EFFECTS OF VARIOUS ROUGHAGE SOURCES IN COMPLETE FEEDS ON MILK PRODUCTION, COMPOSITION AND RUMEN METABOLISM OF DAIRY COWS

1971 ◽  
Vol 51 (3) ◽  
pp. 669-680 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. A. IBRAHIM ◽  
J. R. INGALLS
Keyword(s):  
Milk Fat ◽  
Crude Protein ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Corn Silage ◽  
Molar Ratios ◽  
Grass Silage ◽  
Lactating Cows ◽  
Growing Seasons ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Daily Milk Yield

Twenty lactating cows were used over two growing seasons to compare three complete feeds containing corn silage, alfalfa grass silage or ground hay, with long hay as the control. The roughage to concentrate ratio was 6:4 in experiment 1, and 4:6 in experiment 2. There were no significant (P < 0.05) differences m dry matter and total digestible nutrient (TDN) intake among roughage sources except for corn silage in experiment 1. The molar percentage of acetic, butyric, valeric, isobutyric and isovaleric and the molar proportion of acetic to propionic were not affected (P < 0.05) by different sources of roughage. In experiment 1, TDN, dry matter, crude protein and nitrogen-free extract (NFE) digestibility was lower (P < 0.05) for the corn silage diet. However, in experiment 2 there were no significant differences (P < 0.05) in TDN, dry matter, crude protein and NFE digestibility among the experimental treatments. Blood glucose and urea concentrations were not affected by roughage sources. The mean daily (experiment 1) milk yields of cows fed long and ground hay mixtures were greater (P < 0.05) than those of cows fed the alfalfa grass silage mixture; however, the mean daily fat-corrected milk (FCM) yield was not affected (P < 0.05) by the source of roughage (experiment 1). The mean daily milk yield and FCM yield were not affected significantly (P < 0.05) by roughage source (experiment 2). The percentage of milk fat, and solids-not-fat, were not influenced (P < 0.05) by roughage source (experiments 1 and 2). Roughage source appeared to have little effect on molar ratios of fatty acids found in the milk fat.

NITROGEN UTILIZATION BY LACTATING COWS FED UREA-TREATED CORN SILAGE OR GRASS SILAGE

1973 ◽  
Vol 53 (2) ◽  
pp. 333-337
Author(s):  
D. E. WALDERN
Keyword(s):  
Crude Protein ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Fiber Content ◽  
Nitrogen Utilization ◽  
Corn Silage ◽  
Neutral Detergent Fiber ◽  
N Balance ◽  
Acid Detergent Fiber ◽  
Grass Silage ◽  
Lactating Cows

Nitrogen utilization was studied when eight lactating cows were offered ad libitum urea-treated corn silage (15.3% crude protein) or grass silage (14.5% crude protein), plus a grain ration at 1 kg grain to 3.5 kg of 4% fat-corrected milk, in a digestion and nitrogen (N) balance trial. Analyses of the forages indicated greater acid detergent fiber content for the grass than for the corn silage: 46.8 and 35.1% on a dry matter basis, respectively. Digestibility of dry matter, energy, crude protein, true protein, acid detergent fiber, neutral detergent fiber, and N balance were significantly greater (P < 0.05) for cows fed urea–corn silage than for those fed grass silage. The nitrogen of urea–corn silage was used more efficiently for milk and tissue protein synthesis. Decreased nitrogen utilization for cows fed grass silage was associated with lower energy and higher acid detergent fiber content for grass silage than for urea–corn silage.

THE PERFORMANCE OF LACTATING COWS FED UREA-TREATED CORN SILAGE IN COMBINATION WITH SOYBEAN OR FISHMEAL CONTAINING CONCENTRATES

1983 ◽  
Vol 63 (1) ◽  
pp. 191-199 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. D. ERFLE ◽  
S. MAHADEVAN ◽  
R. M. TEATHER ◽  
F. D. SAUER
Keyword(s):  
Soybean Meal ◽  
Milk Fat ◽  
Crude Protein ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Body Weight Gain ◽  
Ammonia Concentration ◽  
Negative Control ◽  
Corn Silage ◽  
Lactation Period ◽  
Lactating Cows

