EFFECT OF STAGE OF LACTATION AND DIET ON SERUM INSULIN LEVEL AND MONONUCLEAR LEUKOCYTE INSULIN RECEPTOR CHARACTERISTICS IN DAIRY COWS

1987 ◽  
Vol 67 (3) ◽  
pp. 721-733 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. D. KENNEDY ◽  
J. R. INGALLS ◽  
W. M. PALMER ◽  
F. R. TEKPETEY
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Insulin Receptor ◽  
Milk Yield ◽  
Sunflower Seed ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Serum Insulin ◽  
Mononuclear Leukocytes ◽  
Mononuclear Leukocyte ◽  
Acid Detergent Fiber ◽  
Stage Of Lactation

Blood was collected from and measurements were made of body weight and ultrasonic backfat (US) in ten 2–6 yr old Holstein cows at 8 wk prepartum, 3 d postpartum and at 4, 6 and 12 wk of lactation. Cows were fed a low-fat (LF) total mixed ration containing 3.0% either extract and 13.6% acid detergent fiber ad libitum until day 15 postpartum when some of the diet concentrate was replaced by whole sunflower seeds (four cows) or sunflower seed hulls, sunflower seed meal and tallow (two cows) to yield diets high in fat (6.7 and 6.9%, respectively) and acid detergent fiber (18.1 and 17.9%, respectively). All diets were formulated to have a NE1 of 7.07 MJ kg−1 dry matter and were isonitrogenous. Milk yield and composition were measured daily during each week of blood collection. Radioimmunoassay for insulin was performed on eight serum samples collected at 0.5-h intervals commencing at 0730 h. Specific cell binding (SB) of insulin as well as number of and affinity constants for high affinity (N1, K1, respectively) and low affinity (N2, K2, respectively) insulin receptors were determined on mononuclear leukocytes (MNL) isolated from 250 mL of whole blood. Throughout the trial the US measurement in cows on the LF diet was greater than in cows on the high-fat (HF) diets. Body weight, dry matter intake and milk yield were similar in HF and LF fed cows. Serum insulin concentration was lower 3 d postpartum than prepartum and had increased by 4 wk of lactation. The increase was greater with HF feeding. Insulin SB to MNL was negatively correlated to body weight and N1 was positively correlated to US measurement. Percent insulin SB to MNL at 12 wk of lactation (8.4 ± 1.6) was lower than that found for all other stages of lactation. There was no effect of diet or stage of lactation on K1 and K2 values. At 4 wk of lactation N2 (1.44 ± 0.15 × 104 sites cell−1) was 100 and 50% greater than at 6 and 12 wk of lactation, respectively. Prepartum N2 (1.21 ± 0.17 × 104) did not differ from N2 at any other stage of lactation. At 4 wk of lactation N1 (5.79 ± 0.73 × 102 sites cell−1) tended (P < 0.056) to be greater than that found for all other stages of lactation. There was no significant (P ≥ 0.05) effect of diet on N1, N2, K1, K2 or SB. Key words: Insulin, receptor, mononuclear leukocyte, lactation, dairy cow

Response of dairy cows to barley grain, tallow or whole sunflower seed as supplemental energy in early lactation

1993 ◽  
Vol 73 (2) ◽  
pp. 327-342 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. J. Boila ◽  
B. MacInnis Mabon ◽  
J. R. Ingalls
Keyword(s):  
Weight Gain ◽  
Milk Yield ◽  
Sunflower Seed ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Barley Grain ◽  
Net Energy ◽  
Apparent Difference ◽  
Early Lactation ◽  
Acid Detergent Fiber ◽  
Fat Yield

