Feeding hay-based diets deficient in protein to dairy cows during early lactation

1984 ◽  
Vol 24 (127) ◽  
pp. 478 ◽  
Author(s):  
BD Bartsch ◽  
RB Wickes
Keyword(s):  
Protein Content ◽  
Milk Composition ◽  
Early Lactation ◽  
Economic Data ◽  
Treatment Groups ◽  
Low Protein ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Ad Libitum ◽  
Protein Diets ◽  
Friesian Cows

In two experiments, 87 Friesian cows were fed diets of moderate (141%), moderate-low (117%), or low protein content (9.2%) for the first 12 weeks of lactation. These diets contained 5 kg dry matter (DM)/cow.d of either rolled lupins, a 1:1 mixture of rolled lupins and rolled barley, or rolled barley together with cereal hay ad libitum. During weeks 13-24 of lactation, all cows were fed 2 5 kg DM/cow.d of rolled barley as a supplement to cereal hay ad libitum in experiment 1, and pasture ad libitum in experiment 2. All cows were fed cereal hay or hay plus grain during weeks 25-36 of the experiments. Mean estimated intakes of hay DM during the first 12 weeks of lactation were 14.6, 14.8 and 11.9 kg/cow.d in experiment 1, and 15.7, 14.8 and 12.8 kg/cow.d in experiment 2, for cows fed diets of moderate, moderate-low, and low protein content, respectively. Significant differences ( P < 0.05) in liveweight were recorded during the first 12 weeks of lactation. Liveweight differences between groups were evident for a larger part of the lactation in experiment 1 than in experiment 2. The mean daily yields of milk during the first 12 weeks of lactation in both experiments were higher (P<0.00 1) for cows fed diets of moderate (21.9 and 23.5 litres) or moderate-low (20.7 and 22.1 litres) protein content than those of cows fed diets of low protein content (1 6.4 and 15 5 litres). Milk yields for weeks 13-24 and 25-36 did not differ (P> 0.05) between treatment groups in either experiment; milk composition did not differ (P>0.05) between treatment groups in any 12-week period in experiment 1 or 2. Cows fed low protein diets were less efficient in the use of feed or body reserves for milk production than cows fed diets of moderate or moderate-low protein content. Economic data indicate that it is currently profitable to ensure that the protein content of hay-grain diets fed during early lactation is at least 14% of DM irrespective of likely feeding regime over the remainder of the lactation.

The effects of wilting of grass prior to ensiling and bacterial inoculation on milk composition

2000 ◽  
Vol 25 ◽  
pp. 155-158
Author(s):  
D.C. Patterson ◽  
T. Yan ◽  
F.J. Gordon
Keyword(s):  
Factorial Design ◽  
Protein Content ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Bacterial Species ◽  
Milk Composition ◽  
Bacterial Inoculation ◽  
Feeding Experiments ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Ad Libitum ◽  
Lactating Dairy Cattle

AbstractA study was conducted to assess the effects of rapid wilting of grass prior to ensiling on milk composition in lactating dairy cattle across a range of silage harvests. The effects of wilting on the response to bacterial inoculation were also examined. Experiments 1 and 2 were of 2 x 2 factorial design based on the factors wilting (unwilted and wilted treatments) and inoculant (control and inoculant treatments). The inoculants each had Lactobacillus plantarum plus other bacterial species. Experiments 1 and 2 had 3 and 8 harvests respectively and the corresponding feeding experiments were balanced changeover designs with 3 and 8 periods respectively. The feeding periods were of 8 and 3 weeks duration in Experiments 1 and 2 respectively and during each period each silage was fed ad libitum together with a concentrate supplement to 12 cows.The durations of the wilting periods ranged from 24 to 48 h in each experiment and the mean initial and final dry matter contents of the grass were 200; 317 g/kg and 176; 316 g/kg for Experiments 1 and 2 respectively.In Experiment 1 the butterfat, protein and lactose concentrations (g/kg) from the unwilted and wilted silages were 45.1 and 47.2 (s.e. 0.23, P<0.001), 33.7 and 35.6 (s.e. 0.11, P<0.001) and 48.9 and 48.7 (s.e. 0.08, P<0.05) respectively. In Experiment 2 the corresponding values (g/kg) were 45.2 and 46.4 (s.e. 0.23, P<0.05), 32.3 and 33.2 (s.e. 0.13, P<0.05) and 48.9 and 49.1 (s.e. 0.06, P>0.05) respectively. Inoculation had no significant effects on milk composition with either unwilted or wilted silage except for a reduction in protein content in Experiment 1, with values (g/kg) of 34.8 and 35.4 (s.e. 0.11, P<0.05) for control and inoculant treated silage respectively.It is concluded that wilting produced statistically significant increases in the concentrations of butterfat and protein in milk and that inoculants had little effect on milk composition in this study.