A total of 41 multiparous Holstein cows were randomly allocated, prepartum, to one of five diets. Diets were (1) a negative control consisting of 15.5% soybean meal (SBM) concentrate plus control corn silage (CS) (12.6% crude protein, (CP)); (2) 33.5% SMB concentrate plus CS (15.6% CP); (3) 15.5% SMB concentrate plus urea-treated corn silage (UCS) (15.1% CP); (4) 12% fishmeal (FM) concentrate plus UCS (15.4% CP); and (5) 26% FM concentrate plus CS (16.2% CP). Concentrates and CS or UCS were mixed (40:60, dry matter) daily and fed ad lib for a 305-day lactation period. An increase in dietary CP from 12.6% in the negative control to 15.4% by the inclusion of FM and UCS significantly (P < 0.05) increased 305-day milk production while a similar increase in CP by inclusion of SBM and UCS did not. Milk fat content (%) was higher (P < 0.05) for cows fed diets 2 and 3 than for those fed diets 1 and 5. Fat production (g/day) during weeks 13–16 of lactation was greater for cows receiving diets 2, 3 and 4 than for those on diets 1 and 5. Body weight gain during the lactation was significantly (P < 0.05) greater for animals on diet 5 than those on the other four diets. Compared to the negative control, rumen ammonia concentration was significantly (P < 0.05) elevated when soybean meal was fed alone or in combination with UCS but not when when FM was similarly fed. The results suggest that NPN was effectively utilized when used to increase total dietary CP from approximately 12 to 15%. Key words: Fishmeal, soybean meal, urea-treated silage, dairy cattle

VOLUNTARY INTAKE OF SHREDDED NEWSPRINT BY DAIRY COWS

1982 ◽  
Vol 62 (3) ◽  
pp. 799-806 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. G. GRIEVE ◽  
J. H. BURTON ◽  
H. E. BRAUN ◽  
R. FRANK
Keyword(s):  
Heavy Metals ◽  
Milk Fat ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Latin Square ◽  
Corn Silage ◽  
Dry Matter Intake ◽  
Feeding Time ◽  
High Moisture ◽  
Lactating Cows ◽  
Voluntary Intake

Shredded newsprint is a potential source of bedding for livestock, but because it may contain certain heavy metals and polychlorinated biphenyls significant voluntary consumption of newsprint by animals would be undesirable. To determine consumption levels, 18 Holstein cows in mid-lactation (average 19 wk) were used in a double latin square design. Squares represented access to shredded newsprint or chopped hay in the feed manger except during feeding time. Within squares, cows were allotted to each of three complete mixed rations over three 6-wk treatment periods. Rations comprised hay crop silage, corn silage, high moisture grain corn and soybean meal with roughage:concentrate ratios of 30:70 (LR), 50:50 (MR) and 70:30 (HR). Mixed rations were fed according to individual cow requirements for energy depending on body weight, milk yield and milk fat percent. Cows were allowed 4 h after each of two feedings per day to consume their allotted mixed ration. Voluntary consumption of newsprint was only 0.3 kg per cow per day or 2% of total dry matter intake while for those offered hay consumption was 2.6 kg∙cow−1∙day−1 or 15% of total dry matter intake. Intakes of mixed rations were unaffected by roughage:concentrate ratio or newsprint versus hay. However, total dry matter consumption (mixed ration plus newsprint or hay) was higher for cows offered hay (17.3 kg∙cow−1∙day−1) than for those offered newsprint (15.1 kg∙cow−1∙day−1). Levels of heavy metals in milk or blood samples of cows with access to newsprint were within normally accepted ranges. PCBs were at undetectable levels in all cases. Bedding cows with newsprint is unlikely to result in significant consumption or contamination of animals or their products. Key words: Lactating cows, newsprint consumption, heavy metals

Statistical research on the digestibility in the cow. II. Nitrogen and ether extract

1972 ◽  
Vol 78 (1) ◽  
pp. 141-145 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. Paquay ◽  
R. de Baere ◽  
A. Lousse
Keyword(s):  
Protein Content ◽  
Crude Protein ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Ether Extract ◽  
Crude Protein Content ◽  
Statistical Research ◽  
Lactating Cows ◽  
Hyperbolic Relation ◽  
Faecal Nitrogen ◽  
The Mean

