PROTEIN REQUIREMENTS OF BEEF COWS FED PELLETED, GROUND OR CHOPPED BARLEY STRAW IN THE WINTER

1977 ◽  
Vol 57 (4) ◽  
pp. 719-725
Author(s):  
R. D. WEISENBURGER ◽  
G. W. MATHISON
Keyword(s):  
Weight Gain ◽  
Protein Content ◽  
Beef Cows ◽  
Barley Straw ◽  
Plasma Urea ◽  
Protein Requirements ◽  
Nitrogen Levels ◽  
Low Protein ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Protein Diets

Thirty-six pregnant beef cows, mainly crossbreds and from 2 to 10 yr of age, were individually fed straw-based diets containing pelleted, ground and chopped barley straw and three levels of protein in a 3 × 3 factorial experiment. The mean weight gain during the last 84 days of the feeding period in which diets containing 86% straw were fed was 0.28 kg/day/cow. Protein content of the diet significantly affected weight gain (P < 0.05) which increased from 0.18 to 0.37 kg daily when the crude protein content increased from 5.7 to 6.6% (dry matter basis). Cows gained weight more rapidly (P < 0.05) on the pelleted diets although feed intakes were more variable. There were no significant differences in daily feed intakes between diets, the mean being 9.9 kg. Type of diet did not significantly affect calf birth weight or plasma non-esterified fatty acid levels. Low plasma urea nitrogen levels in cows given the low protein diets indicated a protein deficiency.

THE PROTEIN REQUIREMENTS OF LAYING HENS IN FLOOR PENS AND INDIVIDUAL CAGES

1959 ◽  
Vol 39 (2) ◽  
pp. 176-181 ◽  
Author(s):  
T. M. MacIntyre ◽  
J. R. Aitken
Keyword(s):  
Protein Level ◽  
Egg Production ◽  
Egg Quality ◽  
Shell Quality ◽  
Protein Requirements ◽  
Low Protein ◽  
Body Weights ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Egg Shell ◽  
Protein Diets

Diets varying in protein content from 10.9 to 16.7 per cent were fed over a 336-day laying period to hens in both floor pens and individual laying cages. All rations were approximately iso-caloric, the mean productive energy value being 825 Calories per pound. Each ration was fed to 200–240 hens in four floor pens and to 90–96 hens in individual cages.A crude protein level of 13 per cent of the diet proved adequate for egg production, but egg weights and body weights were improved when the dietary protein was increased. Egg shell quality was highest on low protein diets. Interior egg quality was not affected by the protein level in the diet.On comparable diets, birds in individual laying cages laid fewer eggs and consumed less feed than birds in floor pens. Caged birds were heavier in body weight and laid heavier eggs with thicker shells than their counterparts in floor pens. The criteria employed in the measurement of interior egg quality showed no differences between the cage and pen environments, nor did there appear to be any differences in protein requirements between the two environments.

Feeding hay-based diets deficient in protein to dairy cows during early lactation

1984 ◽  
Vol 24 (127) ◽  
pp. 478 ◽  
Author(s):  
BD Bartsch ◽  
RB Wickes
Keyword(s):  
Protein Content ◽  
Milk Composition ◽  
Early Lactation ◽  
Economic Data ◽  
Treatment Groups ◽  
Low Protein ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Ad Libitum ◽  
Protein Diets ◽  
Friesian Cows

