A COMPARISON OF DIFFERENT PROCEDURES FOR THE PRODUCTION OF VEAL CALVES

1963 ◽  
Vol 43 (2) ◽  
pp. 320-326 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. B. Stone ◽  
J. C. Rennie ◽  
R. H. Ingram
Keyword(s):  
Soybean Lecithin ◽  
Average Daily Gain ◽  
Milk Replacer ◽  
Whole Milk ◽  
Holstein Calves ◽  
Commercial Milk ◽  
Dressing Percentage ◽  
Improved Performance ◽  
Feed Costs ◽  
Daily Gain

Thirty-two male Holstein calves were fed from 3 days of age to market weight on four experimental diets: whole milk, a regular commercial milk replacer, and two experimental replacers made by incorporating 10 and 15 per cent added fat. Half of the calves on each treatment were marketed on reaching a liveweight of 225 pounds and the rest were marketed at 275 pounds.The whole milk treatment resulted in higher daily gains, dressing percentage, fat per cent in the carcass, and returns over feed costs, when milk was valued at less than $3.00 per hundred. The experimental replacer with 10 per cent fat (9 parts tallow, 1 part soybean lecithin) did not improve performance over the commercial milk replacer, except for the amount of fat in the carcass. This was due, at least in part, to a health problem encountered on two occasions with the calves on the 10 per cent fat replacer. The addition of 15 per cent fat improved performance, as compared to the commercial milk replacer, and no health problems were encountered. Growth rate on the 15 per cent fat treatment, dressing percentage and returns over feed costs were higher than for the 10 per cent fat treatment. In addition, both of the experimental replacers gave higher fat in the carcass than the regular milk replacer. Calves marketed at 275 pounds as compared to 225 pounds had a higher average daily gain and yielded more fat in the carcass.

Comparison of three different step-down feeding to weaning programmes on performance, body measurements and age at first breeding of Holstein heifers

2018 ◽  
Vol 156 (2) ◽  
pp. 265-271
Author(s):  
D. Zahmatkesh ◽  
F. Niazi ◽  
M. Hossein Yazdi ◽  
E. Mahjoubi
Keyword(s):  
Dry Matter ◽  
Average Daily Gain ◽  
Feeding Regimes ◽  
Age At First Breeding ◽  
Holstein Calves ◽  
Effect Of Treatment ◽  
Step Down ◽  
Improved Performance ◽  
Daily Gain ◽  
Milk Feeding

AbstractPerformance of female Holstein calves (n = 60) were evaluated in three step-down milk feeding programmes: step-down 1 (STP1: 7.5 litres/day milk from days 1 to 21, 6 litres/day milk from days 22 to 42, 4 litres/day milk from days 43 to 63 and 2 litres/day milk from days 64 to 84 of the study); step-down 2 (STP2; 7.5 litres/day milk from days 1 to 21, 6 litres/day milk from days 22 to 42 and 2 litres/day milk from days 43 to 63 of the study); and step-down 3 (STP3; 7.5 litres/day milk from days 1 to 21, 4 litres/day milk from days 22 to 42 and 2 litres/day milk from days 43 to 63 of the study). Intakes of starter were monitored daily and body weight (BW), average daily gain (ADG) and wither height (WH) were measured monthly. Calves in STP3 had lower dry matter intake between 22 and 42 days than STP2 animals, but starter intake was greater in STP2 and STP3 calves than those in the STP1 treatment between 43–63 and 64–84 days. Total ADG was greater in STP2 and STP3 animals than in STP1 calves. No effect of treatment was observed on breeding age, BW, WH or service per conception. In addition, conception rate at first breeding was not influenced by treatment. It was concluded that the STP2 and STP3 milk feeding regimes improved performance in calves and there was no benefit in feeding milk for longer than 63 days in terms of breeding outcomes.