Diets containing barley grain (Bar) or supplemental lipid as tallow (Tal) or whole sunflower seed (Sun) as sources of supplemental energy in early lactation were fed to 12 primiparous (PP) and 18 multiparous (MP) cows for 12 wk starting 14 d postpartum. Diets had similar estimated net energy (lactation) content. MP cows had 9.7 and 7.9% higher milk yield with Tal and Sun, respectively, than with Bar, with no apparent difference in mean intake of dry matter (DM). The cows fed the Tal and Sun diets had lower (P < 0.05) DM intakes at weeks 10, 11 and 12 compared with DM intake at week 1 than the cows fed the Bar diet. The milk yield of PP cows was 13% lower with the Tal diet than the other two diets during weeks 1–7, with no difference between Bar and Sun during the experiment. Fat yield was 36% lower with Tal-fed PP cows than with Sun-fed PP cows and 27% higher with Tal-fed MP cows than with Sun-fed MP cows. Weight gain, as opposed to fat production, was favored with Tal-fed PP cows, while weight gain and fat production were equally favored with Sun-fed PP cows. A high acetate to propionate ratio, the result of a higher acid detergent fiber content obtained by replacing barley grain with lipid plus roughage, was responsible for the lactational response of MP cows to supplemental lipid. Key words: Dairy cow, parity, lipid, barley grain, tallow, sunflower seed

Digestibility of Nutrients as Influenced by Supplementation of Exogenous Fibrolytic Enzymes in Dry Non-pregnant Cows

2019 ◽  
Vol 14 (04) ◽  
Author(s):  
P. M, Lunagariya ◽  
R. S. Gupta ◽  
S. V. Shah ◽  
Y. G. Patel
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Weight Gain ◽  
Dairy Cows ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Body Weight Gain ◽  
The Body ◽  
Neutral Detergent Fiber ◽  
Acid Detergent Fiber ◽  
Fibrolytic Enzymes ◽  
Nitrogen Free Extract

The study was planned to evaluate the effect of exogenous fibrolytic enzymes (EFE) supplementation for 56 days @ 240 mg/kg total mixed ration (TMR) on digestibility of dry matter and nutrients in dairy cows. Six dry non-pregnant cows were assigned in each treatment with and without EFE. The digestibility trial of seven days was conducted after 49 days of feeding. Dry matter and nutrients intake of cows was not influenced by EFE. The supplementation of EFE had improved digestibility of dry matter, organic matter, crude fiber, neutral detergent fiber, cellulose (p less than 0.01), as well as digestibility of nitrogen-free extract and acid detergent fiber, was also higher (pless than 0.05). The body weight gain of cows was higher on the supplementation of EFE in TMR. The study concluded that feeding exogenous fibrolytic enzymes (240 mg/kg) supplemented TMR improved digestibility of dry matter and nutrients, which was reflected as higher body weight gain in dry non-pregnant Gir and crossbred dairy cows.

Effects of cortisol and progesterone on insulin binding and lipogenesis in adipocytes from normal and diabetic rats

1985 ◽  
Vol 106 (2) ◽  
pp. 225-231 ◽  
Author(s):  
A.-M. Mendes ◽  
R. J. Madon ◽  
D. J. Flint
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Adipose Tissue ◽  
Insulin Sensitivity ◽  
Insulin Receptor ◽  
Body Weight Gain ◽  
Serum Insulin ◽  
Insulin Binding ◽  
Serum Glucose ◽  
Diabetic Rats ◽  
Receptor Concentration

ABSTRACT Cortisol implants in normal and diabetic rats reduced body weight, adiposity, insulin receptor concentration and both basal and insulin-stimulated rates of lipogenesis in isolated adipocytes, whilst insulin sensitivity was unchanged. In normal but not diabetic rats these changes were accompanied by increased serum glucose and insulin concentrations. In contrast, progesterone implants in normal and diabetic rats increased body weight gain, adiposity, insulin receptor concentration and both basal and insulin-stimulated rates of lipogenesis in adipose tissue, again without affecting insulin sensitivity. Progesterone did not affect serum insulin concentrations in normal or diabetic rats but accelerated the decline in serum glucose concentrations which occurred during an overnight fast in diabetic rats. The results suggest that (1) cortisol inhibits lipogenesis in adipose tissue without affecting insulin sensitivity, (2) cortisol reduces insulin binding in adipose tissue without a requirement for hyperinsulinaemia, which might itself indirectly lead to down-regulation of the insulin receptor, and (3) in diabetic rats progesterone stimulates lipogenesis in adipose tissue without any increase in food intake or serum insulin concentrations suggesting that progesterone may have a direct anabolic role in adipose tissue. J. Endocr. (1985) 106, 225–231

scholarly journals Milk yield and composition, feed intake and stocking rate of crossbread cows in tropical grasses managed in a rotational grazing system

