EVALUATION OF MILK VARIABLES AS MEASURES OF MILK EFFECT ON PREWEANING PERFORMANCE OF BEEF CATTLE

1971 ◽  
Vol 51 (1) ◽  
pp. 21-30 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. B. JEFFERY ◽  
R. T. BERG
Keyword(s):  
Milk Yield ◽  
Average Daily Gain ◽  
Curvilinear Relationship ◽  
Total Solids ◽  
University Of Alberta ◽  
Milk Components ◽  
Beef Herds ◽  
Highly Correlated ◽  
The University ◽  
Relationship Of

A study with 176 (1966) and 201 (1967) cows from the University of Alberta beef herd was conducted to investigate the effectiveness of a number of milk variables for explaining variance in preweaning gain of beef calves. The seven milk variables calculated over 24 hours were yield of milk, total energy, total protein and total solids, and percentages of butterfat, protein and solids-not-fat. These variables were measured for two periods, August and October, and averages for the two periods were calculated. Mean 24-hour milk yield ranged from 3.8 to 6.1 kilograms. Percentage of butterfat, protein and solids-not-fat, respectively, ranged from 4.10 to 5.77, 3.28 to 3.93, and 8.67 to 9.50. The intercorrelations among yield of milk, energy, protein and total solids were high and positive, ranging between 0.85 and 0.99. Correlations of milk yield with percent milk components were small and predominantly negative. Intercorrelations of percent milk components ranged from 0.09 to 0.55. Correlations of mean milk yield variables and average daily gain (ADG) of calf to weaning for the two periods ranged from 0.73 to 0.78. In most instances, total milk yield was equally or more highly correlated with ADG than the other milk yield variables. Correlations of percent milk components with ADG were low, and in most instances not significant. In 1966 data, little additional variation in ADG was explained by the inclusion of other milk variables over that explained by milk yield alone. In 1967, the inclusion of milk percent components accounted for from 2 to 7% of variance in ADG over milk yield alone. Average milk yield for the two periods of milking was more consistent than a single milking in explaining variance in ADG over both years. The response of ADG of calf to milk yield was essentially a linear relationship, but there were indications that the curvilinear relationship of ADG and milk yield should not be ignored in beef herds of relatively high milk production.

INFLUENCE OF COW SIZE AND OTHER FACTORS ON WEIGHT GAIN OF BEEF CALVES TO 365 DAYS OF AGE

1972 ◽  
Vol 52 (1) ◽  
pp. 11-21 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. B. JEFFERY ◽  
R. T. BERG
Keyword(s):  
Growth Rate ◽  
Weight Gain ◽  
Average Daily Gain ◽  
Beef Calves ◽  
University Of Alberta ◽  
Breed Difference ◽  
Breeding Herd ◽  
Calf Performance ◽  
The University ◽  
Daily Gain

A study involving three sets of data from the University of Alberta beef breeding herd (1966–67, 176 cows; 1967–68, 167 cows; 1968–70, 285 cows) was conducted to determine the influence of birth weight of calf (BW), postcalving weight of dam (PCW), and breed effect on calf performance to 365 days of age. The influence of preweaning on postweaning performance was also considered. Calves heavier at birth tended to excel in both preweaning and postweaning growth rate. A 1-kg increase in BW resulted in an increase of 2.86–4.42 kg in calf weight at 365 days of age. For male calves, PCW was negatively associated with calf weight at both 180 and 365 days of age for 1966–67 data; however, for 1967–68 and 1968–70 data, a 10-kg increase in PCW resulted in 0.70- and 0.92-kg increases, respectively, in calf weight at 180 days, and 1.96- and 2.12-kg increases in calf weight at 365 days, respectively. For female calves, a 10-kg increase in PCW resulted in 1.40-, 0.88-, and 0.29-kg increases in calf weight at 180 days of age, and 0.68-, 1.31-, and 0.31-kg increases in calf weight at 365 days of age, respectively, for the three sets of data. Breed difference explained from 22 to 43% of the variance in average daily gain of calf to weaning (ADG) but only 0.2–13.8% of the variance in postweaning average daily gain (PWADG). Male calves with higher ADG to weaning or heavier weaning weights tended to have slightly higher PWADG. A 10-kg advantage in weaning weight for male calves resulted in a 12–14-kg advantage in weight at 365 days of age.

