EFFECTS OF AD LIBITUM VERSUS RESTRICTED INTAKE OF CONCENTRATE AND STAGE OF LACTATION ON THE MINERAL CONTENT OF COW’S MILK

1970 ◽  
Vol 50 (1) ◽  
pp. 121-127 ◽  
Author(s):  
L. J. FISHER ◽  
A. I. MACINTOSH ◽  
R. B. CARSON
Keyword(s):  
Milk Yield ◽  
Mineral Content ◽  
Calcium Content ◽  
Sodium Content ◽  
The Other ◽  
Potassium Content ◽  
Magnesium Concentration ◽  
Stage Of Lactation ◽  
Ad Libitum ◽  
Potassium Magnesium

Concentrates, one consisting primarily of oats and the other barley, were fed ad libitum to cows or at the rate of 1 kg per 3 kg of milk yield for an entire lactation. Calcium, potassium, magnesium and sodium content of the milk and milk yield were measured monthly. Potassium content and milk yield decreased and sodium content increased significantly (P < 0.05) with advancing stage of lactation. The calcium content of milk was significantly greater (P < 0.05) when the barley-based compared with the oat-based concentrate was fed. The sodium content of milk from cows fed concentrate ad libitum was significantly higher than from cows fed restricted amounts of concentrate. Ayrshire milk was significantly greater (P < 0.05) in magnesium concentration than Holstein milk.

scholarly journals The effect of milking frequency on milk yield and milk composition in ewes

2020 ◽  
Vol 65 (No. 2) ◽  
pp. 41-50
Author(s):  
Lucia Mačuhová ◽  
Vladimír Tančin ◽  
Juliana Mačuhová
Keyword(s):  
Milk Yield ◽  
Somatic Cell Count ◽  
Storage Capacity ◽  
Milk Composition ◽  
The Other ◽  
Negative Effects ◽  
Stage Of Lactation ◽  
Milking Frequency ◽  
The Right ◽  
Main Factor

Milking frequency is the main factor regulating milk yield and milk quality if feeding, welfare, health, and environmental conditions are adequate. Milk yield and composition are substantially influenced by breed, and consequently the breed has an impact on both factors at a different frequency of milking. Further, the size of cisternal compartment plays an important role in accommodating secreted milk between milkings. Thus, ewes with large cisterns (i.e. large cisternal area, high cisternal milk percentage, and delayed tight junction opening during milk stasis) adapt themselves better to longer milking intervals than ewes with a small cistern. The increase of milking frequency from two to three times a day can lead to an increase of milk yield in the range of 3 to 36%. On the other hand, the reduction of milking frequency from twice to once a day can decrease milk yield from 9 to 67%. Two milkings per week could be omitted with no negative effects on milk yield, milk composition, and somatic cell count in ewes with large cisterns. However, besides the breed and cistern storage capacity, the results in literature show that the effects of milking frequency on milk yield and milk composition can vary according to the stage of lactation, individual animal, production level, practice of stripping, and duration of changed frequency. The right use of different milking frequency strategies can result in increased milk yield or in significant savings in labour and time spent in the milking parlour with negligible or no negative effects on milk yield and composition.

scholarly journals Potassium, magnesium and calcium content in individual parts of Phaseolus vulgaris L. plant as related to potassium and magnesium nutrition

2011 ◽  
Vol 50 (No. 1) ◽  
pp. 18-26 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. Tůma ◽  
M. Skalický ◽  
L. Tůmová ◽  
P. Bláhová ◽  
M. Rosůlková
Keyword(s):  
Phaseolus Vulgaris ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Calcium Content ◽  
Magnesium Content ◽  
Potassium Content ◽  
Pot Experiment ◽  
Content Increase ◽  
Phaseolus Vulgaris L ◽  
Potassium Magnesium