2010 ◽  
Vol 39 (7) ◽  
pp. 1548-1557 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nelson Massaru Fukumoto ◽  
Julio Cesar Damasceno ◽  
Fermino Deresz ◽  
Carlos Eugênio Martins ◽  
Antônio Carlos Cóser ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Milk Yield ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Experimental Period ◽  
The Body ◽  
Dry Matter Intake ◽  
Panicum Maximum ◽  
Stocking Rate ◽  
Rotational Grazing ◽  
Grazing System

The objective of this study was to evaluate milk yield and composition, dry matter intake, and stocking rate in pastures with tanzania grass (Panicum maximum cv. Tanzânia), star grass (Cynodon nlemfuensis cv. Estrela-Africana), and marandu grass (Brachiaria brizantha cv. Marandu). The grasses were managed in a rotational grazing system with Holstein x Zebu crossbreed cows, with a 30-day resting period and three days of paddock occupation. The pastures were fertilized with 1,000 kg/ha/year using the 20:05:20 (NPK) formula, split in three applications during the rainy season. It was used a complete random block experimental design with three factors being studied and two replications. In the experiment, four cows/paddock were used and, when it was necessary, regulator animals were added in order to obtain a supply of 7% body weight green forage dry matter. The animals were individually fed concentrate at 2 kg/day during the experimental period. Milk yield did not differ among the three grasses, with values of 9.1; 9.1; and 8.7 kg/cow/day for pastures with tanzania grass, star grass and marandu grass, respectively. Similarly, grass did not affect milk chemical composition. Stocking rate was similar among the three grasses, with values of 4.6; 4.5 and 5.0 UA/ha for tanzania grass, star grass and marandu grass, respectively. The highest dry matter intake was observed for tanzania grass with 2.6% of the body weight while stargrass (2.3%) and marandu grass (2.4%) did not differ among each other. The highest dry matter intake on tanzania grass pasture was not reflected on milk yield per animal. Milk yield and composition and stocking rate are similar among the evaluated grasses.

scholarly journals The Performance and Carcass Characteristics of Black Baladi Kids Fed Diets with Graded Quantities of Sweet Lupin Grain (Lupinus angustifolius)

2022 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 20
Author(s):  
Belal S. Obeidat
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Average Daily Gain ◽  
Carcass Characteristics ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Neutral Detergent Fiber ◽  
Acid Detergent Fiber ◽  
Diet Cost ◽  
Daily Gain

A study was conducted to examine how lupin grains (LUPs) feeding affected nutritional intake, digestibility, growth, and carcass characteristics in kids. A total of 24 growing black kids (initial body weight (BW) = 16.4 ± 0.49 kg) were allocated to one of three diets at random. Lupin was included in the diet at a rate of 0 (control; CON), 100 (LUP100), or 200 g/kg (LUP200) of total dry matter (DM). The trial lasted for 91 days divided into 7 and 84 days to be used for adaptation and data collection, respectively. Feed intake was evaluated daily throughout the study. At the commencement and the end of the study, each kid’s body weight was measured to determine its average daily gain (ADG). On day 70, 5 kids were chosen at random from each group to investigate nutrient in vivo digestibility and N balance. At the end of the study, all of the kids were slaughtered to examine carcass features. Nutrient intakes (neutral detergent fiber, acid detergent fiber, and ether extract) were higher (p ≤ 0.01) in LUP-containing diets than in the CON diet. The average daily gain was greater (p ≤ 0.03) in diets containing lupin grains than in the CON diet. Cost of gain ($US/kg growth) was lower (p = 0.004) in kids fed diets containing lupin than the CON diet. Dry matter and CP digestibility rates were greater (p ≤ 0.03) in lupin diets. Retained N was higher (p = 0.04) in lupin-containing diets than in the CON diet. Cold carcass weight was higher (p < 0.05) for kids consuming the LUP100 diet than the CON diet. In lupin diets, carcass cut weights were higher (p < 0.05). Results of the current study indicate that feeding black kids diets containing lupin grains at 100 or 200 g/kg DM basis is cost effective and would increase profitability.