SUMMARYThe results obtained for nitrogen and ether extract digestibility with 116 different rations fed to 242 non-pregnant dry cows and 96 lactating cows were studied.A hyperbolic relation exists between nitrogen digestibility (Y) and crude protein content (X), with the equation:Y = 88·6–(301/X)(r = – 0·928**, RSD = 4·78).Digestible protein content ( Y) is linearly related to crude protein content(X):Y = 0·90X-3·10 (r = 0·982**, RSD = 0·823).From dry-matter intake and crude protein content it is possible to estimate accurately the amount of digestible nitrogen. With all the experimental rations the mean metabolic faecal nitrogen was 496 mg/100 g of ingested dry matter, and the true nitrogen digestibility was conspicuously constant up to 90%.Digestibility of ether extract depends on the nature of the feeds. When the concentrate percentage of the ration is high, the digestibility of ether extract obeys the same laws as that of nitrogen.

THE EFFECT OF PLANTING DENSITY ON THE NUTRITIVE VALUE OF CORN SILAGE FOR LACTATING COWS

1982 ◽  
Vol 62 (4) ◽  
pp. 1143-1148 ◽  
Author(s):  
L. J. FISHER ◽  
N. A. FAIREY
Keyword(s):  
Milk Fat ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Nutritive Value ◽  
Fat Content ◽  
High Density ◽  
Corn Silage ◽  
Planting Density ◽  
Low Density ◽  
Lactating Cows ◽  
Density Treatment

A late-maturing corn hybrid, Funk brand G4444, was planted in 2-ha plots at 60 000 plants per hectare (low density) and at 100 000 plants per hectare (high density). At harvest, the dry matter and ear contents were 24.2 and 34%, respectively, for the low-density treatment and 22.8 and 28%, respectively, for the high-density treatment. Two groups of 10 lactating cows were used to compare the nutritive value of the ensiled forages over a 10-wk feeding period. Silage dry matter intake, milk yield and milk fat content were 10.33 kg/day, 27.11 kg/day and 3.52% for the cows fed high-density silage compared to 11.79 kg/day, 31.88 kg/day and 2.91% for those fed the low-density silage. Feeding the low-density silage resulted in a decreased level of acetic acid in the rumen and an increased level of propionic acid. Blood hematocrit and plasma calcium levels were lower for cows fed the silage from the low-density planting. Dry matter digestibility of the complete ration was 72.5 and 71.8% for the high- and low-density plantings, respectively. It was concluded that an increased ear content of approximately 10 percentage units resulted in a corn silage which was consumed more readily, altered rumen fermentation and caused a decrease in milk fat content. Key words: Corn silage, lactating dairy cows, planting density

THE INVESTIGATION OF SODIUM BICARBONATE OR BENTONITE AS SUPPLEMENTS IN SILAGES FED TO LACTATING COWS

1983 ◽  
Vol 63 (4) ◽  
pp. 939-947 ◽  
Author(s):  
L. J. FISHER ◽  
V. G. MACKAY
Keyword(s):  
Sodium Bicarbonate ◽  
Milk Yield ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Volatile Fatty Acids ◽  
Latin Square ◽  
Corn Silage ◽  
Dry Matter Intake ◽  
Feed Conversion ◽  
Grass Silage ◽  
Lactating Cows