In a two-pot experiment of Phaseolus vulgaris L., the influence of K and Mg gradated doses upon K, Mg and Ca content in the pods, stem and leaves was studied. The content of cations changed significantly in individual parts of the plant. The highest content of potassium was found within the dry matter of the pods (it exceeded 4%) and stalk (3&ndash;4%). The highest content of calcium (3&ndash;4%) and magnesium (0.4&ndash;0.8%) was found within the dry matter of the leaves. The effects of K gradated doses were revealed significantly in its higher content increase mainly in the leaves (by as much as 83%) and the decrease of calcium content (31%) and magnesium content (37%) was observed in the leaves and less in the stalks. The effects of Mg gradated doses were revealed in the non-significant increase in its content in the leaves and stalks and the decrease of the potassium content in the leaves (by 19%) and in stalks (11%) and even in the decrease of the calcium content (52%) mainly in the pods.

scholarly journals Milk yield, composition and qua­li­ty of organic milk of ewes crossbreeds of Lacaune, East Friesian and Improved Wallachian during lactation

2009 ◽  
Vol 57 (2) ◽  
pp. 87-94 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michaela Pokorná ◽  
Jan Kuchtík ◽  
Květoslava Šustová ◽  
Táňa Lužová ◽  
Radek Filipčík
Keyword(s):  
Milk Yield ◽  
The Other ◽  
Clotting Time ◽  
Organic Milk ◽  
Organic Farm ◽  
Stage Of Lactation ◽  
Permanent Pasture ◽  
Cell Counts ◽  
Other Hand

Evaluation of milk yield, composition and quality of organic milk of crossbreeds of Lacaune (L), East Friesian (EF) and Improved Wallachian (IW), (n = 10, L 50 EF 43.75 IW 6.25) during lactation was carried out on organic farm in Valašská Bystřice in 2007. All sheep were on the third lactation and during study they were reared on permanent pasture. The stage of lactation (SL) had a highly significant effect on milk yield (MY) and contents of total solids (TS), fat (F), protein (P), casein (C), lactose (L) and urea (U). The SL had also a highly significant effect on pH and titrable acidity (TA), whereas on rennet clotting time (RCT) the SL had a significant effect. On the other hand the SL had not a significant effect on somatic cell counts (SCC) and rennet curd quality (RCQ). The highest contents of TS, F and C were found at the end of the lactation, whereas their lowest contents were found on the 120th day. Between the second and the last sampling the lactose content decreased. The content of U and RCT were the most variable indicators whithin the frame of our study. On the other hand SCCs were, during the whole lactation, very well-balanced and relatively low. Between pH and SCC was found positive correlation. TA gradually increased and RCT gradually prolonged with advanced lactation.

scholarly journals Effect of storage methods on some selected mineral and ascorbic acid content of red and white onion (Allium cepa)

2019 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
S.N. Sunusi ◽  
A. Gambo
Keyword(s):  
Ascorbic Acid ◽  
Storage Period ◽  
Ascorbic Acid Content ◽  
Calcium Content ◽  
Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometry ◽  
Storage Conditions ◽  
Sodium Content ◽  
Potassium Content ◽  
Refrigeration Storage ◽  
And Control

The study investigated the influence of three different storage conditions in minimising the postharvest losses of onions. The fresh onion walla-walla variety (red and white) were obtained from Modibbo Isah Farms, Bichi, Kano State, Nigeria. The onions were stored for eight weeks under three different storage conditions which include: Ambient temperature (30 ± 2 ºC), refrigeration storage (5-7 ºC) and control cupboard temperature storage (45-50 ºC) during which the samples were analysed weekly. During the storage period of onion bulbs, the temperature ranged between (29-32 ºC) while the relative humidity was between (70 – 95 % RH).The mineral (calcium, sodium and potassium) content was determined by Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometry while Ascorbic acid was determined by the 2, 6- dichlorophenol indophenol (DCPIP) titration. The result showed that some components of the stored onions decreased with an increase in the storage period and these include: ascorbic acid (9.62-3.87mg/100g) and sodium content (12.13-11.77mg/kg). While some parameters also showed an increase with an increase in the storage period and these include: potassium content (30.00-72.12mg/kg) and calcium content (55-105mg/kg).

