INFLUENCE ON SOME RUMEN AND BLOOD PARAMETERS OF FEEDING ACETOHYDROXAMIC ACID IN A UREA-CONTAINING RATION FOR LAMBS

1975 ◽  
Vol 55 (1) ◽  
pp. 39-47 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. A. JONES ◽  
J. D. MILLIGAN
Keyword(s):  
Nitrogen Concentration ◽  
Latin Square ◽  
Bacterial Count ◽  
Blood Parameters ◽  
Rumen Fermentation ◽  
Design Experiment ◽  
Acetohydroxamic Acid ◽  
Molar Ratios ◽  
Rumen Ph ◽  
Volatile Fatty Acid Concentration

A 4 × 4 latin square design experiment, involving four fistulated Dorset–Columbia crossbred lambs, was used to determine the effects of feeding the urease inhibitor acetohydroxamic acid (AHA) with a urea-containing ration on some parameters of the rumen fermentation and blood. AHA, administered in the feed at concentrations up to and including 1.5%, markedly depressed rumen urease activity and the peak concentration of rumen ammonia. The maximum AHA concentration achieved in the rumen solution was 32.29 ± 14.26 mg per 100 ml, and thereafter the concentration dropped by 66% during the next 2 h. No evidence was found for an effect of AHA upon rumen pH, viable bacterial count, total protozoal count, total volatile fatty acid concentration, molar ratios of acetate, propionate and n-butyrate, or upon blood urea-nitrogen concentration. Traces of AHA were found in peripheral blood both 1 and 3 h after feeding, showing that AHA is absorbed from the ruminant digestive tract. It was concluded that AHA did not influence major parameters of the rumen fermentation at concentrations that effectively inhibited rumen urease.

Apparent digestibility, rumen fermentation and nitrogen balance in Tibetan and fine-wool sheep offered forage-concentrate diets differing in nitrogen concentration

2015 ◽  
Vol 153 (6) ◽  
pp. 1135-1145 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. W. ZHOU ◽  
J. D. MI ◽  
A. A. DEGEN ◽  
X. S. GUO ◽  
H. C. WANG ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Dry Matter ◽  
Volatile Fatty Acids ◽  
Nitrogen Concentration ◽  
Latin Square ◽  
Rumen Fermentation ◽  
N Retention ◽  
Dietary Nitrogen ◽  
Rumen Ph ◽  
Tibetan Sheep ◽  
Acid Detergent Fibre

SUMMARYA comparative study of the effect of dietary nitrogen (N) content [Low: 11·0; Medium-Low (MLow): 16·7; Medium-High (Mhigh): 23·1; High: 29·2 N g/kg dry matter (DM)] on apparent digestibilities, rumen fermentation and N balance was conducted in coarse wool Tibetan sheep and Gansu Alpine fine-wool sheep at Wushaoling in the northeast of the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau. It was hypothesized that responses would differ between breeds and that responses would favour Tibetan over fine-wool sheep at low N intakes. Eight wethers [four Tibetan sheep and four fine-wool sheep, 20–24 months old; body weight ± standard deviation was 52 ± 3·2 kg] were used in two concurrent 4 × 4 Latin square designs. Dry matter, organic matter, neutral detergent fibre and acid detergent fibre digestibilities were higher in Tibetan than fine-wool sheep when fed the Low, MLow and High N diets while N retention was higher when the animals were fed the Low and MLow N diets. Tibetan sheep had a higher rumen pH than fine-wool sheep; however, total volatile fatty acids were similar between breeds. Molar proportions of acetate were higher but propionate and butyrate lower in Tibetan than fine-wool sheep. In addition, Tibetan sheep had higher concentrations of ruminal free amino acid-N and soluble protein-N than fine-wool sheep. Plasma and saliva urea-N concentrations were higher in Tibetan than fine-wool sheep when supplied with the Low N diet. It was concluded that Tibetan sheep were better able to cope with low N feed than fine-wool sheep because of the higher N retention and higher DM and fibre digestibilities with Low and MLow diets.

scholarly journals The influence of slowly and rapidly degradable concentrate protein on nitrogen balance, rumen fermentation pattern and blood parameters in dairy cattle.