scholarly journals SYSTEM OF AUTOMATED DRINKING OF WHOLE MILK SUBSTITUTE WITHOUT PIGLETS DEPOSITION: HOW DOES IT AFFECT THE INTENSITY OF THEIR GROWTH AND SAFETY

PIG-BREEDING ◽  
2021 ◽  
pp. 15-17
Author(s):  
CHUS R.V. ◽  
◽  
GAPONENKO V.N. ◽  
KRYUCHIN D.V. ◽  
KOSCHAEV A.G. ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Average Daily Gain ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
Milk Replacer ◽  
Suckling Period ◽  
Idle Period ◽  
Whole Milk ◽  
Milk Substitute ◽  
Suckling Piglets ◽  
Daily Gain

The effectiveness of using the CulinaCup system for feeding suckling piglets with a substitute for whole milk has been studied. The use of automated feeding equipment for whole milk replacer made it possible to increase the safety of piglets during the suckling period by 2.1%, live weight at weaning by 9.2%, average daily gain by 12.1%, increase the number of weaners per sow by 3.7 heads and reduce the duration of the idle period by 0.8 days.

scholarly journals Feeding a calf starter containing monensin alone or in combination with an oregano, and cobalt blend to Holstein calves

2020 ◽  
Vol 98 (7) ◽  
Author(s):  
Jianping Wu ◽  
Jinsheng Guo ◽  
Ting Liu ◽  
Hao Chen ◽  
Yan Bai ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Growth Performance ◽  
Average Daily Gain ◽  
Immunoglobulin A ◽  
Experimental Period ◽  
Immunoglobulin M ◽  
Gut Health ◽  
Calf Growth ◽  
Whole Milk ◽  
Holstein Calves ◽  
Daily Gain

Abstract Gut health is critically important for growing neonatal calves, and nutritional technologies are needed to prevent disease and stress challenges. Previous work feeding monensin (MON) in combination with an oregano, prebiotic, and cobalt-lactate (EOC) blend had demonstrated improved calf gut health and growth performance. The objective of this study was to evaluate the growth performance of calves fed MON and EOC alone or in combination. Eighty (80) newborn Holstein (37) female and (43) male calves were randomly assigned to one of four treatments arranged in a 2 × 2 factorial (MON and EOC). Treatments were: 1) Control: without MON or EOC added to the calf starter (CS); 2) MON: 50.8 mg/kg CS (Elanco, Greenfield, IN); 3) EOC: 44.1 mg/kg CS (Rum-A-Fresh, Ralco Inc. Marshall, MN); 4) MON + EOC: MON and EOC added to CS. Calves were fed colostrum followed by whole milk through weaning at 42 d, while CS was fed ad libitum through the 70-d experimental period. The MON by EOC interaction was found to be nonsignificant (P > 0.41) for growth performance. Calves fed without or with MON demonstrated similar (P > 0.70) body weight (BW; 68.7 and 68.9 kg without and with MON, respectively), while calves fed EOC demonstrated greater (P < 0.01) BW (67.3 and 70.4 kg without and with EOC, respectively) compared with calves fed without EOC. Calves fed a CS containing MON were similar (P > 0.47) in average daily gain (ADG; 0.88 and 0.91 kg/d) compared with calves fed without MON; however, feeding calves a CS with EOC increased (P < 0.01) ADG (0.84 and 0.95 kg/d) by 13% through the 70-d experimental period compared with calves not fed EOC. Frame measurements indicated that the greater ADG was due to increased (P < 0.10) frame growth for calves fed essential oils (EO) compared with calves fed without EO. A MON by EOC interaction (P < 0.01) for serum propionate concentration demonstrated calves fed MON + EOC and EOC were greater (P < 0.05) compared with calves fed Control, while calves fed MON were intermediate and different (P < 0.05). Feeding calves a CS with EOC increased (P < 0.04) immunoglobulin A, immunoglobulin G, and immunoglobulin M concentrations compared with calves fed without EOC. A MON by EOC interaction was detected (P < 0.01) for total tract starch digestibility for calves fed EOC or MON + EOC demonstrating greater (P < 0.05) starch digestibilities than Control-fed calves. These data demonstrate that EOC and MON fed in combination was not beneficial for enhancing the growth performance, but that calf growth performance can be improved with EOC compared with MON.