Limitations and potential for individualised feeding of concentrate supplements to grazing dairy cows

2015 ◽  
Vol 55 (7) ◽  
pp. 922 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. L. Hills ◽  
S. C. García ◽  
B. Dela Rue ◽  
C. E. F. Clark
Keyword(s):  
Milk Yield ◽  
Cow Milk ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Feeding Strategies ◽  
Important Distinction ◽  
Large Variability ◽  
Flat Rate ◽  
Stage Of Lactation ◽  
Ad Libitum ◽  
Grazing Dairy Cows

The increasing availability and installation of computerised feeding and milk-monitoring technology in Australia and New Zealand has led to an increased interest in feeding individual cows different amounts and types of supplements over lactation. However, there is confusion about the potential benefits of individualised feeding strategies compared with feeding the same amount of supplement to all cows in the herd on any given day. The majority of bail feeding research conducted over the past 30 years has identified little difference in cow response between flat-rate feeding and more complicated approaches of split feeding or feeding to individual cow milk yield. However, it must be noted that many of these experiments involved animals with ad libitum access to a forage supply. This is an important distinction as individual cows receiving high-quality forage ad libitum would be able to compensate, at least partially, for any shortage in concentrate. Large variability in response to supplements among individual cows within the herd implies that there should be a benefit from individualised bail feeding practices. This review examines the potential for individualised bail feeding in pasture-based dairy systems, considering both system (pasture allowance and type) and cow-level parameters (e.g. dry matter intake, milk yield, genotype, bodyweight, stage of lactation) that could affect the individual cow response to a particular supplement, and discusses the current limitations and future challenges for implementing this technology on farm. Recommendations for future research are made to address any knowledge gaps.

scholarly journals Effect of parity and stage of lactation on milk yield, composition and quality of organic sheep milk

2012 ◽  
Vol 60 (1) ◽  
pp. 71-78 ◽  
Author(s):  
Šárka Králíčková ◽  
Michaela Pokorná ◽  
Jana Kuchtík ◽  
Radek Filipčík
Keyword(s):  
Somatic Cell ◽  
Milk Yield ◽  
Total Protein ◽  
The Other ◽  
Total Solids ◽  
Stage Of Lactation ◽  
Sheep Milk ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
Daily Milk Yield ◽  
Daily Milk

Effect of parity (PA), stage of lactation (SL) and interaction of PA x SL on daily milk yield (DMY), composition (contents of total solids, fat, total protein and lactose) and quality (somatic cell and bacteria counts) of organic sheep milk were evaluated using 20 ewes of East Friesian which were reared on an organic farm in Habří. Ewes were on the 2nd (n = 10) and 3rd (n = 10) lactation. During the experiment ewes were reared on permanent pasture. The milk records and samplings were carried out on average 75th, 132th and 190th day of lactation. All parameters were determined by standard methods. The PA had a significant effect only on somatic cell count (SCC). On the other hand, SL had a significant effect on daily milk yield (DMY), contents of total solids (TS), total protein (TP) and lactose (L). The SL also had a significant effect on total bacteria count (TBC), psychrotrophic bacteria count (PBC), total coliform count (TCC) and SCC. The interaction of the PA x SL had a significant effect on DMY, TS and TP contents and PBC. Positive and significant correlations were found among the SL and contents of TS and TP. Significant and positive correlation was observed between the PA and SCC, but on the other hand, significant and negative correlation was found between the SL and SCC.

scholarly journals Energy Balance Indicators during the Transition Period and Early Lactation of Purebred Holstein and Simmental Cows and Their Crosses

Animals ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (2) ◽  
pp. 309
Author(s):  
Deise Aline Knob ◽  
André Thaler Neto ◽  
Helen Schweizer ◽  
Anna C. Weigand ◽  
Roberto Kappes ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Energy Balance ◽  
Milk Yield ◽  
Milk Composition ◽  
Negative Energy ◽  
The Other ◽  
Negative Energy Balance ◽  
Metabolic Energy ◽  
Genetic Groups ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Fat Thickness