1988 ◽  
Vol 36 (2) ◽  
pp. 127-143 ◽  
Author(s):  
W.A.G. Veen ◽  
J. Veling ◽  
Y.T. Bakker
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Rumen Fluid ◽  
Essential Amino Acids ◽  
Blood Parameters ◽  
Milk Composition ◽  
Rumen Fermentation ◽  
Net Energy ◽  
Rumen Ph ◽  
Fermentation Pattern ◽  
Degradable Protein

In a crossover trial, 4 cows were given concentrates containing rapidly and slowly degradable protein in combination with prewilted grass silage. Diets were given in 2 equal daily portions according to DCP and net energy requirements. The trial consisted of 3 main periods of 3 weeks each, with faeces, urine and milk collected and measured during the final week. On 1 day during this week samples of rumen fluid were taken and on 2 days blood samples were taken, directly before the morning feed and 1, 2, 3, 4 and 8 h later. N digestibity and N retention were the same on both rations. A concentrate with slowly-degradable protein resulted in a significantly higher rumen pH and acetate:propionate ratio. Ammonia concn. tended to be lower. Slowly-degradable concentrate protein led to a significantly higher concn. of urea and a lower concn. of insulin in blood. The concn. of several of the essential amino acids, and of the glucogenic amino acids and glycine was significantly lower. There were no significant effects of type of protein on milk yield or milk composition, but there was a tendency for these parameters to increase with ration containing slowly-degradable protein. Results suggest the ration containing slowly-degradable concentrate protein produced a more even rumen fermentation, which promoted a higher acetate:propionate ration in the rumen. On this ration there was a tendency for more gluconeogenesis from amino acids to occur. (Abstract retrieved from CAB Abstracts by CABI’s permission)

The effect of barley supplements on the voluntary intake and digestion of low quality roughages by sheep

1979 ◽  
Vol 92 (1) ◽  
pp. 235-241 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. S. Lamb ◽  
J. Eadie
Keyword(s):  
Organic Matter ◽  
Volatile Fatty Acid ◽  
Latin Square ◽  
Molar Proportion ◽  
Rumen Ph ◽  
Volatile Fatty Acid Concentration ◽  
Acid Detergent Fibre ◽  
Oat Straw ◽  
Ad Libitum ◽  
Voluntary Intake

SummaryOat straw, timothy straw and two field-cured hays (43·8, 47·3, 52·0 and 56·0% organic matter digestibility (OMD) and 0·56, 0·75, 1·00 and 1·41% N respectively) were fed ad libitum together with 0, 235, 470 and 705 g D.M. of rolled barley to 5-year-old North Country Cheviot wethers in four 4x4 Latin square designs (Expt 1). In an attendant study (Expt 2) of conditions with in the rumen four rumen fistulated wethers were offered daily 0, 200, 400 and 600 g D.M. of rolled barley with ad libitum hay (54·3% OMD, 1·45% N), also following a Latin square design.The voluntary intake of two of the hays (54·3 and 56·0% OMD) decreased progressively as the barley increased. Intakes of the other roughages were slightly increased when the lowest amount of barley was fed. For each roughage total organic-matter intake and the OMD of the ration increased progressively with increasing amount of barley consumed. No associative effects of barley on the OMD of the roughages were demonstrated. The acid-detergent fibre (ADF) digestibility of diets comprising the highest amount of barley with the oat straw and the field-cured hay of lowest N content were significantly lower than that of the respective all-roughage feeds. In Expt 2 the intake of increasing amounts of barley significantly reduced rumen pH, the molar proportion of acetic acid and the disappearance of hay and hay ADF from terylene bags within the rumen, while volatile fatty acid concentration and the molar proportion of butyric acid increased.Multiple regressions were obtained relating the change in roughage intake to the amount of barley fed and the digestibility and chemical composition of the roughages. The equation with the least error, explaining 88% of the variation, was Y= 30·561 — 0·615C — 21·453N±3·69, where Y is the change in roughage intake as a percentage of the intake of roughage fed alone, Cis barley intake as g OM/W0·73 and N is the nitrogen content of the roughage.

