99 (Supplement_1) ◽  
pp. 200-201
Author(s):  
Hyunjun Choi ◽  
Sun Jong You ◽  
Beob Gyun G Kim
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Amino Acid ◽  
Soybean Meal ◽  
Latin Square ◽  
Sole Source ◽  
Adaptation Period ◽  
Amino Acid Supplementation ◽  
Ileal Digestibility ◽  
Indispensable Amino Acids ◽  
Dietary Treatments

Abstract The objective was to determine the influence of amino acid (AA) supplementation during the adaptation period on the ileal digestibility of crude protein and AA in corn and soybean meal (SBM). Six barrows with an initial body weight of 30.9 ± 2.6 kg fitted with a T-cannula in the distal ileum were assigned to a 6 × 6 Latin square design with 6 dietary treatments and 6 periods. Two experimental diets contained corn or SBM as the sole source of AA and an N-free diet was additionally prepared. For AA supplementation groups, an AA mixture consisted of Gly, Lys, Met, Thr, Trp, Ile, Val, His, and Phe was added to the corn diet and the N-free diet at the expense of cornstarch, and an AA mixture of Lys, Met, and Thr was added to the SBM diet. All diets contained 0.5% of chromic oxide. The 6 experimental diets were fed to the pigs for 4 and half days, and the 3 diets containing AA mixture were switched to the respective diets without AA mixture during the following 2 and half days. Ileal digesta were collected during the last 2 days. The addition of AA mixture during the adaptation period caused increased apparent ileal digestibility of Arg and Trp in corn (P &lt; 0.05), but did not affect that in SBM. The addition of AA mixture during the adaptation period caused increased apparent ileal digestibility of Pro and Gly regardless of feed ingredient (P &lt; 0.05), but did not affect that of other AA. All AA except Pro in corn and SBM were unaffected by the addition of AA mixture during the adaptation period. In conclusion, the addition of amino acid during the adaptation period does not affect the standardized ileal digestibility of indispensable amino acids in feed ingredients.

Single amino acid substitution of rat MRP2 results in acquired transport activity for taurocholate

2001 ◽  
Vol 281 (4) ◽  
pp. G1034-G1043 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kousei Ito ◽  
Hiroshi Suzuki ◽  
Yuichi Sugiyama
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Multidrug Resistance ◽  
Amino Acid ◽  
Membrane Vesicles ◽  
Single Amino Acid ◽  
Sf9 Cells ◽  
Transport Activity ◽  
Wild Type ◽  
Cationic Amino Acids ◽  
The Difference

Multidrug resistance-associated protein 3 (MRP3), unlike other MRPs, transports taurocholate (TC). The difference in TC transport activity between rat MRP2 and MRP3 was studied, focusing on the cationic amino acids in the transmembrane domains. For analysis, transport into membrane vesicles from Sf9 cells expressing wild-type and mutated MRP2 was examined. Substitution of Arg at position 586 with Leu and Ile and substitution of Arg at position 1096 with Lys, Leu, and Met resulted in the acquisition of TC transport activity, while retaining transport activity for glutathione and glucuronide conjugates. Substitution of Leu at position 1084 of rat MRP3 (which corresponds to Arg-1096 in rat MRP2) with Lys, but not with Val or Met, resulted in the loss of transport activity for TC and glucuronide conjugates. These results suggest that the presence of the cationic charge at Arg-586 and Arg-1096 in rat MRP2 prevents the transport of TC, whereas the presence of neutral amino acids at the corresponding position of rat MRP3 is required for the transport of substrates.

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