Hygienic quality, milk yield and basic composition of sheep milk depending on the stage of lactation

2016 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
pp. 9-15
Author(s):  
Sylwia Bielińska-Nowak ◽  
Grażyna Czyżak-Runowska
Keyword(s):  
Somatic Cell ◽  
Cell Count ◽  
Milk Yield ◽  
Somatic Cell Count ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Microbiological Quality ◽  
Basic Composition ◽  
Stage Of Lactation ◽  
Sheep Milk

The aim of the study was to determine the influence of the stage of lactation on the yield and quality of sheep milk. The material for the investigation was milk from morning milking of 30 East Friesian sheep in their third to fifth lactation. Milking began after the lambs were weaned and continued for about 120 days. Milk samples were collected individually from the sheep in three stages of lactation: at its peak, during the stabilized stage and at the end (late) lactation. Daily milk yield, total bacterial count, somatic cell count and the basic composition of the milk were determined. The microbiological quality of the milk was very high and the somatic cell count was favourable. As lactation progressed the somatic cell count increased while microbiological quality remained stable. At the end of lactation a significant increase was noted in the concentration of dry matter, protein and fat, accompanied by a decrease in lactose concentration, in comparison with the peak of lactation. Yield was shown to be negatively correlated with fat (–0.63; p≤0.01) and dry matter (–0.53; p≤0.01) and positively correlated with lactose (0.61; p≤0.01).

Investigation of major gene for milk yield, milking speed, dry matter intake, and body weight in dairy cattle

2006 ◽  
Vol 47 (4) ◽  
pp. 337-343 ◽  
Author(s):  
Burak Karacaören ◽  
Haja N. Kadarmideen ◽  
Luc L. G. Janss
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Dairy Cattle ◽  
Milk Yield ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Major Gene ◽  
Dry Matter Intake

scholarly journals Replacing Part of Glucose with Galactose in the Postweaning Diet Protects Female But Not Male Mice from High-Fat Diet–Induced Adiposity in Later Life

2019 ◽  
Vol 149 (7) ◽  
pp. 1140-1148 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lianne M S Bouwman ◽  
José M S Fernández-Calleja ◽  
Inge van der Stelt ◽  
Annemarie Oosting ◽  
Jaap Keijer ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Insulin Receptor ◽  
High Fat Diet ◽  
Serum Insulin ◽  
Later Life ◽  
Partial Replacement ◽  
Model Assessment ◽  
High Fat ◽  
Female Mice ◽  
Subcutaneous White Adipose Tissue

ABSTRACT Background Duration of breastfeeding is positively associated with decreased adiposity and increased metabolic health in later life, which might be related to galactose. Objective The aim of this study was to investigate if partial replacement of glucose with galactose in the postweaning diet had a metabolic programming effect. Methods Male and female mice (C57BL/6JRccHsd) received an isocaloric diet (16 energy% fat; 64 energy% carbohydrates; 20 energy% protein) with either glucose (32 energy%) (GLU) or glucose + galactose (GLU + GAL, 16 energy% each) for 3 wk postweaning. Afterwards, all mice were switched to the same 40 energy% high-fat diet (HFD) for 9 wk to evaluate potential programming effects in an obesogenic environment. Data were analyzed within sex. Results Female body weight (−14%) and fat mass (−47%) were significantly lower at the end of the HFD period (both P < 0.001) among those fed GLU + GAL than among those fed GLU; effects in males were in line with these findings but nonsignificant. Food intake was affected in GLU + GAL–fed females (+8% on postweaning diet, −9% on HFD) compared with GLU-fed females, but not for hypothalamic transcript levels at endpoint. Also, in GLU + GAL–fed females, serum insulin concentrations (−48%, P  < 0.05) and the associated homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance (HOMA-IR) were significantly lower ( P < 0.05) at endpoint, but there were no changes in pancreas morphology. In GLU + GAL–fed females, expression of insulin receptor substrate 2 (Irs2) (−27%, P  < 0.01 ; −44%, P  < 0.001) and the adipocyte size markers leptin (Lep) (−40%, P  < 0.05; −63% , P  < 0.05) and mesoderm-specific transcript homolog protein (Mest) (−80%, P < 0.05; −72%, P  < 0.05) was lower in gonadal and subcutaneous white adipose tissue (WAT), respectively. Expression of insulin receptor substrate1 (Irs1) (−24%, P  < 0.05) was only lower in subcutaneous WAT in GLU + GAL–fed females. Conclusions Partial replacement of glucose with galactose, resulting in a 1:1 ratio mimicking lactose, in a 3-wk postweaning diet lowered body weight, adiposity, HOMA-IR, and expression of WAT insulin signaling in HFD-challenged female mice in later life. This suggests that prolonged galactose intake may improve metabolic and overall health in later life.