Rice polishings as an alternative to sugar cane molasses as a supplement with urea to low-quality forage diets for ruminants

1993 ◽  
Vol 56 (1) ◽  
pp. 85-92 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. Cardenas Garcia ◽  
C. J. Newbold ◽  
H. Galbraith ◽  
J. H. Topps ◽  
X. B. Chen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Sugar Cane ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Volatile Fatty Acids ◽  
Latin Square ◽  
Experimental Period ◽  
Rumen Fermentation ◽  
Cane Molasses ◽  
Mean Values ◽  
Rumen Ph ◽  
Protein Supply

AbstractThe effect of including 14 g urea with either 75 g dry matter (DM) from sugar cane molasses (UM) or Colombian rice polishings (RP) at three levels, 68 (RP1), 137 (RP2) or 203 (RP3) g DM on grass hay DM intake and on rumen fermentation was investigated. An incomplete Latin-square design was used and each experimental period was divided into 12 days for adaptation to each diet followed by 9 days in metabolism cages when all measurements were made using five adult sheep.Pooled mean values for rumen metabolites (five samples per day) were calculated. Rumen pH was not affected by the nature of the supplements. Concentrations of volatile fatty acids (VFA) (UM 92·8, RP1 84·2, RP2 86·4, and RP3 84·0 (s.e.d. 3·4) mmol/l) and lactate (UM 2·0, RP1 1/6, RP2 1/7, RP3 1/8 (s.e.d. 0·014) mmol/l) (UM v. RP, P < 0·05 and P < 0·10 respectively) were lower when RP were given, while concentration of branched and longer chain VFA (26·5, 34·0, 31·1 and 33·5 (s.e.d. 1·6) mmol/mol total VFA, UM v. RP, P < 0·01) and ammonia (98, 131, 141, 137 (s.e.d. 16·1) mg/l, UM v. RP, P < 0·05) were increased. Numbers of rumen protozoa (1·6, 3·2, 2·7, 3·3 (s.e.d. 0·75) × 105 per ml, UM v. RP, P < 0·20) tended to be higher 2 h after feeding when RP rather than UM were given. However, hay DM intake (1050, 960, 960, 880 (s.e.d. 45·3) g/day, UM v. RP, P < 0·05), and microbial protein supply (11·7, 9·3,11·1,10·8 (s.e.d. 0·59) g N per day, UM v. RP, P < 0·05), estimated from urinary purine excretion were reduced by feeding RP instead of UM.At the levels of inclusion tested RP did not increase the efficiency of rumen fermentation and were not as effective a supplement with urea as was molasses for a low-quality forage diet.

scholarly journals The effect of dietary content of plant protein on the utilization of urea in the bovine rumen

1971 ◽  
Vol 26 (2) ◽  
pp. 237-247 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. Anna Nikolić ◽  
M. Jovanović ◽  
D. Stošić ◽  
A. Pavličević
Keyword(s):  
Nitrogen Concentration ◽  
Latin Square ◽  
High Protein ◽  
Urea Nitrogen ◽  
Plant Nitrogen ◽  
Dietary Nitrogen ◽  
Rumen Ph ◽  
Total Nitrogen Concentration ◽  
Negative Effect ◽  
True Protein

1. Four young Friesian bulls with rumen fistulas were given four isocaloric all-concentrate diets containing different amounts and sources of nitrogen in a Latin square arrangement. Diet HP (high-protein) contained 2·31% plant nitrogen; diet MPU (medium-protein with urea) 1·67% plant nitrogen and 0·69% urea nitrogen (total 2·36%); diet LPU (low-protein with urea) 0·95% plant nitrogen and 0·69% urea nitrogen (total 1·65%); diet HPU (high-protein with urea) 2·28% plant nitrogen and 0·69% urea nitrogen (total 2·97%), calculated on an air-dry basis.2. The rumen pH varied between 5·8 and 6·1 with diets HP, MPU and HPU, but was significantly lower with diet LPU with values between 5·4 and 5·8.3. The results showed no differences between the isonitrogenous diets HP and MPU except that replacement of plant nitrogen with urea was followed by an increase in the concentration of ammonia in the rumen. With the diets containing urea, the concentrations of rumen ammonia varied inversely with the amount of dietary plant nitrogen supplied, indicating a negative effect of plant nitrogen on urea utilization.4. Concentrations of alkali-labile nitrogen (amide) were not increased with diets containing urea except with diet HPU, which produced the highest concentrations of ammonia in the rumen.5. The concentration of true protein in the rumen and the amino acid distribution were similar with all four diets, indicating the ability of the microflora to adapt to qualitative and quantitative differences in dietary nitrogen intake.6. Ration acceptability was lower with diets LPU and HPU than with diets HP and MPU.7. Large differences between individual animals in rumen pH, percentage of dry matter and total nitrogen concentration in the rumen were noted.