In two experiments, 87 Friesian cows were fed diets of moderate (141%), moderate-low (117%), or low protein content (9.2%) for the first 12 weeks of lactation. These diets contained 5 kg dry matter (DM)/cow.d of either rolled lupins, a 1:1 mixture of rolled lupins and rolled barley, or rolled barley together with cereal hay ad libitum. During weeks 13-24 of lactation, all cows were fed 2 5 kg DM/cow.d of rolled barley as a supplement to cereal hay ad libitum in experiment 1, and pasture ad libitum in experiment 2. All cows were fed cereal hay or hay plus grain during weeks 25-36 of the experiments. Mean estimated intakes of hay DM during the first 12 weeks of lactation were 14.6, 14.8 and 11.9 kg/cow.d in experiment 1, and 15.7, 14.8 and 12.8 kg/cow.d in experiment 2, for cows fed diets of moderate, moderate-low, and low protein content, respectively. Significant differences ( P < 0.05) in liveweight were recorded during the first 12 weeks of lactation. Liveweight differences between groups were evident for a larger part of the lactation in experiment 1 than in experiment 2. The mean daily yields of milk during the first 12 weeks of lactation in both experiments were higher (P<0.00 1) for cows fed diets of moderate (21.9 and 23.5 litres) or moderate-low (20.7 and 22.1 litres) protein content than those of cows fed diets of low protein content (1 6.4 and 15 5 litres). Milk yields for weeks 13-24 and 25-36 did not differ (P> 0.05) between treatment groups in either experiment; milk composition did not differ (P>0.05) between treatment groups in any 12-week period in experiment 1 or 2. Cows fed low protein diets were less efficient in the use of feed or body reserves for milk production than cows fed diets of moderate or moderate-low protein content. Economic data indicate that it is currently profitable to ensure that the protein content of hay-grain diets fed during early lactation is at least 14% of DM irrespective of likely feeding regime over the remainder of the lactation.

The performance of calves given concentrate diets treated with formaldehyde

1973 ◽  
Vol 24 (4) ◽  
pp. 613 ◽  
Author(s):  
GJ Faichney ◽  
HL Davies
Keyword(s):  
Food Consumption ◽  
Protein Level ◽  
Rumen Fluid ◽  
Amino Nitrogen ◽  
Peanut Meal ◽  
Plasma Urea ◽  
Protein Levels ◽  
Low Protein ◽  
Formaldehyde Treatment ◽  
Protein Diets

Five groups of Friesian bull calves were given concentrate diets containing 70 % barley in which low (12 %), medium (15 %), and high (19%) protein levels were obtained by varying the amount of peanut meal included. The effects of protein level and of formaldehyde treatment of the complete diet at the low and medium protein levels were studied in terms of liveweight gain, voluntary food consumption, digestibility of the diet, ammonia nitrogen in rumen fluid, and urea and a-amino nitrogen in blood plasma. Observations were begun when the calves reached 70 kg liveweight and continued until they reached 130 kg liveweight. The calves given the low protein diets grew more slowly than those given the higher protein diets. The calves given the high protein diet grew no better than those given the medium protein diets. Formaldehyde treatment was associated with an increase in the rate of liveweight gain of 9% (P = 0.11) at the low protein level but had practically no effect at the medium protein level. The treatment did not adversely affect voluntary food consumption but was associated with decreases in the digestibility of nitrogen and in rumen ammonia levels and small increases in plasma urea levels.

Digestion by sheep of concentrate diets containing formaldehyde-treated peanut meal

1972 ◽  
Vol 23 (5) ◽  
pp. 859 ◽  
Author(s):  
GJ Faichney
Keyword(s):  
Organic Matter ◽  
Peanut Meal ◽  
High Protein Diet ◽  
High Protein ◽  
Protein Diet ◽  
Plasma Urea ◽  
Protein Levels ◽  
Low Protein ◽  
Formaldehyde Treatment ◽  
Protein Diets

The effect of formaldehyde treatment of peanut meal on the digestion of barley-peanut meal diets was studied in fistulated crossbred sheep at two peanut meal and therefore dietary protein levels. There were no differences either between protein levels or due to treatment in the overall digestion of organic matter, but more of this digestion took place in the stomach when the low protein diets were given. Dietary starch was completely digested. There was no effect of protein level or of formaldehyde treatment on the partition of starch digestion between the stomach and the intestines. About 10% of the dietary nitrogen disappeared from the stomach when the high protein diet containing untreated peanut meal was given; treatment resulted in a small net gain of nitrogen in the stomach. There was a net gain of nitrogen in the stomach when the low protein diets were given, the gain tending to be greater when the peanut meal was treated. When the meal was treated, there was a small but not significant increase (c. 2%) for the low protein diet and a substantial increase (c. 31 %) for the high protein diet in the amount of crude protein digested in the intestines per unit of digestible organic matter intake. Changes observed in the composition and flow of digesta and in plasma urea and cc-amino nitrogen levels are discussed in relation to the digestion of organic matter and protein.

scholarly journals Lysine Deprivation during Maternal Consumption of Low-Protein Diets Could Adversely Affect Early Embryo Development and Health in Adulthood

