NON-ESTERIFIED FATTY ACIDS AND KETONE BODIES IN BLOOD AS INDICATORS OF NUTRITIONAL STATUS IN RUMINANTS: A REVIEW

1971 ◽  
Vol 51 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-13 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. M. BOWDEN
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Nutritional Status ◽  
Ketone Bodies ◽  
Esterified Fatty Acids

not available

scholarly journals The metabolism of circulating non-esterified fatty acids by the whole animal, hind-limb muscle and uterus of pregnant ewes

1983 ◽  
Vol 49 (1) ◽  
pp. 129-143 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. W. Pethick ◽  
D. B. Lindsay ◽  
P. J. Barker ◽  
A. J. Northrop
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Hind Limb ◽  
Ketone Bodies ◽  
Gravid Uterus ◽  
Limb Muscle ◽  
Entry Rate ◽  
Esterified Fatty Acids ◽  
Arterial Concentration ◽  
Pregnant Sheep ◽  
Hind Limb Muscle

1. The over-all and regional metabolism of non-esterified fatty acids (NEFA) was studied using a combination of isotopic and arteriovenous-difference techniques.2. There was a common linear relationship, whether stearic, palmitic or oleic acids were used as tracer, between the arterial NEFA concentration and the rates of entry and oxidation.3. Assuming that the tracer used reflected the metabolism of all the NEFA, the total entry rate in fed and fasted pregnant ewes was (mean±SE) 0·44±0·02 and 0·55±0·07 mmol/h per kg body-weight respectively. Oxidation of NEFA contributed (mean±SE) 34±5 and 58±7% to the respiratory carbon dioxide in fed and fasted animals, this accounting for (mean±SE) 46±6 and 59±3% of the respective entry rates.4. Hind-limb muscle both utilized and produced NEFA. The mean gross fractional extraction (calculated from isotopic uptake) was (mean±SE) 9±1%. Gross utilization of any NEFA and appearance of 14CO2 across the muscle were linearly related to the arterial concentration of tracer fatty acid, irrespective of whether this was oleate or stearate. The amount of 14CO2 appearing was consistent with (mean±SE) 54±8% of the CO2 produced by the hind-limb being derived from NEFA oxidation.5. Infused NEFA were partly converted to ketone bodies. Uptake and oxidation in the hind-limb of ketones formed in the liver could account for approximately 20% of the 14CO2 apparently produced in muscle from NEFA. Correction for this reduces the proportion of CO2 derived from NEFA to 43%. There was some indication that ketones were also produced from NEFA in the hind-limb.6. NEFA were not a significant energy source for the gravid uterus.7. An over-all view of energy sources for the whole animal and for hind-limb muscle in normal and fasted pregnant sheep was presented.

A METHOD FOR ASSESSING THE NUTRITIONAL STATUS OF GESTATING EWES

1983 ◽  
Vol 63 (3) ◽  
pp. 603-611 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. P. LYNCH ◽  
C. JACKSON Jr.
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Nutritional Status ◽  
Feed Intake ◽  
Crude Protein ◽  
Ketone Bodies ◽  
Total Serum Protein ◽  
Total Serum ◽  
Restricted Feeding ◽  
Nonesterified Fatty Acids ◽  
Limiting Nutrient

The purpose of this study was to identify metabolic changes that occur at low feed intake in order to develop a method to predict the nutritional status of gestating ewes carrying single or multiple fetuses. At about the 5th week of gestation, 32 ewes were assigned equally into treatments of free choice and restricted intakes of chopped orchardgrass hay. The initial intake of each restricted ewe was determined by calculating ration amounts to supply 60% of the NRC crude protein allowance. Feed intake of each ewe was increased weekly to 80 and then to 100% of NRC crude protein allowance according to changes in the metabolites studied. Plasma citrate and nonesterified fatty acids were increased during gestation, but 3-hydroxybutyrate showed the greatest potential for indicating nutritional status of the gestating ewe. Urinary ketones appeared during the 15th week of gestation and in about one-half of the ewes on restricted intake by the 17th week of gestation. At this point, plasma 3-hydroxybutyrate was 0.53 μmol/mL and might indicate a value at which intake adjustment is needed. Total serum protein and blood urea nitrogen (BUN) were decreased by the 20th week of gestation by the ewes fed restricted intakes indicating an effect of restricted feeding on protein metabolism. Increases in both plasma β-hydroxybutyrate and urine ketone bodies by restricted feeding indicated that energy was an early limiting nutrient and that these metabolites may be useful as indicators of nutritional status. Key words: Gestating ewes, predicting nutritional requirements, citrate, nonesterified fatty acids, 3-hydroxybutyrate