Two experiments with lactating Holsteins were carried out to determine the effectiveness of sodium bicarbonate (NaHCO3) or bentonite, added to silage prior to feeding, as a means of increasing dry matter intake. In the first trials the feed, consisting of 10% grain mixture, 45% grass silage and 45% corn silage, was supplemented with 0, 0.6 or 1.2% bentonite in a 3 × 3 latin square utilizing 12 cows and 28-day test periods. Neither level of bentonite improved dry matter intake or milk yield. Milk composition, molar proportions of rumen volatile fatty acids, plasma calcium and phosphorus were not influenced by additions of bentonite. Apparent dry matter digestibility was significantly reduced (P < 0.05) by the addition of bentonite at the 0.6 and 1.2% levels compared to the cows fed the unsupplemented ration. The digestibility of acid detergent fiber was lower (P < 0.05) for cows fed the silage mixture supplemented with 1.2% bentonite than for the controls. In the second trial a silage mixture consisting of approximately 30% grass silage and 70% corn silage was supplemented with either 0.8% NaHCO3, 2.1% bentonite or neither and fed in a 3 × 3 latin square utilizing 15 cows and 28-day treatment periods. Compared to control cows, neither NaHCO3 nor bentonite had any significant (P > 0.05) influence on dry matter intake, milk yield or rumen fermentation. However, the addition of NaHCO3 to the silage improved milk yield and feed conversion (P < 0.05) when compared to cows fed the silage supplemented with bentonite. It was concluded from these trials that bentonite should not be used as a supplement to silage diets fed to lactating cows. The results suggested that NaHCO3 supplementation had little if any beneficial effect when grass silage made up approximately 30% of the total diet. Key words: NaHCO3, bentonite, lactating cows, silage intake, digestibility

scholarly journals PROTEIN LEVELS IN GRASS SILAGE-BASED TOTAL MIXED RATIONS FOR DAIRY COWS IN MIDLACTATION

1984 ◽  
Vol 64 (2) ◽  
pp. 435-442 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. L. BURGESS ◽  
J. W. G. NICHOLSON
Keyword(s):  
Dairy Cows ◽  
Protein Level ◽  
Milk Fat ◽  
Crude Protein ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Ammonia Nitrogen ◽  
Plasma Urea ◽  
Protein Levels ◽  
Grass Silage ◽  
Nitrogen Intake

Total mixed rations containing three levels of crude protein (10, 13 and 16%) were fed ad libitum to a total of 48 cows in midlactation in two experiments. Rations were composed of 60% wilted timothy silage and 40% concentrates on a dry matter basis. Supplemental protein was supplied as soybean meal. Daily nitrogen intake per cow averaged 263, 377 and 510 g in exp. 1, and 305, 435 and 509 g in exp. 2 for the three rations, respectively. Cows fed rations containing 10% crude protein consumed less (P < 0.05) total dry matter and lost more (P < 0.01) body weight than cows fed rations with either 13 or 16% crude protein. Milk production was not affected by protein level in exp. 1 but in exp. 2, 10% crude protein decreased (P < 0.01) actual milk and 4% fat corrected milk yields. Milk fat and protein percentages tended to increase with increasing dietary protein level. Rumen acetate tended to decline while propionate increased (P < 0.05) at higher crude protein levels. Rumen ammonia nitrogen and plasma urea nitrogen levels were closely related to nitrogen intake. Key words: Dairy cows, grass silage, protein, solubility

THE EFFECT OF SODIUM BICARBONATE, SODIUM BICARBONATE PLUS MAGNESIUM OXIDE OR BENTONITE ON THE INTAKE OF CORN SILAGE BY LACTATING COWS

1983 ◽  
Vol 63 (1) ◽  
pp. 141-148 ◽  
Author(s):  
L. J. FISHER ◽  
V. G. MacKAY
Keyword(s):  
Sodium Bicarbonate ◽  
Magnesium Oxide ◽  
Milk Fat ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Experimental Period ◽  
Latin Squares ◽  
Corn Silage ◽  
Fat Percentage ◽  
Lactating Cows ◽  
Rumen Ph

