FFECTS OF DIETARY FLOUR AND OIL FROM TOWER RAPESEED ON FOOD INTAKE, WEIGHT GAINS, NUTRIENT DIGESTIBILITY, ENERGY UTILIZATION AND BODY COMPOSITION OF RATS

1975 ◽  
Vol 55 (4) ◽  
pp. 749-757 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. R. SEOANE ◽  
A. D. L. GORRILL
Keyword(s):  
Body Composition ◽  
Nutritive Value ◽  
Corn Oil ◽  
Caloric Intake ◽  
Nutrient Digestibility ◽  
Energy Utilization ◽  
Soybean Flour ◽  
Energy Retention ◽  
Gut Fill ◽  
Packed Volume

Rats were fed diets containing 15% protein, 10% fat and 4.7 kcal/g in the form of: (1) soybean flour–corn oil (SBF/CO), (2) Tower rapeseed flour–corn oil (RSF/CO) and (3) Tower rapeseed flour–Tower rapeseed oil (RSF/RSO). Rats fed the SBF/CO diet ate more and grew faster than rats fed the RSF diets (P < 0.05). However, rats fed the RSF/RSO diet converted food to weight gain more efficiently than rats receiving the SBF/CO diet (P < 0.05). The digestibility of the dry matter (92%), energy (94%) and protein (88%) of the RSF diets was higher than that of the SBF diet (P < 0.01). Digestibility of the RSO was higher than that of the CO only when SBF was used as source of dietary protein. The net protein utilization of the diets throughout the experiment was similar (43–48%). Energy retention as percent of intake was similar for all diets (20–26%); however, rats receiving the RSF/RSO diet deposited a greater proportion of the caloric intake as tissue protein than rats receiving the SBF/CO diet (10.0 vs. 8.8%, respectively, P < 0.05). Body composition after 7 days on the experimental diets was not affected by the dietary treatments. Heart weights (mg DM/g body DM) of rats fed the RSF/RSO diet were greater than those of rats receiving the SBF/CO diet (4.3 vs. 3.5 mg/g body DM, respectively, P < 0.05). After 21 days, rats fed the SBF/CO diet had deposited more body fat than rats receiving the RSF diets (12.7 vs. 9.7 and 10.1% for SBF/CO, RSF/CO and RSF/RSO respectively, P < 0.05). No other differences in body composition were observed. The nutritive value of Tower rapeseed flour and oil was higher than that of soybean flour and corn oil. No toxic effects were observed from feeding rapeseed flour or oil to rats. However, the consumption of rapeseed flour was lower than that of soybean flour, possibly due to gut fill, since the "packed volume" occupied by the RSF diet was 1.5 times larger than that of the SBF diet. Texture and palatability of the flours may have also contributed to the differences in intake.

Sucrose as an energy source for growing pigs: digestible energy content and energy utilization

1990 ◽  
Vol 51 (2) ◽  
pp. 343-355 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. A. Beech ◽  
R. Elliott ◽  
E. S. Batterham
Keyword(s):  
Energy Content ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
Nutrient Utilization ◽  
Growing Pigs ◽  
Energy Utilization ◽  
Cholesterol Concentration ◽  
Crude Fibre ◽  
Digestible Energy ◽  
Energy Retention ◽  
Gut Fill

ABSTRACTTwo experiments were conducted to determine the effect of including sucrose in diets on energy utilization by growing pigs. In the first experiment, the digestible energy (DE) content of sucrose was determined as 15·6 MJ/kg, indicating that gross energy was 0·96 digested. In the second experiment, iso-energetic diets were used to determine the effects of sucrose on growth and nutrient utilization. Sucrose was used to replace wheat gradually in four iso-energetic diets (15 MJ DE, 0·75 g lysine per MJ DE for pigs from 20 to 50 kg live weight and 15·1 MJ DE, 0·67 g lysine per MJ DE for pigs from 50 to 80 kg live weight). Pigs were fed ad libitum. Food intake (P < 0·01) and carcass daily gain (P < 0·05) increased with sucrose inclusion, independently of the level of sucrose in the diet. Food conversion ratio of male (boar) pigs on a carcass basis was unaffected by sucrose inclusion but increased with female pigs (P < 0·01). Killing-out proportion increased linearly with sucrose inclusion (P < 0·01). Sucrose inclusion improved energy retention (P < 0·05) and increased fat deposition (P < 0·05) but protein deposition was not affected. The weight of the full viscera (P < 0·01), empty digestive tract (P < 0·05), stomach (P < 0·01) and large intestine (P < 0·05) decreased with increasing sucrose inclusion. Sucrose did not affect blood triglycerides or cholesterol concentration (P > 0·05). Sucrose inclusion decreased the crude fibre and crude protein content of the diet and energy utilization was improved. Differences in gut fill indicated that sucrose-based diets were rapidly digested and absorbed.