PROTEIN REQUIREMENTS OF BEEF COWS FED PELLETED, GROUND OR CHOPPED BARLEY STRAW IN THE WINTER

1977 ◽  
Vol 57 (4) ◽  
pp. 719-725
Author(s):  
R. D. WEISENBURGER ◽  
G. W. MATHISON
Keyword(s):  
Weight Gain ◽  
Protein Content ◽  
Beef Cows ◽  
Barley Straw ◽  
Plasma Urea ◽  
Protein Requirements ◽  
Nitrogen Levels ◽  
Low Protein ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Protein Diets

Thirty-six pregnant beef cows, mainly crossbreds and from 2 to 10 yr of age, were individually fed straw-based diets containing pelleted, ground and chopped barley straw and three levels of protein in a 3 × 3 factorial experiment. The mean weight gain during the last 84 days of the feeding period in which diets containing 86% straw were fed was 0.28 kg/day/cow. Protein content of the diet significantly affected weight gain (P < 0.05) which increased from 0.18 to 0.37 kg daily when the crude protein content increased from 5.7 to 6.6% (dry matter basis). Cows gained weight more rapidly (P < 0.05) on the pelleted diets although feed intakes were more variable. There were no significant differences in daily feed intakes between diets, the mean being 9.9 kg. Type of diet did not significantly affect calf birth weight or plasma non-esterified fatty acid levels. Low plasma urea nitrogen levels in cows given the low protein diets indicated a protein deficiency.

scholarly journals The effects of changes in nutritional demand on gastrointestinal parasitism in lactating rats

2007 ◽  
Vol 97 (1) ◽  
pp. 104-110 ◽  
Author(s):  
Heidi Normanton ◽  
Jos G. M. Houdijk ◽  
Neil S. Jessop ◽  
Dave P. Knox ◽  
Ilias Kyriazakis
Keyword(s):  
Crude Protein ◽  
Inflammatory Cells ◽  
Host Immunity ◽  
Nippostrongylus Brasiliensis ◽  
Protein Food ◽  
Treatment Groups ◽  
Nutrient Demand ◽  
Low Protein ◽  
Ad Libitum ◽  
Gastrointestinal Parasitism

Lactating rats experience a breakdown of immunity to parasites, i.e. they carry larger worm burdens after re-infection compared to their non-lactating counterparts. Feeding high-protein foods to lactating rats results in reduced worm burdens. This could be attributed to changes in gastrointestinal environment or to overcoming effects of nutrient scarcity on host immunity. The latter hypothesis was addressed through a manipulation of nutrient demand by manipulating litter size. Twenty-three rats were immunized prior to mating and re-infected on day 2 of lactation with 1600 infective Nippostrongylus brasiliensis larvae. From parturition onwards, rats received ad libitum a low-protein food (100 g crude protein/kg). Litter sizes were standardised to nine (LS9), six (LS6) or three (LS3) pups, by day 2 of lactation. After a further 10 d, LS9 and LS6 rats carried more worms than LS3 rats. However, feeding treatments did not affect concentrations of mucosal inflammatory cells. Achieved feed intake did not differ consistently between the treatment groups. However, LS9 and LS6 rats lost weight, whilst LS3 rats gained weight during lactation. The results support the view that resistance to N. brasiliensis is sensitive to changes in nutrient demand, and the improved resistance to N. brasiliensis is likely due to effects of overcoming nutrient scarcity on host immunity.