Four trials, each employing 10 cows were designed as 2 × 2 latin squares, with each experimental period consisting of a 1-wk preliminary period and a 4-wk period for data collection. The objective of the experiments was to determine the effectiveness of either sodium bicarbonate (NaHCO3), NaHCO3 plus magnesium oxide (MgO) or bentonite as buffers when they were mixed with corn silage just prior to feeding. The treatments compared were: Trial I, control vs. NaHCO3 (180 g·cow−1·day−1); Trial II, control vs. bentonite (300 g·cow−1·day−1); Trial III, control vs. NaHCO3 (180 g·cow−1·day−1) plus magnesium oxide (MgO, 60 g·cow−1·day−1) and Trial IV, NaHCO3 (180 g·cow−1·day−1) vs. bentonite (300 g·cow−1·day−1). Silage dry matter intakes (SDMI) were 10.61 vs. 10.93 and milk yields were 26.6 vs. 29.3 kg/day for control vs. NaHCO3 in Trial I; 10.03 vs. 10.39, and 29.5 vs. 30.1 for control vs. bentonite in trial II; 10.62 vs. 10.69, and 23.6 vs. 24.7 for control vs. NaHCO3 + MgO in Trial III and 11.49 vs. 10.79, and 29.4 vs. 29.5 for NaHCO3 vs. bentonite in Trial IV. In the latter trial cows fed silage supplemented with bentonite had significantly lower milk fat and protein percentages and rumen pH compared to those supplemented with NaHCO3. Similarly in Trial II cows fed bentonite had lower rumen pH and milk protein percentage than the control cows. It was concluded the bentonite did not act as a buffer and was not beneficial when added to corn silage just prior to feeding. NaHCO3 improved milk yield in one trial and milk fat percentage but the degree of response did not warrant its routine use as a supplement to corn silage. Key words: NaHCO3, MgO, bentonite, corn silage, lactating cows, buffers

Systems of concentrate allocation for dairy cattle. 4. A comparison of two amounts and two patterns of allocation

1986 ◽  
Vol 43 (1) ◽  
pp. 17-26 ◽  
Author(s):  
W. Taylor ◽  
J. D. Leaver
Keyword(s):  
Milk Yield ◽  
Milk Fat ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Post Partum ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
Weight Changes ◽  
Flat Rate ◽  
Grass Silage ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Fat Yield

ABSTRACTFor 25 weeks starting at week 3 post partum autumn-calving dairy cows were offered either a flat rate of concentrates in which all cows received the same daily amount throughout the experiment (F), or a variable rate based on their individual milk yield at 2 weeks post partum, and which was reduced at weeks 10, 15 and 20 of the experiment (V). Two mean amounts of concentrates were compared, 11 kg/day (11) and 7 kg/day (7) and grass silage was available ad libitum. For treatments 11F, 11V, 7F and 7V respectively, mean milk yields were 26·2, 24·5, 21·5 and 21·3 kg/day, mean live-weight changes were +0·18, +0·07, -0·09 and -0·05 kg/day, and mean silage dry-matter intakes were 8·0, 7·1, 9·4 and 9·0 kg/day. Differences between systems of allocation were not significant, but differences between amounts of concentrates offered were significant. Due to the greater milk yield and milk fat concentration of the F system of allocation, milk fat yield was significantly greater than for the V system. The substitution rate of concentrates for silage dry matter was significantly greater during the first 10 weeks of the experiment than during the succeeding 15 weeks. In the residual period (3 weeks indoors and 14 weeks grazing), there were no significant effects on performance. The mean 305-day milk yields for 11F, 11V, 7F and 7V respectively were 6957, 6388, 5862 and 5901 kg.

A note on supplements for dairy cows offered silage of high digestibility

1977 ◽  
Vol 25 (3) ◽  
pp. 397-400 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. E. Castle ◽  
W. C. Retter ◽  
J. D. Metcalfe
Keyword(s):  
Organic Matter ◽  
Dairy Cows ◽  
Crude Protein ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Matter Content ◽  
Dry Matter Content ◽  
Grass Silage ◽  
Lactating Dairy Cows ◽  
Digestible Organic Matter ◽  
The Mean

SUMMARYGrass silage with a dry-matter content of 20·7%, and containing 18·9% crude protein and 67·0% digestible organic matter in the dry matter was self-fed to 20 lactating dairy cows for 18 weeks. In addition, 9 kg of brewers' grains with a dry-matter content of 28·8% was offered to each cow daily. The two supplement treatments were a barley mix and a groundnut cube containing 11·9 and 33·5% crude protein in the dry matter respectively. The barley was given at the rate of 4 kg/10 kg milk, and the groundnut at 1·5 kg/10 kg milk. The mean daily yields of milk were 18·9 and 19·4 kg/cow on the barley and groundnut treatments respectively and did not differ significantly.

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