scholarly journals Evaluation of dietary effect of cassava peel meal bio-improved with calopogonium mucunoides on nutrient retention and growth performance of broiler chickens

2021 ◽  
Vol 48 (1) ◽  
pp. 91-101
Author(s):  
E. K. Ndelekwute ◽  
C. O. Okereke ◽  
E. D. Assam ◽  
R. Obongekpe
Keyword(s):  
Feed Intake ◽  
Broiler Chickens ◽  
Nutritive Value ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
Nutrient Digestibility ◽  
Energy Utilization ◽  
Ether Extract ◽  
Gain Ratio ◽  
Calopogonium Mucunoides ◽  
Cassava Peel

Due to skepticism that follows the use of cassava peel meal, it has been advocated that its nutritive value for poultry be improved. Thus an experiment was conducted to evaluate the dietary effect of cassava peel meal (CPM) improved by supplementing with Calopogonium mucunoides (CM) on apparent nutrient digestibility, growth, meat yield and internal organs of broiler chickens. The CPM was improved by mix-grinding 1000g of it with fresh and succulent leaves CM at 0, 10, 20, 30 and 40% levels, respectively and included in the diets. One hundred and forty-four (144), one day old Hubbard chicks were used. They were grouped into six treatments (T1-T6), replicated into three and with eight birds/replicate in a completely randomized design (CRD). Treatment 1 (T1) was the control diet without CPM, T2 contained unimproved CPM while T3 – T6 contained CPM mixed with 10, 20, 30 and 40% CM, respectively. Feed and water were offered ad libitum for 49 days. Results showed that CM improved the crude protein, ether extract and fibre content of CPM. Live weight and Feed: gain ratio were better (P<0.05) with improved CPM but negatively affected by unimproved CPM at the starter phase. Also at the starter phase feed intake was not altered significantly (P>0.05). At the finisher phase while the live weight was increased by 20-40% improved CPM, the feed intake was reduced (P<0.05). Best feed: gain ratio was recorded by 40% improved CM. Unimproved CPM reduced digestibility of dry matter, protein, ether extract and energy utilization; dressed percentage, the weight of breast, gizzard, kidney, pancreas and small intestine but increased bile volume and caeca size. Therefore, it is recommended that 40% C. muconoides could be used to improve cassava peel meal for inclusion in diets of broiler chickens     A cause du scepticisme qui suit l'utilisation de la farine d'écorce de manioc, il a été préconisé que sa valeur nutritive pour la volaille soit améliorée. Ainsi, une expérience a été menée pour évaluer l'effet diététique de la farine d'écorce de manioc (le 'CPM') améliorée en complétant avec Calopogonium mucunoides (le 'CM') sur la digestibilité apparente des nutriments, la croissance, le rendement en viande et les organes internes des poulets de chair. Le 'CPM' a été amélioré en mélangeant 1000 g de celui-ci avec des feuilles fraîches et succulentes 'CM' à des niveaux de 0, 10, 20, 30 et 40% respectivement et inclus dans les régimes. Cent quarante- quatre (144) poussins Hubbard d'un jour ont été utilisés. Ils ont été regroupés en six traitements (T1-T6), répliqués en trois et avec huit oiseaux / répliques dans un plan complètement randomisé (le 'CRD'). Le traitement 1 (T1) était le régime témoin sans CPM, T2 contenait du CPM non amélioré tandis que T3-T6 contenait du CPM mélangé à 10, 20, 30 et 40% de 'CM', respectivement. Des aliments et de l'eau ont été offerts à volonté pendant 49 jours. Les résultats ont montré que le 'CM' améliorait la teneur en protéines brutes, en extrait d'éther et en fibres du 'CPM'. Le poids vif et le rapport alimentation : gain étaient meilleurs (P <0,05) avec un 'CPM' amélioré, mais affectés négativement par un 'CPM' non amélioré lors de la phase de démarrage. De même, lors de la phase de démarrage, la prise alimentaire n'a pas été modifiée de manière significative (P> 0,05). Lors de la phase de finition, alors que le poids vif était augmenté de 20 à 40% de 'CPM' amélioré, la prise alimentaire était réduite (P <0,05). Le meilleur rapport alimentation : gain a été enregistré par une 'CM' améliorée de 40%. Le CPM non amélioré réduit la digestibilité de la matière sèche, des protéines, de l'extrait d'éther et de l'utilisation de l'énergie ; pourcentage habillé, le poids du sein, du gésier, des reins, du pancréas et de l'intestin grêle mais augmentation du volume de la bile et de la taille des caecas. Par conséquent, il est recommandé d'utiliser 40% de muconoides de C. pour améliorer la farine de pelure de manioc à inclure dans l'alimentation des poulets de chair.