Effect of body condition at calving on tissue mobilization, development of fatty liver and blood chemistry of dairy cows

1986 ◽  
Vol 43 (1) ◽  
pp. 7-15 ◽  
Author(s):  
I. M. Reid ◽  
C. J. Roberts ◽  
R. J. Treacher ◽  
L. A. Williams
Keyword(s):  
Adipose Tissue ◽  
White Cell Count ◽  
Fatty Infiltration ◽  
Blood Chemistry ◽  
Early Lactation ◽  
Dry Period ◽  
Isolated Adipocytes ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Subcutaneous Adipose ◽  
Friesian Cows

ABSTRACTAn experiment was performed with two groups of nine British Friesian cows to compare the effect of calving in fat or thin condition on (1) the mobilization and functional activity of subcutaneous adipose tissue, (2) the mobilization of skeletal muscle, (3) the development and resolution of fatty infiltration of the liver and (4) the chemistry and haematology of blood. Sampling was performed at various times during the dry period and subsequent lactation. There were no differences between groups in the amount of adipose tissue mobilized between 4 weeks before and 26 weeks after calving. The lipogenic and lipolytic capacities of isolated adipocytes were also not different between groups at any time although major changes occurred in both over the calving period and during early lactation. Acetate oxidation to carbon dioxide was higher in adipocytes isolated from thin cows particularly after calving. More muscle fibre area was lost in the fat cows compared with the thin cows between 4 weeks before and 4 weeks after calving and the fat cows had greater infiltration of fat in the liver at 1 and 4 weeks after calving than the thin cows. The mean white-cell count was lower and the packed-cell volume was higher in the fat cows than in the thin cows at 1 week after calving. The major differences between groups in blood composition were increased concentrations of copper, non-esterified fatty acids, bilirubin and enzymes such as ornithine carbamyl transferase in the fat cows after calving. These results suggest that fat and thin cows respond differently to the metabolic demands of early lactation and that some of these differences render fat cows more susceptible to disease.

Milk production from diets of silage and dried forage. 1. Effects of methods of processing dried grass and of including barley in the supplementation of grass silage given ad libitum

1976 ◽  
Vol 23 (2) ◽  
pp. 197-209 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. C. Tayler ◽  
K. Aston
Keyword(s):  
Energy Content ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
Experimental Period ◽  
Milk Composition ◽  
Weight Changes ◽  
Treatment Groups ◽  
Grass Silage ◽  
Digestible Organic Matter ◽  
Ad Libitum ◽  
Female Cattle

SUMMARY1. Young adult and adult British Friesian female cattle (heifers and cows) which were lactating were individually fed on diets of grass silage ad libitum with supplements of dried grass, dried grass/barley or barley/groundnut in two randomized block experiments.2. In Experiment I, equal quantities of dry matter (DM) as dried grass in the form of a wafer (W), cob (C) or pellet (P) were given with the silage during weeks 8 to 18 of lactation, to three groups of 12 heifers. Silage DM intakes were respectively 14·2, 14·3 and 15·8 ± 0·43 g/kg live weight per day (P<0·05). Milk yields were 14·0, 15·6, 16·7 ± 0·35 kg/day (P< 0·001). Milk composition and live-weight change did not differ significantly.3. In Experiment II, five treatment groups of heifers and cows were offered silage with equal amounts of a supplement of either dried grass pellets (treatment 1) or dried grass/barley in the ratios of 2: 1 (treatment 2), 1: 2 (treatment 3), or a barley/groundnut supplement (treatment 4). In treatment 5 the cattle received the same supplement as in treatment 4, but at a 10% higher level. Silage DM intakes for treatments 1 to 5 during lactation weeks 6 to 22 were 8·64, 8·94, 7·96, 6·96, 7·63 kg/day (1, 2>4, P<0·01; 2>5, P<0·05). The intake of digestible organic matter, milk yields and live-weight changes over the whole experimental period were not influenced significantly by treatments 1 to 4, but in treatment 5 the milk was significantly higher in fat, protein and energy content than in treatments 1 to 4. Blood composition was normal and did not differ markedly between treatments.