Exchange of Metabolites in the Leg of Exercising Juvenile Diabetic Subjects

1978 ◽  
Vol 55 (1) ◽  
pp. 73-80 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. Lyngsøe ◽  
J. P. Clausen ◽  
J. Trap-Jensen ◽  
L. Sestoft ◽  
O. Schaffalitzky de Muckadell ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Glucose Uptake ◽  
Ketone Bodies ◽  
Normal Subjects ◽  
Close Correlation ◽  
Juvenile Diabetes ◽  
Control Subjects ◽  
Arterial Blood ◽  
Esterified Fatty Acids ◽  
And Control

1. Exchange of metabolic substrates was studied across the leg at rest and during a bicycle exercise demanding 50% of the maximal oxygen uptake in seven patients with juvenile diabetes and six control subjects. The leg blood flow and the femoral arterial and venous substrate concentrations were measured in the fasting state and, in the diabetic subjects, 24 h after the last administration of insulin. 2. At rest a close correlation was seen in the control subjects between the leg glucose uptake and the arterial insulin concentration. The diabetic subjects, including three patients in whom it could be shown that the insulin concentrations were extremely low, had a resting glucose uptake in the same order of magnitude as the control subjects. The glucose uptake was inversely related to the arterial concentrations of non-esterified fatty acids in both groups. 3. During exercise the glucose uptake increased in both patients and control subjects, but the increase was not related to arterial concentrations of insulin or non-esterified fatty acids. 4. The release of lactate, pyruvate, alanine and glycerol from the leg was not different in diabetic and control subjects neither at rest nor during exercise. 5. The ketonaemia was increased in the diabetic subjects, but the uptake of total ketone bodies was not different in the two groups. No increase in the uptake of total ketone bodies in control and diabetic subjects was found during exercise. The leg uptake of acetoacetate was a function of the substrate load and tended to be higher in diabetic subjects during exercise, when no net uptake of β-hydroxybutyrate was found. 6. The above results suggest that the glucose uptake in human skeletal muscle at rest depends on the concentration of insulin and possibly also of non-esterified fatty acids in arterial blood. In contrast the glucose uptake during exercise is not related to the concentration of insulin or non-esterified fatty acids, which may explain why no differences in this aspect are seen between the leg metabolism of diabetic and normal subjects.

The Relationships between Plasma Substrates and Hormones and the Severity of Injury in 277 Recently Injured Patients

1979 ◽  
Vol 56 (6) ◽  
pp. 563-573 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. B. Stoner ◽  
K. N. Frayn ◽  
R. N. Barton ◽  
C. J. Threlfall ◽  
R. A. Little
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Injury Severity ◽  
Ketone Bodies ◽  
Total Concentration ◽  
Plasma Concentrations ◽  
Severely Injured ◽  
Esterified Fatty Acids ◽  
Severity Of Injury ◽  
Injured Patients

1. The plasma concentrations of glucose, lactate, amino acids, non-esterified fatty acids, glycerol, ketone bodies, ethanol, cortisol and insulin were measured in patients within a few hours of injury and before treatment. The severity of the injuries was assessed by the Injury Severity Score (ISS) method. 2. Plasma lactate and glucose concentrations both rose significantly with increasing ISS. 3. The concentrations of non-esterified fatty acids and glycerol were greater after moderate (ISS 7–12) than after minor (ISS 1–6) injuries. The glycerol concentrations were no higher and the non-esterified fatty acid concentrations were lower after severe (ISS > 12) than after moderate injuries. The concentrations of total ketone bodies tended to follow those of non-esterified fatty acids and there was a highly significant correlation between them. 4. The total concentration of amino acids was not affected by the severity of injury and there were no systematic changes in the concentrations of individual ones. 5. Plasma insulin concentrations were very variable and not related to severity. A weak correlation with the plasma glucose concentration seen after minor and moderate injuries was lost in the severely injured. 6. The plasma cortisol concentration was positively related to ISS up to ISS 12 but negatively so in the severely injured. 7. Factors such as age, sex and time after last meal were investigated. The most important factor modifying the response was intake of ethanol, which reduced the plasma concentrations of glucose, non-esterified fatty acids and alanine and raised that of lactate as well as the [β-hydroxybutyrate]/[acetoacetate] ratio.

