EFFECT OF PLANES OF NUTRITION ON WINTERING PREGNANT BEEF COWS

1968 ◽  
Vol 48 (2) ◽  
pp. 145-154 ◽  
Author(s):  
W. A. Jordan ◽  
E. E. Lister ◽  
G. J. Rowlands
Keyword(s):  
Vitamin A ◽  
National Research Council ◽  
Beef Cows ◽  
Weight Changes ◽  
Vitamin A Supplementation ◽  
Weight Losses ◽  
Supplemental Vitamin ◽  
Digestible Protein ◽  
Level I ◽  
Four Levels

During each of 4 years, 32 Shorthorn cows were individually fed at four levels during winter pregnancy and barn-nursing: (I) ad libitum corn silage plus 1.0 kg mixed hay per 100 kg initial body weight, daily; (II), (III) and (IV) approximately 80, 60 and 40%, respectively, of level-I intake. Half of the cows on each level received 0.45 kg linseed oilmeal (LOM) per head, daily, and half of both the LOM and no-LOM cows received supplemental vitamin A (84,000 IU per head, weekly). Considering only non-supplemented cows, levels of digestible protein and total digestible nutrients recommended by the National Research Council (U.S.) for winter-pregnancy feeding of beef cows were between levels I and II. During barn-nursing, even level-I cows fed LOM were substandard in relation to NRC recommendations.Average daily weight changes (ADWC) during both pregnancy and barn-nursing differed significantly (P < 0.05) and directly with decreasing levels of feed. ADWC’s on pasture also differed significantly (P < 0.05) but inversely with decreasing levels of winter feed. Aggregate yearly ADWC’s were significantly (P < 0.05) lower for level IV than for the other three levels. There was no significant (P > 0.05) interaction between LOM supplementation and level of feeding in relation to ADWC at any time. During pregnancy, LOM supplementation significantly (P < 0.05) decreased weight losses, whereas during the pasture season cows previously supplemented with LOM gained significantly (P < 0.05) less. There was no effect of LOM supplementation on ADWC during barn-nursing or aggregate yearly ADWC. No effect of vitamin A supplementation on ADWC or reproduction was noted.The results indicate that pregnant beef cows can lose substantial amounts of flesh during winter feeding and recover satisfactorily on pasture, although level-IV cows were at or below the limit for full weight recovery. Level-I cows were excessively fat throughout the experiment.

A preliminary study of protein requirements of African cattle

1963 ◽  
Vol 61 (3) ◽  
pp. 417-420 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. C. Elliott
Keyword(s):  
Protein Content ◽  
National Research Council ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
Weight Changes ◽  
Protein Requirements ◽  
African Cattle ◽  
Preliminary Study ◽  
Digestible Protein ◽  
Daily Gain ◽  
Subsequent Improvement

1. A preliminary study of the protein requirements of young steers of two breeds of African cattle has been described. These requirements were assessed by studying body weight changes of groups of animals fed for 140 days on rations varying in protein content.2. There were only small differences between the breeds in their voluntary food intake while appetite seemed to be linearly related to protein content.3. The two breeds were equally efficient in food and protein utilization.4. Live-weight gain improved significantly as the protein content of the ration increased from 6 to 10%, but a further increase to 14% produced only a small subsequent improvement in growth.5. Maintenance of weight was estimated to occur at a digestible protein intake of only 48% of that recommended by Brody (1945), while the required digestible protein for one pound daily gain was in agreement with the National Research Council (1950) standard.

scholarly journals EFFECT OF VARYING PLANES OF WINTER NUTRITION OF BEEF COWS ON CALF PERFORMANCE TO WEANING

1968 ◽  
Vol 48 (2) ◽  
pp. 155-161 ◽  
Author(s):  
W. A. Jordan ◽  
E. E. Lister ◽  
G. J. Rowlands
Keyword(s):  
Birth Weight ◽  
Vitamin A ◽  
Average Daily Gain ◽  
Daily Intake ◽  
Beef Cows ◽  
Protein Supplementation ◽  
Body Measurements ◽  
Body Depth ◽  
Average Birth Weight ◽  
Four Levels

For 4 consecutive years, calf production was compared for Shorthorn cows fed at four levels during winter pregnancy and barn-nursing: (I) ad libitum corn silage plus 1.0 kg mixed hay/100 kg initial body weight daily; (II), (III) and (IV) approximately 80, 60 and 40%, respectively, of level-I intake. Half of the cows on each level received 0.45 kg linseed oilmeal (LOM) per head, daily, and half of both the LOM and no-LOM cows received supplemental vitamin A (84,000 IU per head, weekly).Neither the 4-year average birth weight (32.8, 32.3, 34.8, 32.4 kg for levels I to IV, respectively) nor the 4-year average daily gain to weaning (0.85, 0.89, 0.89, 0.89 kg for levels I to IV, respectively) were significantly different (P > 0.05). The 4-year average wither height and body depth at birth were similarly not different for the four levels. Supplementing the dam’s ration with LOM and/or vitamin A had no significant (P > 0.05) effect on either weight and body measurements at birth or gain to weaning. It was only during year 3, when level-IV cows’ (non-LOM-supplemented) daily intake was 0.033 kg digestible protein and 0.36 kg total digestible nutrients per 100 kg initial weight, that protein supplementation significantly (P < 0.05) increased birth weight and body measurements of their calves. There was little difference in survival of calves from cows fed at different levels or fed LOM versus no LOM. Contrary to expectations, vitamin A-supplemented cows appeared to produce calves with poorer survival.