scholarly journals Dietary forage to concentrate ratio and sunflower oil supplement alter rumen fermentation, ruminal methane emissions, and nutrient utilization in lactating cows1

2017 ◽  
Vol 1 (3) ◽  
pp. 277-286 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. R. Bayat ◽  
L. Ventto ◽  
P. Kairenius ◽  
T. Stefański ◽  
H. Leskinen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Sunflower Oil ◽  
Latin Square ◽  
Nutrient Utilization ◽  
Rumen Fermentation ◽  
Fiber Digestion ◽  
Ch4 Emissions ◽  
Grass Silage ◽  
Lactating Cows ◽  
Rumen Ph ◽  
Experimental Treatments

Abstract The effects of supplementing high- or low-concentrate diets with sunflower oil (SO) on rumen fermentation, nutrient utilization, and ruminal methane (CH4) emissions in lactating cows were examined. Four multiparous Nordic Red dairy cows fitted with rumen cannulae were used in a 4 × 4 Latin square with a 2 × 2 factorial arrangement of treatments and 35-d periods. Experimental treatments comprised iso-nitrogenous total mixed rations based on grass silage with forage to concentrate ratio of 65:35 or 35:65 supplemented with 0 or 50 g/kg diet DM of SO. Apparent ruminal OM and starch digestibility was greater (P &lt; 0.05) with high- than low-concentrate diets but was unaffected by SO. Inclusion of SO in high-concentrate diet decreased (P ≤ 0.05) apparent total tract OM, fiber, and GE, and apparent ruminal fiber digestibility. High-concentrate diets and SO shifted (P &lt; 0.05) fiber digestion from rumen to the hindgut. High-concentrate diet resulted in a lower rumen pH and elevated total rumen VFA concentration compared with low-concentrate diet, whereas SO increased rumen pH and decreased rumen VFA concentration when included in high-, but not low-concentrate diet (P &lt; 0.05 for interaction). High-concentrate diet reduced rumen ammonia-N (P &lt; 0.01) and molar proportion of acetate to propionate (P &lt; 0.01), and decreased (P &lt; 0.05) ruminal CH4 emissions when expressed as g/d or g/kg OM digested in the rumen. With both low- and high-concentrate diets, SO reduced (P &lt; 0.05) daily emissions of CH4 as g/d or g/kg OM digested in the rumen, but SO reduced CH4 emissions expressed as g/kg OM intake, OM digested in total digestive tract, energy-corrected milk or % of GE intake only with low-concentrate diet (P ≤ 0.05 for interaction). In conclusion, replacing grass silage with concentrates led to a reduction in daily ruminal CH4 emissions that were accompanied by a shift in rumen fermentation toward the synthesis of propionate, and decreases in rumen pH and fiber digestion. Sunflower oil was effective in reducing daily CH4 emissions in lactating cows which was accompanied by a noticeable lower feed intake with high- but not low-concentrate diet. Overall the effects of SO and greater proportion of concentrates in the diet on daily CH4 emissions were additive but the additivity declined or vanished when different indices of CH4 emission intensity were considered. Consequently, SO was more effective in reducing CH4 emissions when low-concentrate diet was fed.

scholarly journals PSXII-26 Withdrawing monensin by the end of finishing period increases intake and changes ruminal fermentation patterns of cannulated Nellore cattle