Effects of dietary deficiencies of energy, protein and calcium on the pregnant ewe. I. Body composition and mineral content of the ewes

1972 ◽  
Vol 78 (1) ◽  
pp. 109-117 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. R. Sykes ◽  
A. C. Field
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Body Composition ◽  
Crude Protein ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Mineral Content ◽  
Ketone Bodies ◽  
Mineral Contents ◽  
Low Protein ◽  
Esterified Fatty Acids ◽  
Pregnant Ewe

SUMMARYForty 6½-year-old Scottish Blackface ewes were used in an experiment to investigate the effects of low protein and low calcium (Ca) intakes during pregnancy on body composition and mineral contents. Six sheep were slaughtered at the commencement of the experiment as controls; 28 were used in a 2 × 2 factorial experiment in which semipurified diets containing 11·8 and 6·0% crude protein (CP) and 1·2 and 0·11% Ca in the dry matter were offered to maintain non-esterified fatty acids (NEFA) and ketone bodies in the plasma at levels comparable to those found in hill sheep in winter. All ewes were slaughtered after parturition and the carcase dissected into soft tissue and skeleton fractions. Both fractions were dissolved in HNO3and the fat and mineral contents measured.

Ketone-Body Concentrations in Liver and Blood after Limb Ischaemia in the Rat

1971 ◽  
Vol 40 (6) ◽  
pp. 463-477 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. N. Barton
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Hind Limb ◽  
Ketone Body ◽  
Ketone Bodies ◽  
Regression Line ◽  
Early Response ◽  
Limb Ischaemia ◽  
Esterified Fatty Acids ◽  
Control Post ◽  
Body Concentration

1. The effect of a 4 h period of bilateral hind limb ischaemia on the concentrations of ketone bodies in blood and liver of post-absorptive and starved rats has been investigated. 2. The concentration of total ketone bodies in the blood did not change after injury in post-absorptive rats, but fell after injury in starved rats; the blood β-hydroxybutyrate/acetoacetate ratio fell after injury in both post-absorptive and starved rats. 3. Apart from a transient increase in fed rats, the hepatic β-hydroxybutyrate/acetoacetate ratio did not change after injury in post-absorptive or starved rats until the terminal stages, indicating adequate hepatic oxygenation during the early response to injury. 4. In control post-absorptive and starved rats the concentration of liver total ketone bodies was correlated with that of plasma non-esterified fatty acids; in post-absorptive rats the liver ketone body concentration rose after injury and was higher than would be predicted from the regression line for these controls, suggesting increased ketogenesis compatible with inhibition of complete oxidation of non-esterified fatty acids after injury. In contrast, in starved rats the liver total ketone-body concentration did not change after injury.

scholarly journals The development of ketogenesis at birth in the rat

1978 ◽  
Vol 176 (3) ◽  
pp. 759-765 ◽  
Author(s):  
P Ferré ◽  
J P Pégorier ◽  
D H Williamson ◽  
J R Girard
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Ketone Bodies ◽  
Liver Glycogen ◽  
Newborn Rat ◽  
Adult Rat ◽  
Rate Limiting Step ◽  
Esterified Fatty Acids ◽  
Major Increase ◽  
Blood Ketone Bodies ◽  
Rate Limiting

In the suckling newborn rat, blood ketone bodies begin to increase slowly 4h after birth and then rise sharply between 12 and 16h, whereas the major increase in plasma non-esterified fatty acids and liver carnitine occurs during the first 2h of life, parallel with the onset of suckling. In the starved newborn rat, which shows no increase in liver carnitine unless it is fed with a carnitine solution, the developmental pattern of the ketogenic capacity (tested by feeding a triacylglycerol emulsion, which increases plasma non-esterified fatty acids by 3-fold) is the same as in the suckling animal. This suggests that the increases in plasma non-esterified fatty acids and liver carnitine seen 2h after birth in the suckling animal are not the predominant factors inducing the switch-on of ketogenesis. Injection of butyrate to starved newborn pups resulted in a pattern of blood ketone bodies which was similar to that found after administration of triacylglycerols, but, at all time points studied, the hyperketonaemia was more pronounced with butyrate. It is suggested that, even if the entry of long-chain fatty acids into the mitochondria is a rate-limiting step, it is not the only factor controlling ketogenesis after birth in the rat. As in the adult rat, there is a reciprocal correlation between the liver glycogen content and the concentration of ketone bodies in the blood.