ACCEPTABILITY AND UTILIZATION OF GRADED LEVELS OF GMELINA ARBOREA AND CASSAVA PEELS CONCENTRATES IN WEST AFRICAN DWARF SHEEP

2015 ◽  
Vol 4 (2) ◽  
pp. 415-422
Author(s):  
Amoka Pius ◽  
Tawose O M
Keyword(s):  
Dry Matter ◽  
Nutritive Value ◽  
Control Diet ◽  
Nutrient Digestibility ◽  
Dry Matter Intake ◽  
Gmelina Arborea ◽  
Leaf Meal ◽  
Dry Matter Digestibility ◽  
Inclusion Level ◽  
Cassava Peels

The nutritive value ,voluntary dry matter intake, and the nutrient digestibility of graded levels of Gmelina arborea and cassava peels concentrates in WAD sheep was investigated. Twelve WAD sheep aged 1-2 years old and weighting 14.00± 0.45 kg were used in a complete randomized design. Diets were formulated such that cassava peels was replaced with Gmelina arborea leaf meal at 0, 33.33, 66.67, 100% levels, designated as diets A, B, C, and D respectively. Diet without Gmelina arborea leaf meal was tagged the control diet. The concentrate feed was compounded to contain 16% CP. Diets with 33.33% inclusion level of Gmelina arborea had significantly (P<0.05) higher dry matter intake (DMI) 598.80g day-1, while the lowest DMI 425.00g day-1 was obtained in animals fed 100% inclusion level of Gmelina arborea. Crude protein intake (CPI) of animals fed diets with 33.33% inclusion levels of Gmelina arborea were significantly (P<0.05) highest, followed by 66.67% inclusion level and the least was observed in 0% inclusion level of Gmelina arborea. Dry matter digestibility (DMD) was significantly (P<0.05) different across the dietary treatments, animals placed on diets with 33.33% inclusion level had the highest DMD, followed by animals on diets with 66.67, 100 and 0% inclusion levels. CP digestibility (P<0.05) increased from 33.33% to 100% inclusion levels of Gmelina arborea leaf meal, the lowest CP digestibility was observed at 0% inclusion level. CF digestibility (P<0.05) increased from 33.33% to 100% inclusion levels of Gmelina arborea leaf meal, while the lowest CF digestibility was observed at 0% inclusion level. N intake increased significantly (P<0.05) with increase in the level of Gmelina arborea inclusion from 33.33% to 100%. N retention was significantly (P<0.05) different, diets with 33.33% Gmelina arborea inclusion had the highest value (64.36g day-1) followed by 66.67%, 100% and the least (52.64g day-1) was at 0% inclusion level of Gmelina arborea.  N balance values also followed the same trend. From the results of this study, it can be concluded that the inclusion of Gmelina arborea leaf meal in WAD rams diet was well tolerated without adverse effect on acceptability, intake and nutrient digestibility, and inclusion level of 33.33% is hereby recommended in ruminants diet for optimum performance and productivity.