2019 ◽  
Vol 97 (Supplement_3) ◽  
pp. 415-416
Author(s):  
João Victor T Dellaqua ◽  
André Luiz N Rigueiro ◽  
Antonio M Silvestre ◽  
Leandro Aparecido F Silva ◽  
Katia Lirian R Souza ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Energy Content ◽  
Latin Square ◽  
Rumen Fermentation ◽  
State University ◽  
Ruminal Fermentation ◽  
Ruminal Ph ◽  
Paulo State ◽  
Rumen Ph ◽  
Nellore Cattle ◽  
Fermentation Pattern

Abstract This study, conducted at São Paulo State University feedlot, Dracena, Brazil, was designed to evaluate the effects of increasing diet energy content and withdrawing monensin (MON) by the end of the finishing period, while combined with virginiamycin (VM), on rumen fermentation patterns and DMI of Nellore cattle. The experiment was designed as a 5 x 5 Latin square, in which five 32-mo-old Nellore steers (531 ± 22 kg) cannulated in the rumen were utilized. Each period lasted 28-d, which was divided into phases as follows: 14-d adaptation (66% to 78% concentrate), 7-d finishing 1 (84% concentrate) and 7-d finishing 2 (88% concentrate). The treatments were: MON throughout phases, VM throughout phases, MON+VM throughout phases, MON+VM during adaptation and only VM during finishing 1 and 2, and MON+VM during adaptation and finishing 1 and only VM during finishing 2. Monensin and VM were added into diets at 30 and 25 ppm, respectively (DM basis). Rumen fermentation pattern was assessed by measuring ruminal pH and by collecting samples for SCFA determination on the last day of each phase. No treatment effect was observed (P &gt; 0.05) for any of the SCFA variables measured, except for acetate:propionate, where cattle fed MON+VM throughout phases had greater ratio than those fed MON throughout phases on finishing 1 (P = 0.02; Table 1). Cattle consuming only VM in the study presented greater DMI throughout phases (P &lt; 0.01), which did not negatively impact rumen pH (Table 2). Feeding MON+VM and withdrawing MON on finishing 2 did not affect SCFA concentrations, but decreased DMI, when compared to cattle fed VM either throughout phases or just during finishing, without affecting rumen pH. Thus, increasing diet energy content and withdrawing MON by the end of finishing period negatively impacted DMI without altering ruminal fermentation pattern.

scholarly journals Effects of Sugar Beets on Steer Backgrounding Performance, Sheep Nutrient Metabolism, and Rumen Fermentation Characteristics

2018 ◽  
Vol 5 (4) ◽  
pp. 190
Author(s):  
Ian R. McGregor ◽  
Chad M. Page ◽  
Whitney C. Stewart ◽  
Megan L. Van Emon
Keyword(s):  
Treatment Time ◽  
Latin Square ◽  
Rumen Fermentation ◽  
Performance Study ◽  
Nutrient Metabolism ◽  
Sugar Beets ◽  
Rumen Ph ◽  
Randomized Design ◽  
Metabolism Study ◽  
Dietary Treatments

A performance and metabolism study were performed to evaluate the effects of sugar beets on steer backgrounding performance, sheep nutrient metabolism, and rumen fermentation characteristics. In both experiments, four dietary treatments were used where sugar beets replaced 0% (0SB), 15% (15SB), 30% (30SB), or 45% (45SB) of barley on a DM basis. Forty-eight Angus steers were used in a completely randomized design to conduct the 50 d performance study. Neither ADG nor G:F were effected (P ≥ 0.33) by treatment. In the metabolism study, a 4 x 4 replicated Latin Square design was used to observe the effects of increasing dietary inclusion of sugar beets on the nutrient metabolism and ruminal ferme ntation characteristics of eight growing wethers. A cubic effect (P = 0.04) was observed for nitrogen balance. Propionate concentration decreased linearly (P = 0.05) with increasing sugar beets in the diet. The acetate to propionate ratio increased linearly (P = 0.03) with increasing sugar beets in the diet. Butyrate concentration demonstrated a treatment × time effect (P = 0.01), where butyrate concentration increased with increasing sugar beets in the diet at 1300. Rumen pH exhibited a quadratic effect (P = 0.05) at 1300 h, with 15SB having the greatest pH and 45SB having the least pH. Our results allow us to conclude that replacing barley with sugar beets up to 45% of the diet dry matter will have no deleterious effects on steer backgrounding performance or sheep nutrient metabolism, but may alter rumen fermentation patterns.