PREWEANING PATTERNS OF GROWTH IN THREE BREED GROUPS OF ANGE BEEF CALVES

1987 ◽  
Vol 67 (3) ◽  
pp. 653-661 ◽  
Author(s):  
B. AHUNU ◽  
M. MAKARECHIAN
Keyword(s):  
Growth Rate ◽  
Least Squares Method ◽  
Average Daily Gain ◽  
Late Summer ◽  
University Of Alberta ◽  
Bull Calves ◽  
Absolute Growth ◽  
The Mean ◽  
June July ◽  
The University

Preweaning weight records of 2856 spring-born calves raised at the University of Alberta cattle ranch during a 15-yr period were used in this study. Calving occurred mainly in April and May every year. Calves from three breed groups: Hereford (HE), Beef Synthetic (SY) and Beef Crossbred (XB) were weighed at birth, and in late June, July and August and at weaning in mid-October. They were classified as early, mid-season and late-born according to their birth dates. Average daily gain (ADG) between two consecutive weighings and relative growth rate (RGR) at each interval were analyzed by the least squares method and the adjusted means were plotted against the mean ages of the calves classified at 2-wk intervals to determine the pattern of changes in ADG and RGR with the increase in age of the calf. The SY calves had the highest ADG and RGR followed by the XB and HE (P < 0.05). Bull calves exhibited significantly higher (P < 0.05) absolute growth rate than heifer calves but the sexes were not different in RGR. Preweaning ADG reached a peak when calves were between 110 and 120 d old and declined thereafter. The decline in RGR was linear during the preweaning period. The mean growth rates of the early and mid-season calves were significantly (P < 0.05) higher than that of the late-born calves, and early-born calves showed more consistent gain than the mid-season and late-born calves. A pronounced decline in gain was observed for mid-season and late-born calves in late summer when pasture condition deteriorated indicating that early weaning and supplementation of calves' diet at that stage might be beneficial in sustaining growth rate of the calves. Key words: Cattle (beef), preweaning growth, calf (beef)

scholarly journals MILK PRODUCTION IN RANGE BEEF COWS AND ITS RELATIONSHIP TO CALF GAINS

1968 ◽  
Vol 48 (3) ◽  
pp. 323-333 ◽  
Author(s):  
V. M. Gleddie ◽  
R. T. Berg
Keyword(s):  
Milk Yield ◽  
Average Daily Gain ◽  
Beef Cows ◽  
Milk Composition ◽  
Age Group ◽  
Total Solids ◽  
Milk Solid ◽  
Before And After ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Daily Gain

Milk yield in lactating range beef cows was estimated by milking 42 cows four times at approximately monthly intervals during the lactation. Milking was by machine after oxytocin injection. Weights of calves, before and after suckling, over a 24-hour period were used to estimate calf consumption. Breed-age group averages for 24-hour milk yield varied from 3.7 to 8.4 kg, with an overall average of 6.4 kg. Breed of cow accounted for 82.5% of the variance in milk yield in these data. Milk yield declined on the average by 0.02 kg per day of lactation. The correlation between calf consumption and milk yield was 0.58. Butterfat was 3.9% on the average, protein 3.5%, solids-not-fat 9.1% and total solids 13.0%. Breed-age group or month of test did not significantly influence milk constituent percentages, although butterfat and total solids tended to rise as lactation progressed.A good estimate of milk yield was obtained by one test milking. Milk composition based on one test milking was not reliable. Milk yield as estimated in any month was highly related to calf average daily gain from birth to weaning. Use of two test milkings improved the relationship only slightly. Milk solid component percentages showed little relationship to calf gains.