Effects of dam parity and pre-weaning average daily gain of Holstein calves on future milk production

2016 ◽  
Vol 83 (4) ◽  
pp. 453-455 ◽  
Author(s):  
Fatemeh Hoseyni ◽  
Ehsan Mahjoubi ◽  
Davood Zahmatkesh ◽  
Mehdi Hossein Yazdi
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Milk Production ◽  
Milk Yield ◽  
Average Daily Gain ◽  
Lactation Performance ◽  
Whole Milk ◽  
Holstein Calves ◽  
Performance Results ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Daily Gain

This research communication describes relationships between pre-weaning average daily gain (ADG) and dam parity with future productivity of dairy calves. Higher ADG before weaning has been shown to be related to greater milk production in the first lactation of Holstein calves fed milk replacer. However, data is limited on the relationship between pre-weaning ADG and first lactation performance of Holstein calves fed whole milk. Data of three hundred and thirty-two Holstein calves from 35 primiparous and 297 multiparous cows was investigated to evaluate the relationship between the dam parity and pre-weaning ADG with the first lactation performance. Results indicated that birth (P < 0·01), and weaning body weight (P < 0·001) were greater in calves born from multiparous cows. Neither 305 d milk production nor pre-weaning ADG differed significantly between calves born to primiparous or multiparous cows, although milk yield tended to be higher in the former and ADG higher in the latter. Correlations between 305 d milk yield and pre-weaning ADG, dam parity and birth body weight were low and non-significant, although there was a tendency for a positive correlation between ADG and milk yield.

scholarly journals Nucleotide Supplementation to Whole Milk Has Beneficial Effects on Post-Weaning Holstein Calf Performance

Animals ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
pp. 218
Author(s):  
Yousef Abbaslou ◽  
Davood Zahmatkesh ◽  
Ehsan Mahjoubi ◽  
Mehdi Hossein Yazdi ◽  
Hamed Beiranvand ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Average Daily Gain ◽  
Free Access ◽  
Treatment Groups ◽  
Beneficial Effects ◽  
Positive Effects ◽  
Whole Milk ◽  
Calf Performance ◽  
Daily Gain ◽  
Fecal Score

The positive effects of nucleotide (NU) supplementation in milk replacer have been elucidated in infants and in dairy calves; however, NU addition to whole milk has not been evaluated previously. This study aimed to assess NU supplementation in the whole milk on calf growth and health. Thirty Holstein calves (body weight: 39.1 ± 1.0 kg; 3 d after birth) were randomly assigned to the following treatments: whole milk without any supplementation (NU0), whole milk + 0.5 g/d added a NU-containing supplement to whole milk (NUCS0.5), and whole milk + 1 g/d added a NU-containing supplement to whole milk (NUCS1). Calves were weaned at d 55 and stayed on study until d 75. Calves had free access to feed and water throughout the study. Dry matter intakes (DMI) were similar among treatments (p > 0.05) during the pre-weaning period; however, increasing NU resulted in a linear (p < 0.05) increase in DMI during the post weaning period (2158, 2432, and 2518 g/d for NU0, NUCS0.5, and NUCS1, respectively). Treatments did not affect body weight (BW) at the first and second month of study, but final BW linearly increased as NU was added (87.1, 90.6, and 95.4 kg for NU0, NUCS0.5, and NUCS1, respectively). Neither pre-weaning average daily gain nor post-weaning average daily gain was affected by treatments; accordingly, feed efficiency was similar among treatment groups. Days with loose fecal score were linearly decreased as NU was added to whole milk during the first month of life, while the fecal score did not differ among treatments until the end of the study. No difference was observed in the skeletal growth of calves in the current study. Therefore, it can be concluded that NU supplementation in the whole milk has some beneficial effects on calf performance in terms of final BW, post-weaning DMI, and less days with loose feces.