The composition of body-weight changes in underfed lactating beef cows

1981 ◽  
Vol 32 (1) ◽  
pp. 95-103 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. R. N. Chigaru ◽  
J. H. Topps
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Milk Production ◽  
Milk Yield ◽  
Deuterium Oxide ◽  
Tritiated Water ◽  
Body Weight Loss ◽  
Beef Cows ◽  
Weight Changes ◽  
Weight Losses ◽  
Unit Body Weight

ABSTRACTThe effects of reducing the feed intake of 12 winter-calving (Hereford male × British Friesian female) cows to the maintenance level for 6 weeks from week 10 of lactation were investigated during two consecutive lactation periods. Initially, six cows were in their first and six in their third lactation. In each year the period of ‘underfeeding’ was preceded by a period of ‘adequate feeding’ (maintenance plus milk production requirements) and succeeded by a period of ‘refeeding’ (2 × maintenance). Changes in body water, estimated by the dilution of tritiated water and deuterium oxide at the end of each feeding period, were used to calculate changes in body tissue. Milk yield during the period of ‘adequate feeding’ indicated that individual cows differed markedly in milk production potential. During ‘underfeeding’ milk yield was related to lactation potential. Cows of higher potential tended to maintain higher yields than those of lower potential but in doing so they incurred higher body-weight losses. The ‘refeeding’ period did not result in significant increases in milk yield. The weight losses during ‘underfeeding’ consisted mainly of fat but some cows apparently mobilized relatively large amounts of protein. More fat per unit body weight loss was mobilized by the heifers than by the cows, which, on the other hand appeared to mobilize relatively more protein. On ‘refeeding’, only a few cows were able to achieve complete tissue repletion.

Effects of Supplemental Vitamin A on Retinoic Acid Concentrations in the Plasma of Preruminant Calves

2000 ◽  
Vol 70 (6) ◽  
pp. 278-286 ◽  
Author(s):  
Brian Nonnecke ◽  
Ronald Horst ◽  
Dana Hammell ◽  
Sharon Franklin
Keyword(s):  
Retinoic Acid ◽  
Vitamin A ◽  
Research Council ◽  
Plasma Concentrations ◽  
National Research Council ◽  
The United States ◽  
Dietary Vitamin ◽  
Milk Replacer ◽  
Retinoic Acids ◽  
Supplemental Vitamin

Neonatal calves are fed frequently milk replacers with vitamin A concentrations exceeding those recommended by the National Research Council. The vitamin A metabolite, retinoic acid (RA), affects profoundly cellular differentiation and homeostasis. For this reason, effects of dietary vitamin A on plasma concentrations of RA isomers in milk replacer-fed calves were examined. Male, Holstein calves (n = 24) were fed colostrum within 12 hours after birth and, thereafter, a custom-formulated low vitamin A milk replacer providing 0, 1700 [National Research Council (NRC) daily requirement for young growing calves] (controls), 34000 (industry standard in the United States) or 68000 IU of vitamin A daily. Concentrations of retinol and RA isomers in plasma samples collected from birth to 27 days of age were determined by HPLC. Retinol was affected by dietary vitamin A with higher concentrations occurring in calves supplemented with >= 34000 IU of vitamin A/day than in control (1700 IU of vitamin daily) and unsupplemented calves. Relative to controls, concentrations of all isomers of RA were higher in calves supplemented with >= 34000 of vitamin A daily during the experimental period. The predominant isomer in all calves was 9,13-dicis-RA. In control calves, 9,13-dicis-RA and 9-cis-RA were maximal at 1 to 6 days of age and then decreased progressively. In calves fed >= 34000 IU of vitamin A daily, concentrations of these isomers were markedly higher at 6 days of age, relative to controls, and remained elevated for the duration of the study. In all calves, retinol was correlated positively with 9,13-dicis- and 9-cis-RA from 9 to 27 day of age. 9,13-cis-Retinoic acid was correlated positively with 9-cis- and 13-cis-RA from 13 to 27 days of age. It is concluded that supplementing milk replacer-fed calves with vitamin A at levels exceeding current NRC recommendations by >= 20-fold causes an elevation in plasma concentrations of retinol and retinoic acids. 9,13-dicis- and 9-cis-Retinoic acids were most affected by supplemental vitamin A. Physiologic consequences of increased plasma RA concentrations induced by high dietary levels of vitamin A warrant investigation.