MILK PRODUCTION IN CATTALO COWS AND ITS INFLUENCE ON CALF GAINS

1980 ◽  
Vol 60 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-9 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. G. KELLER
Keyword(s):  
Milk Production ◽  
Milk Yield ◽  
Average Daily Gain ◽  
Lactation Period ◽  
F Protein ◽  
Percent Increase ◽  
Highly Correlated ◽  
Daily Gain

Milk yield in 91 lactations from cattalo cows averaging about 14% bison–86% Hereford was estimated by five milkings during 185-day intervals in each of the years 1961–1963 at the Agriculture Canada Experimental Farm, Manyberries, Alberta. Estimated 24-h milk yield was highest in June (6.36 ± 0.17 kg) and lowest near the termination of lactation in October (3.16 ± 0.08 kg). Total estimated milk yield (TMY) from parturition to the end of the 185-day lactation period was 938 ± 22 kg. Age of dam was a major source of variation in TMY and TMY decreased by 10.8 ± 5.3 kg for each percent increase in bison percentage of dam (B % dam). Gain from birth to 185 days of age (TGAIN) of cattalo calves was highly correlated with TMY (r = 0.79) and periodic milk yields throughout the lactation period (r = 0.59–0.76), with TGAIN being greatest in calves from older dams (5–9 yr). Correlations of mean percent fat (%F), protein (%P), and solids-not-fat (%SNF) in the milk from cattalo dams with calf TGAIN were generally low and inconclusive due to small sampling numbers. Although milk yield decreased through the lactation period, %F, %P, and %SNF in the milk increased proportionally. B-% dam did not influence average daily gain between milkings or TGAIN of calves to any appreciable extent. TMY accounted for 75% of the known variation in TGAIN and calves were found to be 0.057 ± 0.005 kg heavier at 185 days of age for each 1-kg increase in TMY.

scholarly journals Effect of somatic cell count on milk yield and milk components in Holstein cows in a semi-arid climate in Brazil

2018 ◽  
Vol 19 (4) ◽  
pp. 391-402 ◽  
Author(s):  
José Edmário da Silva ◽  
Severino Benone Paes Barbosa ◽  
Bueno da Silva Abreu ◽  
Kleber Regis Santoro ◽  
Elizabete Cristina da Silva ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Somatic Cell ◽  
Milk Yield ◽  
Statistical Investigation ◽  
Arid Climate ◽  
Holstein Cows ◽  
Total Solids ◽  
Cell Counts ◽  
Average Annual Temperature ◽  
Milk Components ◽  
Semi Arid

SUMMARY This study aimed to investigate the relationship among somatic cell scores (SCS) and currently selected traits (milk yield, and fat, protein, lactose, total solids and no-fat-solids contents) in Holstein dairy cows in a semi-arid climate. The data were collected from available records of 272 Holstein cows from January 2007 to December 2016. Farms were located in Agreste region of Pernambuco whose climatic characteristics according to Instituto Nacional de Meteorologia-INMET were: average annual temperature of 25.21 °C; average annual precipitation 562.07 mm, and average annual relative humidity 75.61%.. A total of 4,586 records of somatic cell counts (SCC) in the milk, milk yield and milk components was analyzed. The SCC was transformed logarithmically into SCS SCS = log 2 ( SCC / 100 , 000 ) + 3 ) before statistical investigation. Ten SCS were obtained for determining their effects on milk yield and composition. Data were processed using PROC GLM and PROC CORR procedures in SAS. Results showed positive correlations among SCS and fat, protein, total solids and solids-non-fat contents, while the SCS and lactose content and milk yield were negatively correlated. The highest milk yield (34.43 kg/cow/day) was obtained for the lowest SCS (0; 0 to 24 cells x 1000/mL). The milk yield and lactose decreased while protein and fat contents increased when SCS increased mostly above score five (400 to 799 cells x 1000/mL). It was observed that the increase in SCS influenced negatively milk yield and composition in Holstein cows created in the semi-arid climate in Brazil.