Effect of insulin on the concentration of glucose and hormones in serum and milk yield of postpartum ewes

1991 ◽  
Vol 71 (4) ◽  
pp. 1253-1256 ◽  
Author(s):  
T. C. Pope ◽  
D. M. Hallford
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Key Words ◽  
Milk Yield ◽  
Glucose Concentration ◽  
Serum Insulin ◽  
Insulin Injection ◽  
Serum Glucose ◽  
Exogenous Insulin ◽  
Blood Samples ◽  
Ovarian Cyclicity

Eighteen mature Debouillet ewes with single lambs received either 0, 0.25 or 0.50 IU Lente insulin per kilogram body weight per day on days 11 through 20 postpartum. Hourly blood samples were obtained from 1 h before to 6 h after treatment on days 11 and 20. Serum insulin concentration was increased by 1 h after insulin injection on day 11 and was accompanied by a decrease in serum glucose concentration. By 6 h after treatment on days 11 and 20, serum glucose and insulin in ewes receiving 0.25 IU insulin had returned to control levels. Exogenous insulin did not induce ovarian cyclicity. Key words: Sheep, insulin, postpartum, anestrus, prolactin, somatotropin

Efficiency of Utilization of Tropical Grass Pastures by Lactating Cows with and Without Supplement

1969 ◽  
Vol 66 (3) ◽  
pp. 200-222
Author(s):  
J. A. Yazman ◽  
R. E. McDowell ◽  
H. Cestero ◽  
J. A. Arroyo-Aguilú ◽  
J. D. Rivera-Anaya ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Milk Yield ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Supplementary Feeding ◽  
High Rate ◽  
Stocking Rate ◽  
Pasture Grass ◽  
Protein Nitrogen ◽  
Lactating Cows ◽  
Tropical Grass

Records of milk yield, fat percent, body weight, reproduction and health of 506 calvings of 362 cows were used for estimating the efficiency of utilization of tropical grass pastures by lactating cows fed on grazing alone or grazing with various types of supplement. There were seven feeding systems: grazing alone (T1); grazing plus supplement with ground maize (T2); with molasses (T3); with concentrate (T5); or with urea-molasses (T6), at the rate of 1.0 kg per 2.0 kg milk in excess of 10 kg of milk per day and of 2.5 cows per ha; or grazing plus concentrate feeding of 1.0 kg per 2.0 kg milk irrespective of milk yield at a stocking rate either of 2.5 cows (T4) or 5-0 cows (T7) per ha. All supplement systems had significantly higher yields of milk, fat and fat-corrected milk than grazing alone. Level of fat percent paralleled dependence on intake of forage. Supplement also extended days in milk. System of feeding was significant for body weight gain, time to reach peak milk yield, the level of peak yield, persistency of milk yield, days open, time from first breeding to conception, and calving interval. High levels of supplement (T4, T7) increased weight gains, time to reach peak yield, and persistency, but lowered breeding efficiency. On medium levels (T3, T5, T6), the efficiency (Meal/kg dry matter) of utilization of supplement for milk production was satisfactory, but unsatisfactory on high supplement levels (T4, T7). Supplements as high or higher than those in the grass treatments supplemented with non-protein nitrogen (urea-molasses) or crude protein (concentrate) gave a more efficient utilization than either maize or molasses. During the first 150 days of lactation, cows on grazing alone averaged 14.3 kg pasture grass dry matter intake per day, or 2.9% of body weight. Cows on low supplement (T2, T3, T5, T6) averaged 24 to 29% less; and cows on high supplement, nearly 60% less intake. Type of supplement had little influence on pasture grass dry matter (PGDM) intake. When the genetic potential for milk yield of cows exceeds 3,000 kg, supplementary feeding appears economically feasible. Even under the high levels of nitrogen fertilization employed, there was a rise in average milk yield with intakes of protein from the supplementary feed. Supplementary feeding with tropical grass pastures caused a high rate of substitution; hence, the efficiency of use of PGDM is lowered unless stocking rate is carefully adjusted.

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