Crossbreeding in dairy cattle has been used to improve functional traits, milk composition, and efficiency of Holstein herds. The objective of the study was to compare indicators of the metabolic energy balance, nonesterified fatty acids (NEFA), beta-hydroxybutyrate (BHBA), glucose, body condition score (BCS) back fat thickness (BFT), as well as milk yield and milk composition of Holstein and Simmental cows, and their crosses from the prepartum period until the 100th day of lactation at the Livestock Center of the Ludwig Maximilians University (Munich, Germany). In total, 164 cows formed five genetic groups according to their theoretic proportion of Holstein and Simmental genes as follows: Holstein (100% Holstein; n = 9), R1-Hol (51–99% Holstein; n = 30), first generation (F1) crossbreds (50% Holstein, 50% Simmental; n = 17), R1-Sim (1–49% Holstein; n = 81) and Simmental (100% Simmental; n = 27). The study took place between April 2018 and August 2019. BCS, BFT blood parameters, such as BHBA, glucose, and NEFA were recorded weekly. A mixed model analysis with fixed effects breed, week (relative to calving), the interaction of breed and week, parity, calving year, calving season, milking season, and the repeated measure effect of cow was used. BCS increased with the Simmental proportion. All genetic groups lost BCS and BFT after calving. Simmental cows showed lower NEFA values. BHBA and glucose did not differ among genetic groups, but they differed depending on the week relative to calving. Simmental and R1-Sim cows showed a smaller effect than the other genetic groups regarding changes in body weight, BCS, or back fat thickness after a period of a negative energy balance after calving. There was no significant difference for milk yield among genetic groups, although Simmental cows showed a lower milk yield after the third week after calving. Generally, Simmental and R1-Simmental cows seemed to deal better with a negative energy balance after calving than purebred Holstein and the other crossbred lines. Based on a positive heterosis effect of 10.06% for energy corrected milk (ECM), the F1, however, was the most efficient crossbred line.

The effect of dehydration and rehydration on salt loss in the second-stage larvae of Anguina tritici

Parasitology ◽  
1981 ◽  
Vol 82 (3) ◽  
pp. 411-419 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. Womersley
Keyword(s):  
Salt Content ◽  
Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometry ◽  
Sodium Content ◽  
Sodium Potassium ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Second Stage ◽  
Absorption Spectrophotometry ◽  
Nematode Cuticle ◽  
Calcium Loss ◽  
Potassium Magnesium

SUMMARYThe effect of repeated dehydration and hydration on the salt content of 2nd-stage larvae of Anguina tritici was studied. The sodium, potassium, magnesium and calcium contents of the larvae after subjection to varying periods of desiccation and rehydration were determined with atomic absorption spectrophotometry and flame photometry. External cation concentrations on the cuticle of the head, middle body and tail regions were determined semi-quantitatively with scanning electron microscopy in conjunction with X-ray analysis (EDAX). Salt concentrations decreased with each dehydration/rehydration cycle. The greatest loss occurred on revival from the first desiccation period. The results indicated that A. tritici was incapable of regulating it's internal sodium content during revival, but suggested a limited ability to control potassium, magnesium and calcium loss. Salt loss through the nematode cuticle was restricted to potassium and calcium during desiccation. The salt losses encountered are discussed in relation to nematode osmoregulation and to the survival of the nematode in the anhydrobiotic state.

Effects of feeding peas to high-producing dairy cows

1995 ◽  
Vol 75 (4) ◽  
pp. 625-629 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. R. Corbett ◽  
L. A. Goonewardene ◽  
E. K. Okine
Keyword(s):  
Dairy Cows ◽  
Milk Production ◽  
Milk Yield ◽  
Milk Fat ◽  
Dairy Herd ◽  
Protein Source ◽  
Canola Meal ◽  
Stage Of Lactation ◽  
Nutrient Analyses ◽  
Protein Milk