The effect of type of silage and level of concentrate supplementation offered during early lactation on total lactation performance of January/February calving cows

1980 ◽  
Vol 30 (3) ◽  
pp. 341-354 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. W. J. Steen ◽  
F. J. Gordon
Keyword(s):  
Significant Interaction ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
Milk Composition ◽  
Design Experiment ◽  
Early Lactation ◽  
Lactation Performance ◽  
Concentrate Supplementation ◽  
Grass Silage ◽  
Factorial Design Experiment ◽  
Friesian Cows

ABSTRACTA 3 × 2 factorial design experiment using 84 British Friesian cows was conducted to assess the effect of offering three types of grass silage and two levels of concentrate supplementation during early lactation on the total lactation performance of cows which calve during January and February. The three types of silage were early-cut wilted (ECW), early-cut unwilted (ECU) and late-cut unwilted (LCU), and the two levels of concentrate supplementation were 538 kg (LC) and 738 kg (HC) during a mean post-calving period of 71 days. The animals had a mean calving date of 29 January and were blocked according to calving date, and allocated at random to the treatments within each block on day 7 of lactation. The treatments were applied from day 7 of lactation until the animals were turned out to pasture on 18 April. Mean milk yields for the indoor period were: HC treatments 1963 (ECW), 1979 (ECU) and 1830 (LCU); LC treatments 1938 (ECW), 1942 (ECU) and 1731 (LCU) ± 41·3 kg; and for the total lactation were: HC treatments 5375 (ECW), 5438 (ECU) and 5284 (LCU); LC treatments 5509 (ECW), 5529 (ECU) and 5316 (LCU) ± 184·1 kg. There was no significant interaction between silage type and level of concentrate supplementation.Milk composition, animal live weight and body condition were not significantly affected by either silage type or level of concentrate supplementation.

scholarly journals Lysine Deprivation during Maternal Consumption of Low-Protein Diets Could Adversely Affect Early Embryo Development and Health in Adulthood

2020 ◽  
Vol 17 (15) ◽  
pp. 5462
Author(s):  
Lon J. Van Winkle ◽  
Vasiliy Galat ◽  
Philip M. Iannaccone
Keyword(s):  
Embryo Development ◽  
Embryonic Stem ◽  
Early Embryo ◽  
Mammalian Embryo ◽  
Early Embryo Development ◽  
Low Protein ◽  
Glutamate Production ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Hes Cells ◽  
Protein Diets

The conversion of lysine to glutamate is needed for signaling in all plants and animals. In mouse embryonic stem (mES) cells, and probably their progenitors, endogenous glutamate production and signaling help maintain cellular pluripotency and proliferation, although the source of glutamate is yet to be determined. If the source of glutamate is lysine, then lysine deprivation caused by maternal low-protein diets could alter early embryo development and, consequently, the health of the offspring in adulthood. For these reasons, we measured three pertinent variables in human embryonic stem (hES) cells as a model for the inner cell masses of human blastocysts. We found that RNA encoding the alpha-aminoadipic semialdehyde synthase enzyme, which regulates glutamate production from lysine, was highly expressed in hES cells. Moreover, the mean amount of lysine consumed by hES cells was 50% greater than the mean amount of glutamate they produced, indicating that lysine is likely converted to glutamate in these cells. Finally, hES cells expressed RNA encoding at least two glutamate receptors. Since this may also be the case for hES progenitor cells in blastocysts, further studies are warranted to verify the presence of this signaling process in hES cells and to determine whether lysine deprivation alters early mammalian embryo development.