2020 ◽  
Vol 17 (15) ◽  
pp. 5462
Author(s):  
Lon J. Van Winkle ◽  
Vasiliy Galat ◽  
Philip M. Iannaccone
Keyword(s):  
Embryo Development ◽  
Embryonic Stem ◽  
Early Embryo ◽  
Mammalian Embryo ◽  
Early Embryo Development ◽  
Low Protein ◽  
Glutamate Production ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Hes Cells ◽  
Protein Diets

The conversion of lysine to glutamate is needed for signaling in all plants and animals. In mouse embryonic stem (mES) cells, and probably their progenitors, endogenous glutamate production and signaling help maintain cellular pluripotency and proliferation, although the source of glutamate is yet to be determined. If the source of glutamate is lysine, then lysine deprivation caused by maternal low-protein diets could alter early embryo development and, consequently, the health of the offspring in adulthood. For these reasons, we measured three pertinent variables in human embryonic stem (hES) cells as a model for the inner cell masses of human blastocysts. We found that RNA encoding the alpha-aminoadipic semialdehyde synthase enzyme, which regulates glutamate production from lysine, was highly expressed in hES cells. Moreover, the mean amount of lysine consumed by hES cells was 50% greater than the mean amount of glutamate they produced, indicating that lysine is likely converted to glutamate in these cells. Finally, hES cells expressed RNA encoding at least two glutamate receptors. Since this may also be the case for hES progenitor cells in blastocysts, further studies are warranted to verify the presence of this signaling process in hES cells and to determine whether lysine deprivation alters early mammalian embryo development.

Plasma Urea Nitrogen Concentration and Growth Performance of Finishing Pigs Fed Sorghum-Soybean Meal, Low-Protein Diets

2008 ◽  
Vol 33 (1) ◽  
pp. 7-12 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. L. Figueroa ◽  
M. Martínez ◽  
J. E. Trujillo ◽  
V. Zamora ◽  
J. L. Cordero ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Growth Performance ◽  
Soybean Meal ◽  
Nitrogen Concentration ◽  
Finishing Pigs ◽  
Urea Nitrogen ◽  
Plasma Urea ◽  
Low Protein ◽  
Protein Diets

SUPPLEMENTAL PROTEIN, MAGNESIUM AND SELENIUM PLUS VITAMIN E FOR BEEF COWS FED STRAW DIETS IN WINTER

1981 ◽  
Vol 61 (2) ◽  
pp. 375-392 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. W. MATHISON ◽  
R. T. HARDIN ◽  
B. E. BECK
Keyword(s):  
Vitamin E ◽  
Magnesium Deficiency ◽  
Beef Cows ◽  
Major Effect ◽  
Barley Straw ◽  
Feed Consumption ◽  
Magnesium Concentration ◽  
Dietary Intakes ◽  
Plasma Urea ◽  
Supplemental Protein

Sixty-four cows were fed diets containing 94% barley straw for 83 days in the winter to evaluate the effects of supplemental protein, magnesium, and selenium plus vitamin E on cow health, feed intake, and winter weight change. Overall, the cows consumed 47 MJ of digestible energy daily which was only 70% of their calculated requirements. Eleven cows did not complete the test; eight of these cows died. Abomasal impactions were found in three of the cows. One animal fed the diet with supplemental protein but without supplemental magnesum exhibited symptoms of acute hypomagnesemia. When the protein level of the total diet was increased from 5.2 to 6.2% the cows gained more (P < 0.05) weight and increased (P < 0.10) feed consumption by 17%. Plasma urea nitrogen concentrations were increased (P < 0.01) from 3.7 to 4.6 mg/100 mL. Cows that received the low protein diet gained more weight when supplemental magneisum was provided than those that were fed a similar diet without magnesium. They also tended (P < 0.10) to eat more feed. The mean magnesium concentration in blood plasma was only 1.4 mg/100 mL, which confirmed the existence of a magnesium deficiency in cows fed large amounts of straw. Plasma magnesium concentrations were increased (P < 0.10) by between 0.04 and 0.08 mg/100 mL for each gram of increased magnesium intake. Plasma calcium was decreased (P < 0.05) from 8.9 to 8.4 mg/100 mL when magnesium oxide was included in the concentrate mixture. Supplemental selenium plus vitamin E had no major effect on animal performance, even though dietary intakes of selenium on the control diets were only 43% of the listed requirements. It was concluded that more than 6% concentrate is required in straw-concentrate diets for beef cows and that it may be necessary to supply supplemental protein, magnesium, selenium and manganese with such diets.

