PERFORMANCE AND ENERGY METABOLISM OF STEERS FED A CONCENTRATE OR ROUGHAGE DIET IN CONVENTIONAL, SEMI-ENCLOSED SLATTED AND ENCLOSED SLATTED FLOOR FEEDLOTS IN SUMMER

1975 ◽  
Vol 55 (4) ◽  
pp. 683-695
Author(s):  
W. S. ALHASSAN ◽  
J. G. BUCHANAN-SMITH ◽  
T. D. BURGESS ◽  
G. C. SMITH ◽  
G. C. ASHTON
Keyword(s):  
Energy Metabolism ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Carcass Composition ◽  
Metabolizable Energy ◽  
Housing Unit ◽  
High Moisture ◽  
Energy Retention ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Conventional Unit ◽  
Housing Units

One hundred and forty-four steers of predominantly Angus breeding were used to compare the effects of three housing units (conventional semi-enclosed manure pack, semi-enclosed slatted floor and enclosed–insulated slatted floor) and two diets (high moisture corn and corn silage) on the performance, energy metabolism and carcass composition of steers finished for 88 days in the summer. No diet × housing unit interaction on response criteria was observed. The mean temperature in the enclosed unit (24.6 C) was more than 3 C greater than in other units. Mean relative humidities in each slatted floor unit were 74% whereas it was 70% in the conventional unit. The enclosed–insulated unit may have been insufficiently ventilated. Steers in this unit ate less (P 0.05) dry matter per day (6.78 kg) than those in the semi-enclosed slatted floor unit (7.64 kg) and in the conventional unit (7.66 kg). Different effects of housing unit on gain reflected differences in feed intake. Carcass characteristics of cattle from each housing unit were similar (P 0.05). Efficiency of utilization of metabolizable energy (ME) for maintenance and gain expressed as energy retention (ER) adjusted to equal ME intake was greater (P 0.05) for cattle in the semi-enclosed slatted floor unit (5.17 Mcal/day) than in the insulated–enclosed unit (4.36 Mcal/day). ER adjusted to equal ME intake for steers in the conventional unit was 4.76 Mcals/day. Serum tetra-iodothyronine (T4) levels were similar (P 0.05) for cattle in all housing units, but were depressed in all cattle during a period of the warmest weather. Corn-fed steers ate significantly less dry matter and had significantly greater gain and feed efficiency than silage-fed steers. Backfat thickness was greater (P 0.05) for corn-fed versus silage-fed steers but this difference disappeared when values were adjusted to equal carcass weight.

FORMIC ACID OR FORMIC ACID–FORMALIN AS A SILAGE ADDITIVE

1973 ◽  
Vol 53 (3) ◽  
pp. 465-470 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. A. BARKER ◽  
D. N. MOWAT ◽  
J. B. STONE ◽  
M. G. FREEMAN ◽  
K. R. STEVENSON
Keyword(s):  
Formic Acid ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Carcass Composition ◽  
Initial Weight ◽  
High Moisture ◽  
Total N ◽  
Protein Supplements ◽  
Gross Energy ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Ad Libitum

Three methods of ensiling an alfalfa–bromegrass mixture were compared: field-wilted (W) (45% dry matter (DM)); direct-cut (F) (24% DM) with 85% formic acid added at the harvester at 0.5% w/w; and direct-cut (FF) (25% DM) with a formic acid–formalin mixture similarly added at 0.5% w/w. The formic acid–formalin mixture was a 1:1 ratio of 85% formic acid to 40% formaldehyde. Wilted silage was significantly (P < 0.05) higher in pH and soluble N (percent total N) and lower in gross energy than F or FF. Treatment FF produced significantly (P < 0.05) more total acids, butyric acid, and propionic acid, than did F or W. In a 140-day postparturition dairy trial, 30 Holstein cows were grouped by age and randomly assigned to W, F, and FF silages fed ad libitum. Differences among the mean silage DM intakes of 10.6, 10.6, and 9.8 kg/day and mean solids-corrected milk yields of 23.4, 24.9, and 25.5 kg/day for W, F, and FF, respectively, were nonsignificant (P < 0.05). Fifty-four crossbred beef bulls with an average initial weight of 239 kg were fed W, F, and FF as protein supplements (approximately 2.8 kg DM/day) with high moisture corn ad libitum for 133 days. Mean gains were 1.36, 1.35, and 1.28 kg/day and feed: gain ratios were 5.66, 5.82, and 6.04, respectively, for W, F, and FF. No significant differences (P < 0.05) were found in gains, feed: gain ratios, or carcass composition.