A note on the relationship between the rate of machine-milking and milk production of Ayrshire heifers

1971 ◽  
Vol 13 (2) ◽  
pp. 353-356 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. E. Castle ◽  
R. Henderson
Keyword(s):  
Milk Production ◽  
Flow Rate ◽  
Peak Flow ◽  
Milk Composition ◽  
Early Lactation ◽  
Peak Flow Rate ◽  
Machine Milking ◽  
The Mean ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Direct Measures

SUMMARYRecords of milking rate, milk yield and milk composition were collected over 12 yr from 123 Ayrshire heifers in their first lactation in one herd. Three direct measures of milking rate, i.e. peak flow rate, machine rate and overall rate were closely correlated and each was also correlated with total lactation yield of milk. Milking rate accounted for only a very small part of the variation in fat and total solids percentages. The mean yield of milk per milking in early lactation was a better predictor of total lactation yield than was milking rate but, among animals giving the same early lactation yield of milk, the faster milkers gave higher lactation yields than the slower milkers.

Systems of concentrate allocation for dairy cattle 1. A comparison of three patterns of allocation for autumn-calving cows and heifers offered grass silage ad libitum

1984 ◽  
Vol 39 (3) ◽  
pp. 315-324 ◽  
Author(s):  
W. Taylor ◽  
J. D. Leaver
Keyword(s):  
Dairy Cattle ◽  
Post Partum ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
Milk Composition ◽  
Metabolizable Energy ◽  
Fixed Rate ◽  
Flat Rate ◽  
Grass Silage ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Ad Libitum

ABSTRACTHigh quality grass silage (10·5 MJ metabolizable energy per kg dry matter (DM)) was offered ad libitum to three groups of autumn-calving dairy cattle, each group containing eight cows and eight heifers. In a 20-week period commencing at week 3 post partum each group received, on average, 1260 kg fresh weight of a concentrate containing 180 g crude protein per kg. Animals in treatment F each received a flat-rate of 9 kg concentrates per day throughout. In treatment D, a declining rate of 11, 10, 9, 8 and 7 kg/day was given in successive 4-week periods. Animals in treatment Y were each offered a fixed rate of concentrates (range 7 to 12 kg/day) based on their milk yield at 2 weeks post partum with a mean intake of 9 kg/day for the group. For treatments F, D and Y respectively, the mean daily milk yields were, 26·2, 26·7 and 26·9 kg for cows, and 19·5, 19·1 and 18·8 kg for heifers; mean live-weight gains were, 0·28, 0·30 and 0·22 kg/day for cows, and 0·41, 0·54 and 0·38 kg/day for heifers; and intakes of silage were, 10·1, 10·6 and 10·7 kg DM per day for cows, and 7·8, 7·7 and 7·3 kg DM per day for heifers. The differences between treatments were not significant but there were significant differences between cows and heifers. No significant differences were found between treatments in milk composition although heifers produced milk with significantly higher milk protein concentration (P < 0·05) and significantly greater milk lactose concentration (P < 0·01) than did cows. During the residual period (4 weeks indoors and 16 weeks grazing) all animals were treated as a single group and there were no significant differences in performance. The 305-day milk yields were not significantly different between treatments and averaged 6587 kg for cows, and 5124 kg for heifers.

scholarly journals Industrial amino acids in diets for piglets and growing pigs

1988 ◽  
Vol 60 (7) ◽  
pp. 673-683
Author(s):  
J. Inborr ◽  
K. Suomi
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Health Status ◽  
Protein Content ◽  
Crude Protein ◽  
Control Diet ◽  
Growing Pigs ◽  
Protein Amino Acid ◽  
Low Protein ◽  
Slaughter Pigs ◽  
Protein Diets

Two production trials with piglets and one with slaughter pigs were carried out in order to investigate the effects of reducing the protein content in the diets followed by an addition of industrial amino acids on performance and health status. In the first piglet trial the crude protein content of the control diet was decreased from 20 to 18.3 % and in the second from 18.3 to 16.7 %. In the trial with growing pigs, the protein content of the control diet was decreased from 17.0 to 15.5 %. Industrial L-lysine, DL-methionine and L-threonine were added to the low protein diets to get the same levels of these amino acids as in the control diets. Piglet performance was similar on all treatments indicating equal availability of added and protein-bound amino acids. Health status of piglets on the low protein diets was considerably improved, indicating less predisposition to post weaning diarrhoea. Pigs on the low protein amino acid fortified diet tended to gain weight faster (788 vs. 743 g/day; p

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