scholarly journals Industrial amino acids in diets for piglets and growing pigs

1988 ◽  
Vol 60 (7) ◽  
pp. 673-683
Author(s):  
J. Inborr ◽  
K. Suomi
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Health Status ◽  
Protein Content ◽  
Crude Protein ◽  
Control Diet ◽  
Growing Pigs ◽  
Protein Amino Acid ◽  
Low Protein ◽  
Slaughter Pigs ◽  
Protein Diets

Two production trials with piglets and one with slaughter pigs were carried out in order to investigate the effects of reducing the protein content in the diets followed by an addition of industrial amino acids on performance and health status. In the first piglet trial the crude protein content of the control diet was decreased from 20 to 18.3 % and in the second from 18.3 to 16.7 %. In the trial with growing pigs, the protein content of the control diet was decreased from 17.0 to 15.5 %. Industrial L-lysine, DL-methionine and L-threonine were added to the low protein diets to get the same levels of these amino acids as in the control diets. Piglet performance was similar on all treatments indicating equal availability of added and protein-bound amino acids. Health status of piglets on the low protein diets was considerably improved, indicating less predisposition to post weaning diarrhoea. Pigs on the low protein amino acid fortified diet tended to gain weight faster (788 vs. 743 g/day; p

scholarly journals Effect of CLA supplementation to low-protein diets on the growth performance, carcass characteristics, plasma urea nitrogen concentration, and fatty acid profile in the meat of pigs

2014 ◽  
Vol 57 (5) ◽  
pp. 742-754 ◽  
Author(s):  
Manuel Martínez-Aispuro ◽  
José Luis Figueroa-Velasco ◽  
Vicente Zamora-Zamora ◽  
José Luis Cordero-Mora ◽  
Carlos Narciso-Gaytán ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acid ◽  
Growth Performance ◽  
Fatty Acid Profile ◽  
Nitrogen Concentration ◽  
Carcass Characteristics ◽  
Urea Nitrogen ◽  
Plasma Urea ◽  
Low Protein ◽  
Protein Diets

Corrigendum to: IGF-I is not a useful marker for nutritional status in the growing pig under commercial conditions

2001 ◽  
Vol 52 (7) ◽  
pp. 791
Author(s):  
L. Ma ◽  
F. R. Dunshea ◽  
Y. M. Brockwell ◽  
R. L. Inglis ◽  
D. J. Kingston ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Weight Gain ◽  
Nutritional Status ◽  
Dietary Protein ◽  
High Protein Diet ◽  
High Protein ◽  
Protein Diet ◽  
Low Protein ◽  
Igf I ◽  
Protein Diets

Plasma hormone concentrations were measured in gilts after fasting, long-term protein restriction, or supplementation. In 11-week-old pigs fasted overnight, plasma insulin, glucagon, gastrin, urea, and glucose were increased 30 min after re-feeding (P < 0.05), whereas IGF-I did not change. In 16-week-old gilts fed a standard commercial diet [14.6% crude protein (CP)], or a high-protein diet (16.7% CP) for 4 weeks, the high-protein diet increased weight gain (13%; P < 0.05) and carcass weight (4%; P < 0.05), but did not alter plasma IGF-I, insulin, or glucagon. In 10-week-old gilts fed high-protein diets (19.4% and 18.3% CP), or low-protein diets (15.5% and 13.3% CP) for 12 weeks during the grower and finisher phases, respectively, the low-protein diet decreased weight gain (18%; P < 0.001) and carcass weight (11%; P < 0.01), with a marked increase in plasma glucagon (P < 0.05), no change in insulin, and only a trend towards decreased IGF-I (P = 0.1). The pigs were more sensitive to altered dietary protein at 10 weeks of age than at 16 weeks. Plasma IGF-I was not responsive to the short-term effects of feeding or the long-term effects of dietary protein. Glucagon could provide a useful marker for nutritional status in young pigs, provided that time of feeding is taken into account.

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