UTILIZATION OF SUGAR CANE FINAL MOLASSES BY THE PIG: ENERGY METABOLISM

1983 ◽  
Vol 63 (2) ◽  
pp. 455-462 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. S. BAYLEY ◽  
VILDA FIGUEROA ◽  
J. LY ◽  
A. MAYLIN ◽  
A. PEREZ
Keyword(s):  
Organic Matter ◽  
Energy Metabolism ◽  
Sugar Cane ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Metabolizable Energy ◽  
The Other ◽  
Feed Consumption ◽  
Sugar Mixture ◽  
Energy Retention ◽  
Metabolizable Energy Intake

A sample of sugar cane final molasses (82.5% dry matter) contained the following components (percent of dry matter): ash, 11.4; sucrose, 32.8; fructose, 21.1; glucose, 7.4; and unidentified organic matter, 27.3. Three diets were prepared by mixing soybean meal with either starch, molasses, or a mixture of sugars to simulate those in the molasses. The digestible and metabolizable energy values of the diets were measured with pigs of approximately 35 kg liveweight. The digestible and metabolizable energy values of the molasses were 12.3 and 11.8 MJ/kg dry matter, respectively. The metabolizable energy values of the sugar mixture and the unidentified organic matter were 16.5 and 6.1 MJ/kg, respectively. The heat production of pigs of approximately 13 kg liveweight was measured following the consumption of the three diets, and their energy retention was calculated. The metabolizable energy from the molasses was retained at least as well as that from the other two diets, showing that the mixture of glucose and fructose absorbed from the molasses was an efficient metabolic fuel. These observations suggest that the reduction in performance which usually follows the substitution of molasses for cereals in pig diets is due to the low metabolizable energy value of the molasses coupled with failure of the pigs to increase feed consumption to maintain metabolizable energy intake. Key words: Molasses, pigs, digestible energy, metabolizable energy, respiration calorimetry

The effect of trenbolone acetate on growth rate and carcass composition of young female rabbits

1983 ◽  
Vol 36 (1) ◽  
pp. 111-115 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. E. Lobley ◽  
A. Walker ◽  
Alexmary Connell ◽  
H. Galbraith
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Nitrogen Retention ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
Liver Weight ◽  
Young Female ◽  
Carcass Composition ◽  
Metabolizable Energy ◽  
Trenbolone Acetate ◽  
Energy Retention ◽  
The Mean

ABSTRACT1. Eighteen New Zealand White × Califomian young female rabbits (does) were paired by weight and age and, at 800 g live weight, placed on a restricted intake based on the mean body weight of each pair. On attaining 1 kg one of each pair was then given 10 mg trenbolone acetate by injection on days 1, 3 and 5 of each week. This continued until the animals reached 2·3 to 2·4 kg (5 to 6 weeks).2. There were no differences in digestible or metabolizable energy intakes between treated and untreated rabbits. However, the treated animals showed small but significant increases in rates of gain for live and empty body weight compared with control does. Treated animals also had significantly more nitrogen (P < 0·001) and less energy (P < 0·05) per unit empty body weight than controls. Although the proportion of total nitrogen retention was 0·19 greater (P < 0·001) in treated does, total energy retention was only slightly less. Treated animals had approximately 40 g (200 g/kg) less fat and 50 g more protein (N × 6·25) than control does at the end of the trial.3. Increases in liver weight and clitoral size were observed in treated animals.

Increased winter growth in male red deer calves under an extended photoperiod

1997 ◽  
Vol 65 (2) ◽  
pp. 305-310 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. R. Webster ◽  
I. D. Corsor ◽  
R. P. Littlejohn ◽  
J. M. Suttie
Keyword(s):  
Dry Matter ◽  
Red Deer ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
Natural Increase ◽  
Metabolizable Energy ◽  
The Other ◽  
Abrupt Increase ◽  
Winter Solstice ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Autumn And Winter