AN EVALUATION OF SEVERAL MEASUREMENTS OF BEEF COW SIZE AS RELATED TO PROGENY PERFORMANCE

1972 ◽  
Vol 52 (1) ◽  
pp. 23-37 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. B. JEFFERY ◽  
R. T. BERG
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Body Size ◽  
Average Daily Gain ◽  
Weaning Weight ◽  
University Of Alberta ◽  
Beef Cow ◽  
Skeletal Size ◽  
Final Weight ◽  
Breed Crosses ◽  
Highly Correlated

A study with 173 cows from the University of Alberta beef breeding herd (1969–1970 data) was conducted to investigate the interrelation of cow body-size variables and the effect of selected cow-size variables on calf performance. The cows were classified into two breed categories: Hereford and Angus–Galloway crosses (HEAG) and hybrid and other breed crosses (HYC). Measurements of cow body-size included: postcalving weight (PCW), weight when calves were weaned (WCW), height at withers (HW), height at sacrum (HS), and average wither-sacral height (H), body length (L), and heart girth (G). Heart girth was more highly correlated with body weight than either length or height measurements, indicating that G reflects condition of animal, whereas L and H measurements tend to reflect skeletal size. Body weight was highly correlated with both PCW/H and WCW/H ratios. Weight–height ratios appeared to reflect condition; WCW/H was considerably higher than PCW/H (4.13 vs. 3.32 for HEAG and 4.02 vs. 3.15 for HYC). Across breed and age of dam a 10-kg increase in PCW resulted in a 0.7-kg increase in weaning weight of calf. A 1-cm increase in H resulted in a 0.97-kg increase in weaning weight of calf. Within breeds, preweaning performance of calves was more closely associated with H than with PCW in HEAG dams and about equal to H and PCW in HYC dams. Postweaning average daily gain was positively associated with both PCW and H for HYC dams but negatively associated with PCW for HEAG dams. For HEAG dams a 10-kg increase in PCW resulted in a 0.47-kg decrease in final weight of male calves and a 1-cm increase in H resulted in a 3.7-kg increase. For HYC cows, a 10-kg increase in PCW resulted in a 1.91-kg increase in final weight of male calves and a 1-cm increase in H resulted in a 0.82-kg increase in final weight of male calves.

FACTORS AFFECTING PREWEANING PERFORMANCE IN BEEF CATTLE

1971 ◽  
Vol 51 (3) ◽  
pp. 561-577 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. B. JEFFERY ◽  
R. T. BERG ◽  
R. T. HARDIN
Keyword(s):  
Birth Weight ◽  
Milk Yield ◽  
Average Daily Gain ◽  
Total Variance ◽  
Weight Changes ◽  
Weaning Weight ◽  
Factors Affecting ◽  
University Of Alberta ◽  
Daily Milk Yield ◽  
Daily Gain

Two years data involving 176 and 201 cows from the University of Alberta beef breeding herd were used to study the influences on calf preweaning performance of: breed, age, weight, summer and winter weight changes and milk yield of dam; breed of sire; and birth weight, weaning age and sex of calf. All independent variables combined explained 73 and 70% of total variance in average daily gain (ADG) to weaning and 81 and 70% of total variance in weaning weight, respectively, for 1966 and 1967. Of all variables considered, milk yield had the greatest influence on preweaning performance, explaining about 60% of the variation in ADG to weaning and 40 to 50% of the variation in weaning weight. A 1-kg increase in daily milk yield resulted in an 11- to 14-kg increase in weaning weight. Breed of dam explained about 23% of total variance in ADG to weaning, most of which was accounted for by breed differences in milk yield. Breed-of-sire differences accounted for 5.7 and 1.4% of variance in ADG of progeny for 1966 and 1967 data, respectively. Male calves exceeded female calves in birth weight by 2 kg, in ADG to weaning by 0.03 kg, and in weaning weight by 8 to 9 kilograms. Birth weight was positively associated with calf growth rate. A 1-kg increase in birth weight resulted in 1.74- and 1.59-kg increases in weaning weight for 1966 and 1967, respectively. A 10-kg increase in post-calving weight of cow, independent of milk yield and cow age, resulted in approximately a 0.7-kg increase in weaning weight of calf. Average daily gain to weaning was influenced slightly more by cow age than by post-calving weight of cow. However, about 80% of the variation in ADG explained by either cow age or post-calving weight of cow was accounted for by differences in milk yield associated with either variable.