scholarly journals Graded Incorporation of Defatted Yellow Mealworm (Tenebrio molitor) in Rainbow Trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) Diet Improves Growth Performance and Nutrient Retention

Animals ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (4) ◽  
pp. 187 ◽  
Author(s):  
Paulo Rema ◽  
Subramanian Saravanan ◽  
Benjamin Armenjon ◽  
Constant Motte ◽  
Jorge Dias
Keyword(s):  
Body Composition ◽  
Rainbow Trout ◽  
Oncorhynchus Mykiss ◽  
Growth Performance ◽  
Tenebrio Molitor ◽  
Nutrient Digestibility ◽  
Protein Meal ◽  
Yellow Mealworm ◽  
Juvenile Rainbow Trout ◽  
Rainbow Trout Oncorhynchus Mykiss

Insects are emerging as a sustainable alternative to fishmeal and fish oil in aquafeeds. This study assessed the effect of graded incorporation levels of defatted yellow mealworm (Tenebrio molitor) protein meal on juvenile rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) growth performance, body composition, and apparent nutrient digestibility. The trial comprised five dietary treatments: control diet with 25% fishmeal, and four experimental diets with yellow mealworm protein meal at 5%, 7.5%, 15%, or 25%, which corresponded to a fishmeal replacement of 20%, 30%, 60%, or 100%, respectively. After 90 days, the graded incorporation of insect protein meal led to a significant stepwise increase in final body weight, and a significant improvement of specific growth rate, feed conversion ratio, and protein efficiency ratio compared to the control treatment. Regardless of the incorporation level, the insect protein meal had no effects on fish whole-body composition and apparent digestibility coefficients of dry matter, protein, fat, phosphorus, and energy. Protein, phosphorus, and energy retention significantly increased in fish fed the diets with an insect protein meal. In conclusion, the yellow mealworm protein meal could effectively replace 100% of fishmeal in the diet of juvenile rainbow trout with positive effects on its overall zootechnical performance.

scholarly journals 224 A method for estimating the target for protein energy retention in sheep

2020 ◽  
Vol 98 (Supplement_4) ◽  
pp. 143-143
Author(s):  
Holland C Dougherty ◽  
Hutton Oddy ◽  
Mark Evered ◽  
James W Oltjen
Keyword(s):  
Body Composition ◽  
Protein Content ◽  
Heat Production ◽  
Crude Protein ◽  
Muscle Protein ◽  
Energy Utilization ◽  
Body Protein ◽  
Protein Mass ◽  
Reference Weight ◽  
Animal Growth

Abstract Target protein mass at maturity is a common “attractor” used in animal models to derive components of animal growth. This target muscle protein at maturity, M*, is used as a driver of a model of animal growth and body composition with pools representing muscle and visceral protein; where viscera is heart, lungs, liver, kidneys, reticulorumen and gastrointestinal tract; and muscle is non-visceral protein. This M* term then drives changes in protein mass and heat production, based on literature data stating that heat production scales linearly with protein mass but not liveweight. This led us to adopt a modelling approach where energy utilization is directly related to protein content of the animal, and energy not lost as heat or deposited as protein is fat. To maintain continuity with existing feeding systems we estimate M* from Standard Reference Weight (SRW) as follows: M* (kJ) = SRW * SHRINK * (1-FMAT) * (MUSC) * (CPM)* 23800. Where SRW is standard reference weight (kg), SHRINK is the ratio of empty body to live weight (0.86), FMAT is proportion of fat in the empty body at maturity (0.30), MUSC is the proportion of empty body protein that is in muscle (0.85), CPM is the crude protein content of fat-free muscle at maturity (0.21), and 23800 is the energetic content (kJ) of a kilogram of crude protein. Values for SHRINK, FMAT, MUSC and CPM were derived from a synthesis of our own experimental data and the literature. For sheep, these values show M* to be: M* (kJ) = SRW * 0.86* (1-0.3) * 0.85 * 0.21 *23800 = SRW * 2557. This method allows for use of existing knowledge regarding standard reference weight and other parameters in estimating target muscle mass at maturity, as part of a model of body composition and performance in ruminants.