AbstractThe growth of male red deer slows during the first winter of life before increasing again during spring. This study aimed to determine if this period of slow growth could be minimized using artificial photoperiods during autumn and winter (10 April (week 1) to 11 September (week 23), southern hemisphere). Four groups of deer (no. = 10) were housed indoors as follows. Two groups were placed on a winter solstice photoperiod (8·5 light (L): 15·5 dark (D)) and given either a natural increase in photoperiod to 11·25L: 12·75D (WSN) or held on 8·5L: 15·5D for 7 weeks followed by an abrupt increase to 11·25L: 12·75D (WSH). One group was exposed to a summer solstice photoperiod of 16L: 8D (SS) and one group exposed to a natural photoperiodic pattern (IC). A fifth group of deer (no. = 10) was maintained outside on a gravelled enclosure under natural changes in photoperiod (OC). All groups were given a diet containing 160 g protein per kg and 11·0 MJ metabolizable energy per kg dry matter (DM) ad libitum. All animals were weighed weekly and group food intake recorded daily. Metatarsal length was measured at weeks 3,17 and 22 from the start of treatments.The major differences occurred between SS and the other groups. After a period of slower growth (weeks 1 to 5, SS = 88 g/day v. 168 g/day other groups, s.e.d. 31·2, P < 0·05), SS grew more rapidly from week 10 (P < 0·01). As a result, SS was heaviest from week 17 (P < 0·05) until the end of the experiment (P < 0·01). The mean growth rate of SS animals from weeks 10 to 23 was 346 g/day compared with 173 g/day (s.e.d. 15·3; P < 0·001) for the other groups. Over the whole experiment, SS animals gained 42·3 kg live weight, compared with 31·1 kg for WSN, 26·6 kg for WSH, 25·1 kg for OC and 23·7 kg for IC (s.e.d. 2·08 kg P < 0·01). The DM intake of SS from week 9 until the end of the experiment averaged 2·04 kg DM per head per day compared with 1·48 (s.e. 0·041) kg DM per head per day for the mean of the other groups. Metatarsal length increased more in SS than the other groups (P < 0·001) between weeks 3 and 17 and was longest in SS at weeks 17 and 22 (P < 0·01). Exposure to a 16L: 8D photoperiod during winter advanced the rapid growth of red deer calves normally associated with spring and summer. This response may be used to advance slaughter dates for venison production.

The effect of method of conservation of grass and supplementation on energy and nitrogen utilization by lambs

1999 ◽  
Vol 133 (4) ◽  
pp. 409-417
Author(s):  
D. E. KIRKPATRICK ◽  
R. W. J. STEEN
Keyword(s):  
Energy Intake ◽  
Heat Production ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Agricultural Research ◽  
Nitrogen Retention ◽  
Linear Increase ◽  
Nitrogen Utilization ◽  
Metabolizable Energy ◽  
Agricultural Research Council ◽  
Energy Retention

An experiment was carried out in 1994 to examine energy and nitrogen utilization of lambs offered two contrasting grass-based diets. The two forages, which were from the same parent herbage, were grass silage and grass which was conserved by freezing. They were offered as sole diets or supplemented with either 250 or 500 g concentrates per kg total dry matter intake (DMI) to give a total of six experimental treatments. Seventy-two Dutch Texel × Greyface (Border Leicester × Blackface) lambs, consisting of 36 males which were initially 36 (S.D. 4·9) kg liveweight and 36 females which were initially 34 (S.D. 2·5) kg liveweight were used. Ensiling significantly increased apparent digestibility of dry matter, energy and nitrogen (P<0·001), but had no significant effect on methane energy loss as a proportion of gross energy intake, metabolizable energy intake (MEI), heat production, energy retained, efficiency of utilization of energy for growth (kg) or nitrogen retention. Supplementation of forage with concentrates resulted in a curvilinear decrease in heat production expressed as a proportion of MEI (P<0·05) and a linear increase in energy retention, expressed as an absolute value or as a proportion of MEI (P<0·05). Supplementation of forage tended to increase kg when calculated using Agricultural Research Council estimates of maintenance energy requirements, but had no significant effect when alternative estimates of maintenance were used. It is concluded that ensiling had no effect on efficiency of utilization of energy or nitrogen as measured by indirect calorimetry.

The voluntary intake by cattle of four silages differing in dry matter content

1970 ◽  
Vol 12 (4) ◽  
pp. 591-599 ◽  
Author(s):  
N. Jackson ◽  
T. J. Forbes
Keyword(s):  
Dry Matter ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
Matter Content ◽  
Metabolizable Energy ◽  
Dry Matter Content ◽  
Meadow Fescue ◽  
Digestible Organic Matter ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Voluntary Intake ◽  
Daily Intakes

SUMMARYHerbage from the same timothy/meadow fescue/white clover sward was ensiled at four different dry matter contents. The resulting silages had dry matter contents of 19·0, 27·3, 32·3 and 43·2%, the dry matter content increasing with the length of the wilting period. An experiment was carried out to determine the voluntary intake of the silages. Each silage was given to 7 animals individually, the mean live weight of these being 334 kg.Although the silages made from wilted herbage were lower in digestibility than that made from unwilted herbage, wilting increased dry matter intake and metabolizable energy (ME) intake. The mean daily intakes of digestible organic matter were 53·0, 58·1, 59·6 and 59·6 g/kgW0·73, for silages of increasing dry matter content. The corresponding ME intakes, expressed as a multiple of the ME requirement for maintenance, were 1·17, 1·29, 1·30 and 1·28. The percentage of acetic acid in the silage dry matter was significantly (r= −0·56) and linearly related to voluntary intake. The relationship between lactic acid concentration and voluntary intake was significantly curvilinear (r= 0·48).