Effect of Supplemental Vitamin A on the Performance of Beef Cows and Their Calves

1970 ◽  
Vol 31 (2) ◽  
pp. 428-433 ◽  
Author(s):  
T. N. Meacham ◽  
K. P. Bovard ◽  
B. M. Priode ◽  
J. P. Fontenot
Keyword(s):  
Vitamin A ◽  
Beef Cows ◽  
Supplemental Vitamin

BREED CROSS DIFFERENCES IN FEED INPUTS FOR LACTATING BEEF COWS

1988 ◽  
Vol 68 (4) ◽  
pp. 1171-1186
Author(s):  
H. T. FREDEEN ◽  
G. M. WEISS ◽  
G. W. RAHNEFELD ◽  
J. E. LAWSON ◽  
J. A. NEWMAN
Keyword(s):  
Research Council ◽  
Subcutaneous Fat ◽  
National Research Council ◽  
Beef Cows ◽  
National Academy Of Sciences ◽  
Lactating Cows ◽  
Weight Losses ◽  
Maintain Body Weight ◽  
Breed Crosses ◽  
Academy Of Sciences

Feed inputs for lactation were measured over a period of approximately 120 d in dry lot confinement, for each of three successive summers, for two herds of mature beef cows. Each herd, one located at Brandon, Manitoba and one at Manyberries, Alberta, included 10 breed crosses. Nine crosses were produced by mating Charolais (C), Simmental (S), and Limousin (L) sires with Angus (A), Hereford (H), and Shorthorn (N) dams. The Hereford × Angus (HA) served as the control. The data for analysis represented a total of 760 cow years. Cow weight at the start of test (approximately 1 June) was used for estimating the basic daily feed requirements. Average subcutaneous fat at the start of test was also considered at Manyberries. Daily feed inputs were adjusted at approximately 28-d intervals with allowances increased (decreased) as required to correct for losses (gains) of weight or fat of the drylot cows relative to contemporary lactating cows on pasture. This procedure resulted in feed inputs that were considerably in excess of the estimated (NRC-NAS) daily allowances for cows of superior milking ability during the first 3–4 mo of lactation. The heaviest breed cross (CH at Manyberries and CN at Brandon) consumed the most feed, while the lightest breed crosses (HA and LA) consumed the least. Estimated digestible energy offered in the final year averaged 20% (Brandon) and 14% (Manyberries) above National Academy of Sciences — National Research Council (1984) requirements, but these feeding levels were not sufficient to maintain body weight during lactation. Particularly large weight losses at both locations (12–29 kg) were recorded by the LN, SH, SA and SN breed crosses, although the feed allowances for these crosses were above the station averages at both locations. Key words: Beef cows, crossbreds, energy requirements, lactation

scholarly journals Impact of Maternal Daily Oral Low-Dose Vitamin A Supplementation on the Mother–Infant Pair: A Randomised Placebo-Controlled Trial in China

Nutrients ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (7) ◽  
pp. 2370
Author(s):  
Ye Ding ◽  
Ping Hu ◽  
Yue Yang ◽  
Fangping Xu ◽  
Fang Li ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Health Status ◽  
Breast Milk ◽  
Vitamin A ◽  
Low Dose ◽  
Maternal Serum ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Vitamin A Supplementation ◽  
Maternal Vitamin ◽  
Vitamin A Status ◽  
Lactating Mothers

Background: The nutritional status of vitamin A in lactating mothers and infants is still not optimistic. Due to the dietary habits and dietary restrictions of postpartum customs in China, vitamin A supplementation has been advocated as a potential strategy to improve vitamin A status of lactating mothers with inadequate dietary vitamin A intake. Existing clinical trials are limited to single or double high-dose maternal administrations. However, in China, vitamin A supplements are readily available in the form of daily oral low-dose supplements, and the effect of these is unknown. This study aimed to evaluate the effects of daily oral low-dose vitamin A supplementation on the retinol levels in the serum and breast milk of lactating mothers and the health status of infants in China. Methods: Lactating mothers who met the inclusion criteria and planned to continue exclusive breastfeeding were randomly assigned to receive either daily oral vitamin A and D drops (one soft capsule of 1800 IU vitamin A and 600 IU vitamin D2), or a matching placebo for 2 months. Before and after the intervention, dietary intake was investigated by instant photography, and the retinol concentration in maternal serum and breast milk was determined by ultra-high performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. During the trial, the health status of infants was diagnosed by a paediatrician or reported by lactating mothers. A total of 245 participants completed the study, with 117 in the supplementation group and 128 in the control group. Results: After the 2-month intervention, maternal serum retinol concentrations increased in the supplementation group with no change in the control group. Although breast milk retinol concentrations decreased significantly in both groups, the decrease in the supplementation group was significantly lower than that in the control group. However, maternal vitamin A supplementation was not associated with a lower risk of infant febrile illness, respiratory tract infection, diarrhoea, and eczema. Conclusions: Daily oral low-dose vitamin A supplementation is helpful in improving maternal vitamin A status, despite having no effect on infant health status through breast milk.

scholarly journals Dietary vitamin A supplementation in rats: suppression of leptin and induction of UCP1 mRNA

1999 ◽  
Vol 40 (5) ◽  
pp. 824-829 ◽  
Author(s):  
Monica V. Kumar ◽  
Gregory D. Sunvold ◽  
Philip J. Scarpace
Keyword(s):  
Vitamin A ◽  
Dietary Vitamin ◽  
Vitamin A Supplementation
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