Effects of energy sources and inclusion levels of concentrate in sugarcane-silage-based diets of finishing Nellore young bulls: Nutrient digestibility, rumen metabolism and ecosystem

2019 ◽  
Vol 157 (04) ◽  
pp. 357-364
Author(s):  
V. B. Ferrari ◽  
N. R. B. Cônsolo ◽  
R. T. Sousa ◽  
J. M. Souza ◽  
I. C. S. Bueno ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Organic Matter ◽  
Latin Square ◽  
Ammonia Concentration ◽  
Rumen Fermentation ◽  
Nutrient Digestibility ◽  
Partial Replacement ◽  
Experimental Unit ◽  
Passage Rate ◽  
Rumen Ph ◽  
Rumen Metabolism

AbstractIntake in sugar-rich diets can be limited either via rumen fill or excessive rumen fermentation and source of non-fibre carbohydrate (NFC) in the diet can affect both factors. The aim of the current study was to quantify the effect of partially replacing ground maize (GM) with steam-rolled maize (SRM) or pelleted citrus pulp (PCP) at two concentrate levels in sugarcane-based diets on digestibility, rumen ecosystem and metabolism of Nellore steers. Six rumen-cannulated steers were assigned to a 6 × 6 Latin square, replicated in time, in a 2 × 3 factorial arrangement of treatments with two levels of concentrate (600 or 800 g concentrate/kg dry matter [DM]) and three NFC sources. Each steer within a period was considered an experimental unit. Feeding more concentrate increased total tract digestibility of organic matter and decreased fibre intake and passage rate. It also reduced rumen populations of Fibrobacter succinogenes and Streptococcus bovis and increased Ruminococcus flavefaciens. Substituting PCP for GM increased rumen pH, acetic acid and organic matter digestibility. Feeding PCP also reduced R. flavefaciens and R. amylophilus rumen populations. Substituting SRM for GM increased starch digestibility and rumen propionic acid, but decreased rumen ammonia concentration. Feeding SRM increased rumen populations of Megasphaera elsdenii with the high-concentrate diet but reduced Ruminococcus albus populations at both concentrate levels. In conclusion, partial replacement of GM by PCP decreased intake in sugar-rich diets, while increasing total tract neutral detergent fibre digestibility. Replacement of GM with SRM increases rumen fermentation and total tract digestibility of starch.

In vivo apparent digestibility in ponies given rolled, micronised or extruded barley

1999 ◽  
Vol 1999 ◽  
pp. 133-133 ◽  
Author(s):  
B M L McLean ◽  
J J Hyslop ◽  
A C Longland ◽  
D Cuddeford ◽  
T Hollands
Keyword(s):  
Dry Matter ◽  
Latin Square ◽  
Design Experiment ◽  
Apparent Digestibility ◽  
Processing Methods ◽  
Physical Processing ◽  
Adaptation Phase

Processed cereals are used routinely in diets for equines but little information is available on how physical processing affects the digestibility of cereals in equines. This study examines the effects of three physical processing methods (rolling, micronisation and extrusion) on the in vivo apparent digestibility of barley fed to ponies.Three mature caecally-fistulated Welsh-cross pony geldings, (LW 284kg ± 3.8kg) were used in a 3 x 4 incomplete latin square changeover design experiment consisting of four 21 day periods. Each period comprised a sixteen day adaptation phase and a five day recording phase when apparent digestibility in vivo was determined. Ponies were offered 4kg dry matter (DM) per day of either 100% hay cubes (HC) or one of three diets consisting of a 50:50 barley:hay cubes mix. The barley in the mixed diets was either rolled barley (RB), micronised barley (MB) or extruded barley (EB). Diets were offered in 2 equal meals per day fed at 09:00 and 17:00 hours respectively.

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