Granadina kid goats v. Segureña lambs: food intake and performance during milk feeding from birth to 60 days

1994 ◽  
Vol 58 (2) ◽  
pp. 257-261 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. R. Sanz Sampelayo ◽  
I. Prieto ◽  
L. Lara ◽  
F. Gil Extremera ◽  
J. Boza
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Metabolizable Energy ◽  
Milk Replacer ◽  
Morphological Development ◽  
Apparent Digestibility ◽  
Mean Values ◽  
Energy Retention ◽  
And Performance ◽  
Milk Feeding

AbstractThe morphological development of the sheep and the goat is different and this difference is manifested from early post-natal life. The main characteristic of kid goat carcasses is their low adipose tissue, and this is considered detrimental to quality. In an attempt to determine the nutritional causes of this, a study was performed with kid goats of the Granadina breed and lambs of the Segureña breed. Six kid goats and six lambs were slaughtered at birth, while a further eight kids and eight lambs were fed a milk replacer to satiety until the 60th day of life and slaughtered on the 61st day. Dry matter (DM) and metabolizable energy (ME) intakes and apparent digestibility of energy were determined in four balance periods between 8 and 60 days of life. From the intakes of ME and comparative slaughter data it was possible to calculate energy retention (ER), heat loss (HL) and energy retained as protein (ERp) and as fat (ERf) for kids and lambs. Kid goats showed a similar apparent digestibility of energy to lambs but had lower DM and ME intakes per kg metabolic body weight (M0·75) than lambs. For kids and lambs respectively these values were: 0·93 and 0·94; 45·4 and 50·1 g/kg M0·75 per day; 937 and 1033 kJ/kg M0·75 per day. Mean values for ER, HL, ERp and ERf rates were: 263, 674, 131 and 132 kJ/kg M0·75 per day for kid goats and, 343, 690, 132 and 211 kJ/kg M0·75 per day for lambs. Together with the different intake, kid goats showed a lower rate of ER and overall, a lower rate of ERf than lambs.

Energy cost of eating long hay, straw and pelleted food in sport horses

1995 ◽  
Vol 61 (3) ◽  
pp. 581-588 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. Vernet ◽  
M. Vermorel ◽  
W. Martin-Rosset
Keyword(s):  
Wheat Straw ◽  
Energy Cost ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Energy Requirement ◽  
Ingestion Rate ◽  
Open Circuit ◽  
Metabolizable Energy ◽  
Long Form ◽  
The Mean ◽  
The Difference

AbstractSix sport horses were given 1·26 times the measured maintenance energy requirement (MEm) from each of the four following diets: H1, meadow hay in the long form (organic matter digestibility OMD = 0·541); HMI, 700g/kg the same hay and 300 g/kg pelleted maize; HSBPI, 600g/kg hay and 400g/kg pelleted dehydrated sugar-beet pulp; SCFI, 500g/kg wheat straw and 500g/kg pelleted compound food (experiment 1). In experiment 2, eight sport horses were equipped with a portable device for recording feeding behaviour and fed at 1·31 MEm diet HI (meadow hay in the long form: OMD = 0·574).Circadian energy expenditure (EE) of horses was determined by indirect calorimetry using two large open-circuit respiration chambers. Horses were continuously standing. Increase in metabolic rate (IMR) during eating was calculated from the difference between the mean EE obtained during each eatingperiod and the corresponding resting EE. The mean daily ingestion rate of hay H2 amounted to 148 (s.d. 27)mg dry matter per kg metabolic body weight per min. IMR during the two main meals averaged 0·388 (s.d. 0·059) and was not significantly different between diets H1, H2, HM1 and SCF1. Expressed per kg dry matter intake, energy cost of eating (ECE) was similar for diets H2, H1 and SCF1 but significantly lower for HSBP1 and HM1 (P<0·05). ECE of simple foods was calculated from those of the diets and of hay: proportionately 0·010, 0·042, 0·102 and 0·285 metabolizable energy intake for pelleted maize, pelleted SBP, long hay and wheat straw, respectively.

scholarly journals Inclusion of quebracho tannin extract in a high-roughage cattle diet alters digestibility, nitrogen balance, and energy partitioning