The estimation of the nutritive value of feeds as energy sources for ruminants and the derivation of feeding systems

1978 ◽  
Vol 90 (1) ◽  
pp. 47-68 ◽  
Author(s):  
K. L. Blaxter ◽  
A. W. Boyne
Keyword(s):  
Organic Matter ◽  
Nutritive Value ◽  
Metabolizable Energy ◽  
Crude Fibre ◽  
Mitscherlich Equation ◽  
Energy Retention ◽  
Gross Energy ◽  
Biological Concepts ◽  
Two Parameters ◽  
Feeding Systems

SUMMARYThe results of 80 calorimetric experiments with sheep and cattle, mostly conducted in Scotland, were analysed using a generalization of the Mitscherlich equation R = B(l–exp(–pG))–l, where R is daily energy retention and G daily gross energy intake, both scaled by dividing by the fasting metabolism. The relations between gross energy and metabolizable energy were also examined. Methods of fitting the Mitscherlich equation and the errors associated with it are presented.It is shown that the gross energy of the organic matter of feed can be estimated from proximate principles with an error of ±2·3% (coefficient of variation) and that provided different classes of feed are distinguished, the metabolizable energy of organic matter can be estimated from gross energy and crude fibre content with an error of ±6·9%. Parameters of the primary equation made with cattle agreed with those made with sheep and there was no evidence of non-proportionality of responses on substitution of feeds in mixtures.The efficiency of utilization of gross energy for maintenance and for body gain of energy was related to the metabolizability of gross energy and, in addition, to fibre or to protein content. Prediction equations are presented which describe these relationships.It is shown that the primary equation can be manipulated to express a number of biological concepts and that its two parameters B and p can be simply derived from estimates of the two efficiency terms for maintenance and production.The results are discussed in relation to the design of feeding systems for ruminant animals and to the derivation of optima in their feeding.

Effect of salinomycin and enzyme supplementation on nutrient digestibility and the performance of pigs fed barley- or rye-based diets

1992 ◽  
Vol 72 (1) ◽  
pp. 117-125 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. A. Thacker ◽  
G. L. Campbell ◽  
J. W. D. GrootWassink
Keyword(s):  
Feed Efficiency ◽  
Crude Protein ◽  
Nutritive Value ◽  
Control Diet ◽  
Protein Digestibility ◽  
Nutrient Digestibility ◽  
Growing Pigs ◽  
Beta Glucanase ◽  
Dry Matter Digestibility ◽  
Crossbred Pigs

Two experiments of a factorial design (sex × treatment) were conducted to determine the effects of enzyme and salinomycin supplementation on the nutritive value of barley or rye-based diets for growing pigs fed from approximately 20 to 85 kg. For exp. 1, 72 crossbred pigs were fed either a barley-based control diet or a similar diet supplemented with enzyme (Aspergillus niger; 750 units g−1 beta-glucanase and 650 units g−1 pentosanase), salinomycin (25 ppm) or both additives in combination. For exp. 2, two replicates of 48 pigs were fed either a barley-based diet, an unsupplemented rye-based diet or a rye-based diet supplemented with enzyme, salinomycin or both additives. During both experiments, chromic oxide (0.5%) was added to the diet of four to six pigs/treatment to act as a digestibility indicator starting when the pigs reached 42 kg. Neither enzyme nor salinomycin, alone or in combination, significantly improved the growth rate or feed efficiency of pigs fed barley or rye. Supplementation of barley with the combination of additives significantly (P < 0.05) improved protein digestibility while neither enzyme nor salinomycin had any effect on nutrient digestibility when fed alone. In rye-based diets, salinomycin, both alone and in combination, significantly (P < 0.05) improved the digestibility of crude protein and energy. Dry matter digestibility of the rye-based diets was unaffected by treatment. Key words: Swine, rye, barley, beta-glucanase, pentosanase, salinomycin

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