AN APPRAISAL OF CERTAIN SOURCES OF ENVIRONMENTAL VARIATION IN THE PRODUCTIVITY OF YORKSHIRE SOWS

1961 ◽  
Vol 41 (2) ◽  
pp. 220-229 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. H. Bowman ◽  
J. P. Bowland ◽  
H. T. Fredeen
Keyword(s):  
Litter Size ◽  
Weight Change ◽  
Gestation Length ◽  
Statistical Control ◽  
Weight Changes ◽  
University Of Alberta ◽  
Highly Correlated ◽  
The University ◽  
Least Squares Estimates ◽  
Size At Birth

Analysis of the records of 616 Yorkshire litters farrowed over a 20-year period in the University of Alberta swine herd indicated that litter performance was not associated with differences in weight changes of the sow during gestation or with gestation length. Gestation weight change was negatively correlated with breeding weight and lactation weight changes. Age of sow, breeding weight and litter order were highly correlated and were mutually dependent in their effect on litter performance. Least squares estimates of year, season, breeding weight of sow, and weight change during lactation effects were obtained for several performance traits of the litter. Year differences were large but erratic for all traits. Seasonal differences appeared to be important only for litter size with fall litters averaging 0.78 more pigs at weaning than spring litters. Weight of sow at breeding exerted an important influence on litter performance. Weight change during lactation appeared to be a function of litter size.Study of the relative influence of age and weight of gilts at breeding on first litter size at birth and weaning indicated that breeding weight exerted the greater influence.It is concluded that comparisons between litters in the same herd and born within the same year and season must provide for statistical control of variation in weight of dam at breeding. If inter-year comparisons are desired additional statistical control is essential.

SELECTION RESPONSE IN A PUREBRED HEREFORD AND A MULTI-BREED SYNTHETIC POPULATION OF BEEF CATTLE

1985 ◽  
Vol 65 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-9 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. K. SHARMA ◽  
L. WILLMS ◽  
R. T. HARDIN ◽  
R. T. BERG
Keyword(s):  
Beef Cattle ◽  
Growth Traits ◽  
Average Daily Gain ◽  
Selection Response ◽  
Genetic Response ◽  
University Of Alberta ◽  
Differential Heritability ◽  
Synthetic Population ◽  
The University ◽  
Genetic Trends

Phenotypic, environmental and genetic trends were estimated for birth weight, preweaning average daily gain (ADG) and weaning weight in males and females combined; postweaning ADG and yearling weight in males; and 18-mo weight in females in a purebred Hereford and a multi-breed Synthetic population of beef cattle, for the period 1966–1978, from The University of Alberta Ranch at Kinsella. Mean selection differential, heritability, expected genetic response and actual genetic response were estimated for each trait. Methods employed to estimate trends were: (1) deviation from a control population, and (2) best linear unbiased prediction estimates of sire breeding values. Heritabilities, selection differentials and expected gains were higher for traits in the Synthetics than in the Herefords except for the 18-mo weight in females. Realized gains in most of the traits were also higher in Synthetics than in Herefords. Genetic trends obtained by the two methods were variable and deviated from the expected gains. Positive genetic trends for growth traits indicated effectiveness of the selection program in both populations. Key words: Beef cattle, selection response, growth traits

Centres for Health Evidence Demonstration Project

2013 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tracy Stewart ◽  
Denise Koufogiannakis ◽  
Robert S.A. Hayward ◽  
Ellen Crumley ◽  
Michael E. Moffatt
Keyword(s):  
Evidence Based Practice ◽  
Demonstration Project ◽  
Evidence Based ◽  
Research Opportunities ◽  
University Of Alberta ◽  
Information Usage ◽  
University Of Manitoba ◽  
The University ◽  
Hospital Wards ◽  
Support Evidence

This paper will report on the establishment of the Centres for Health Evidence (CHE) Demonstration Project in both Edmonton at the University of Alberta and in Winnipeg at the University of Manitoba. The CHE Project brings together a variety of partners to support evidence-based practice using Internet-based desktops on hospital wards. There is a discussion of the CHE's cultural and political experiences. An overview of the research opportunities emanating from the CHE Project is presented as well as some early observations about information usage.

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