Effects of dietary deficiencies of energy, protein and calcium on the pregnant ewe. III. Some observations on the use of biochemical parameters in controlling energy undernutrition during pregnancy and on the efficiency of utilization of energy and protein for foetal growth

1972 ◽  
Vol 78 (1) ◽  
pp. 127-133 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. R. Sykes ◽  
A. C. Field
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Biochemical Parameters ◽  
Crude Protein ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Ketone Bodies ◽  
Chemical Compositions ◽  
Foetal Growth ◽  
Esterified Fatty Acids ◽  
Conventional Diet ◽  
Pregnant Ewe

SUMMARYTwenty-eight 6½-year-old Scottish Blackface ewes were used in a 2 × 2 factorial experiment and given semi-purified diets containing 11·8 or 6·0% crude protein (CP) and 1·2 or 0·11 % calcium (Ca) in the dry matter (DM). The amounts of diet offered were adjusted to maintain non-esterified fatty acids (NEFA) and ketone bodies in the plasma at levels comparable to those found in hill sheep in winter. Mean group values of NEFA during the final 6 weeks of pregnancy were maintained at these levels (1100–1300 μ-equiv/1) and ketone bodies at approximately 4·8 mg/100 ml. A further six sheep were fed a conventional diet containing adequate CP and Ca, to maintain NEFA and ketone bodies at levels typical of well-nourished sheep. Ewes and lambs from the undernourished groups were slaughtered after parturition and the chemical compositions of their bodies and those of six ewes slaughtered at the commencement of the experiment determined.

Ketone body metabolism in lean male adults during short-term starvation, with particular reference to forearm muscle metabolism

1990 ◽  
Vol 78 (6) ◽  
pp. 579-584 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Elia ◽  
S. Wood ◽  
K. Khan ◽  
E. Pullicino
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Ketone Bodies ◽  
Muscle Metabolism ◽  
Resting Energy Expenditure ◽  
Nitrogen Excretion ◽  
Whole Body ◽  
O2 Consumption ◽  
Esterified Fatty Acids ◽  
Protein Energy ◽  
Forearm Muscle

1. Thirty-three arteriovenous forearm catheterization studies were carried out in 19 lean subjects starving for 12–14 h(n = 13), 30–36 h (n = 7) and 60–66 h (n = 13). Forearm blood flow was measured in order to calculate the flux of various substrates. At the same time, whole-body oxidation of fat, carbohydrate and protein was calculated using indirect calorimetry and urinary nitrogen excretion. 2. After an overnight fast (12–14 h), whole-body resting energy expenditure was accounted for by the oxidation of protein (15%), carbohydrate (17%) and fat (68%). At 30–36 h and 60–66 h of starvation, essentially all the non-protein energy was derived from the oxidation of fat (directly plus indirectly via ketone bodies). 3. After an overnight fast, acetoacetate and 3-hydroxybutyrate were taken up by forearm muscle at a rate which could account for 5% of the resting O2 consumption of this tissue. As starvation progressed, forearm muscle took up more acetoacetate and released 3-hydroxybutyrate so that the net uptake of ketone bodies was sufficient to account for about 10% of the resting O2 consumption at 30–36 h of starvation and about 20% at 60–66 h of starvation. 4. The uptake of circulating non-esterified fatty acids by forearm muscle accounted for a greater proportion of the forearm O2 consumption than the uptake of ketone bodies at all times studied. The release of lactate and alanine was significantly greater at 36–40 h and 60–66 h of starvation compared with 12–14 h of starvation, but that of glucose did not change significantly. 5. The results suggest that during early starvation: (a) the release of 3-hydroxybutyrate by muscle (36–66 h starvation) contributes to the circulating 3-hydroxybutyrate concentration, (b) the contribution of ketone bodies to oxidative metabolism in lean subjects is variable but considerably lower than the generally accepted values in obese individuals, and (c) the dominant energy source for the resting muscle of lean individuals between 12 and 66 h of starvation is non-esterified fatty acids.

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