The effect of substituting peas for soybean and canola meals as a protein source in a high-producing dairy herd was studied in 66 Holstein cows, divided into two groups based on stage of lactation, parity, level of milk production and days in milk. Two 18.5% crude protein grain concentrate diets were formulated based on the nutrient analyses of the forages available. The control grain mix contained standard protein sources, principally soybean and canola meal (SBM\CM) while the test grain mix was formulated to contain approximately 25% field peas as the major source of protein. Both grain rations were formulated to the same nutrient specifications and balanced for undegradable protein. The duration of the trial was 6 mo during which grain feeding levels were adjusted monthly based on milk yield. For cows in early lactation, 4% fat-corrected milk yield was higher (P < 0.05) for cows fed pea based concentrates (31.3 kg d−1) than for cows fed SBM\CM supplement (29.7 kg d−1). Fat-corrected milk yield was not affected by source of protein in mid- and late-lactation cows. Fat-corrected milk production was not different (P > 0.05) for cows fed SBM\CM compared with cows fed the pea supplement when cows across all stages of lactation were included in the analyses. Milk fat percent was significantly higher (P < 0.05) for early- and mid-lactation cows fed the pea supplement. The results suggest that peas can be substituted for SBM\CM as a protein source for high-producing dairy cows. Key words: Dairy cow, pea, soybean and canola meal supplement, undegradable protein, milk production

EFFECT OF STAGE OF LACTATION AND DIET ON SERUM INSULIN LEVEL AND MONONUCLEAR LEUKOCYTE INSULIN RECEPTOR CHARACTERISTICS IN DAIRY COWS

1987 ◽  
Vol 67 (3) ◽  
pp. 721-733 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. D. KENNEDY ◽  
J. R. INGALLS ◽  
W. M. PALMER ◽  
F. R. TEKPETEY
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Insulin Receptor ◽  
Milk Yield ◽  
Sunflower Seed ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Serum Insulin ◽  
Mononuclear Leukocytes ◽  
Mononuclear Leukocyte ◽  
Acid Detergent Fiber ◽  
Stage Of Lactation

Blood was collected from and measurements were made of body weight and ultrasonic backfat (US) in ten 2–6 yr old Holstein cows at 8 wk prepartum, 3 d postpartum and at 4, 6 and 12 wk of lactation. Cows were fed a low-fat (LF) total mixed ration containing 3.0% either extract and 13.6% acid detergent fiber ad libitum until day 15 postpartum when some of the diet concentrate was replaced by whole sunflower seeds (four cows) or sunflower seed hulls, sunflower seed meal and tallow (two cows) to yield diets high in fat (6.7 and 6.9%, respectively) and acid detergent fiber (18.1 and 17.9%, respectively). All diets were formulated to have a NE1 of 7.07 MJ kg−1 dry matter and were isonitrogenous. Milk yield and composition were measured daily during each week of blood collection. Radioimmunoassay for insulin was performed on eight serum samples collected at 0.5-h intervals commencing at 0730 h. Specific cell binding (SB) of insulin as well as number of and affinity constants for high affinity (N1, K1, respectively) and low affinity (N2, K2, respectively) insulin receptors were determined on mononuclear leukocytes (MNL) isolated from 250 mL of whole blood. Throughout the trial the US measurement in cows on the LF diet was greater than in cows on the high-fat (HF) diets. Body weight, dry matter intake and milk yield were similar in HF and LF fed cows. Serum insulin concentration was lower 3 d postpartum than prepartum and had increased by 4 wk of lactation. The increase was greater with HF feeding. Insulin SB to MNL was negatively correlated to body weight and N1 was positively correlated to US measurement. Percent insulin SB to MNL at 12 wk of lactation (8.4 ± 1.6) was lower than that found for all other stages of lactation. There was no effect of diet or stage of lactation on K1 and K2 values. At 4 wk of lactation N2 (1.44 ± 0.15 × 104 sites cell−1) was 100 and 50% greater than at 6 and 12 wk of lactation, respectively. Prepartum N2 (1.21 ± 0.17 × 104) did not differ from N2 at any other stage of lactation. At 4 wk of lactation N1 (5.79 ± 0.73 × 102 sites cell−1) tended (P < 0.056) to be greater than that found for all other stages of lactation. There was no significant (P ≥ 0.05) effect of diet on N1, N2, K1, K2 or SB. Key words: Insulin, receptor, mononuclear leukocyte, lactation, dairy cow

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