2020 ◽  
Vol 98 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Aaron B Norris ◽  
Whitney L Crossland ◽  
Luis O Tedeschi ◽  
Jamie L Foster ◽  
James P Muir ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Dry Matter ◽  
Volatile Fatty Acids ◽  
Energy Partitioning ◽  
Metabolizable Energy ◽  
System Level ◽  
Total N ◽  
Quebracho Tannin ◽  
Energy Retention ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Matter Basis

Abstract Condensed tannins (CT) might improve animal and system-level efficiency due to enhanced protein efficiency and reduced CH4. This study evaluated the impact of quebracho tannin (QT) extract fed at 0%, 1.5%, 3%, and 4.5% of dry matter (DM), within a roughage-based diet on apparent digestibility of DM, organic matter (OM), fibrous fractions, and N retention and energy partitioning of growing steers (236 ± 16 kg BW). A Latin rectangle design with eight animals and four periods was used to determine the whole-animal exchange of CO2, O2, and CH4 as well as the collection of total feces and urine over a 48-h period, using two open-circuit, indirect calorimetry respiration chambers. Following the removal of steers from respiration chambers, rumen inoculum was collected to determine ruminal parameter, including volatile fatty acids (VFA) and ammonia. Animals were fed a 56.5% roughage diet at 1.7% BW (dry matter basis). Dry matter and gross energy intakes were influenced by the level of QT inclusion (P ≤ 0.036). Digestibility of DM, OM, and N was reduced with QT inclusion (P &lt; 0.001), and fiber digestibility was slightly impacted (P &gt; 0.123). QTs altered the N excretion route, average fecal N-to-total N ratio excreted increased 14%, and fecal N-to-urinary N ratio increased 38% (P &lt; 0.001) without altering the retained N. Increased fecal energy with QT provision resulted in reduced dietary digestible energy (DE) concentration (Mcal/kg DM; P = 0.024). There were no differences in urinary energy (P = 0.491), but CH4 energy decreased drastically (P = 0.007) as QT inclusion increased. Total ruminal VFA concentration did not differ across treatments, but VFA concentration increased linearly with QT inclusion (P = 0.049). Metabolizable energy (ME) was not affected by the QT rate, and the conversion efficiency of DE-to-ME did not differ. Heat energy decreased (P = 0.013) with increased QT provision likely due to changes in the DE intake, but there was no difference in retained energy. There were no differences for retained energy or N per CO2 equivalent emission produced (P = 0.774 and 0.962, respectively), but improved efficiency for energy retention occurred for 3% QT. We concluded that QT provided up to 4.5% of dry matter intake (about 3.51% of CT, dry matter basis) does not affect N and energy retention within the current setting. Feeding QT reduced energy losses in the form of CH4 and heat, but the route of energy loss appears to be influenced by the rate of QT inclusion.

The effects of milking cows three times daily

1982 ◽  
Vol 34 (2) ◽  
pp. 197-201 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. A. Poole
Keyword(s):  
Food Intake ◽  
Milk Yield ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Milk Quality ◽  
Metabolizable Energy ◽  
Energy Concentration ◽  
Total Food ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Carry Over ◽  
Daily Milk

ABSTRACTThe experiment assessed the effects on performance from calving to the 20th week of lactation of milking cows three times daily (3 × ) compared to milking twice daily (2 × ). After 20 weeks all cows were milked 2 ×. Each treatment consisted of 18 cows and 11 heifers. The mid-calving date was 21 September 1979.Complete diets of the same composition were offered separately to each group in quantities equivalent to 1040 g/kg of their previous intake. The diet for the first 18 weeks of lactation was estimated to have an energy concentration within the range 11·0 to 11·3 MJ metabolizable energy per kg dry matter. After 18 weeks, the diet was reformulated to reduce the energy concentration to 10·3 MJ per kg dry matter. Total food intakes for the 20 weeks of treatment were 2352 kg dry matter (3 ×) and 2241 kg dry matter (2 ×). From 8 April 1980 the cows were turned out to grass to complete their lactations.During the 20 weeks the mean daily milk yields of heifers were 19·3kg (3×) and 171kg (2×) (P<005). Cow yields were 28·4 (3×) and 23·9 kg (2×) (P< 0·001) during the same period. After 3× daily milking ceased, there were some positive carry-over effects on milk yield and food intake.Lactation yields from heifers were 4881 (3 ×) and 4498 kg (2×), whilst for cows the equivalent yields were 6485 (3 ×) and 5694 kg (2 ×) (P<0·01). There were no significant differences in milk quality. At 20 weeks after calving the cows milked 3 × daily had gained less weight, but by 44 weeks from calving the weight gains were similar at 42 (3 ×) and 45 kg (2 ×).

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