scholarly journals 401 Effect of zinc source and ractopamine hydrochloride on the growth performance and carcass characteristics of steers fed in confinement to harvest

2019 ◽  
Vol 97 (Supplement_3) ◽  
pp. 160-160
Author(s):  
John Wagner ◽  
William T Nelson ◽  
Terry Engle ◽  
Jerry Spears ◽  
Jeff Heldt ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Feed Efficiency ◽  
Average Daily Gain ◽  
Carcass Characteristics ◽  
Feedlot Cattle ◽  
Beef Steers ◽  
Live Animal ◽  
Zinc Source ◽  
Dressing Percentage ◽  
Ractopamine Hydrochloride ◽  
Daily Gain

Abstract Four hundred and thirty-two beef steers (346.3 ± 63.7 kg BW) were used to determine the effects of Zn source on feedlot cattle fed ractopamine hydrochloride. Cattle were blocked in groups of 54 by BW and housed in 48 pens containing 9 steers per pen. Pens within a weight block were randomly assigned to treatments in a 2 x 3 factorial arrangement, with factors being: 1) 0 or 30.1 mg of ractopamine HCl/kg DM fed during the final 29 days on feed; and 2) Zn source: 90 mg of supplemental Zn/kg DM from ZnSO4; Zn sulfate (67%) + Zn methionine (33%); and Zn from Zn hydroxychloride, fed through the entire feeding period. Cattle were fed a high concentrate finishing diet for 154 d and slaughtered at a commercial abattoir. Average daily gain, DMI, feed efficiency and carcass characteristics were determined after slaughter. Zinc source had no impact on live animal performance. Cattle fed ractopamine HCl had greater (P &lt; 0.01) final BW, greater (P &lt; 0.001) ADG, improved (P &lt; 0.001) G:F, heavier (P &lt; 0.01) HCW, and larger (P &lt; 0.05) longissimus muscle compared to non-ractopamine supplemented steers. There was a Zn source by ractopamine interaction (P &lt; 0.01) for dressing percentage. Cattle receiving ractopamine HCl with Zn hydroxychloride had a greater dressing percentage (P &lt; 0.05) when compared to ractopamine HCl cattle fed other Zn sources. Cattle receiving ractopamine HCl with Zn sulfate had a lesser dressing percentage (P &lt; 0.05) when compared to ractopamine HCl cattle fed other Zn sources. Additional Zn source by ractopamine HCl interactions were not significant. These data indicate that Zn source has minimal impacts on feedlot steer performance and carcass characteristics when supplemented to cattle receiving 0.0 or 30.1 mg of ractopamine HCl/kg DM.

280 Descriptive Characteristics of Preweaned Heifer Raising Practices on China Dairy Farms: Colostrum Quality, Passive Transfer Status and Growth Performance

2021 ◽  
Vol 99 (Supplement_3) ◽  
pp. 148-149
Author(s):  
Shuai Liu ◽  
Tianyu Chen ◽  
Jiaqi Li ◽  
Wenli Guo ◽  
Rong Peng ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Growth Performance ◽  
Average Daily Gain ◽  
Passive Transfer ◽  
Dairy Calves ◽  
Serum Total Protein ◽  
Average Birth Weight ◽  
Whole Milk ◽  
Report System ◽  
Few Data ◽  
Daily Gain

Abstract Few data are available on the descriptive characteristics of colostrum quality, passive transfer status and growth performance within a national population in China. This study included 110 dairy operations in 23 provinces, and data were obtained from management software, report system and questionnaires from 2015 to 2019. Data were analyzed using SAS (version 9.0, SAS Institute Inc., Cary, NC, USA). The results showed that colostrum quality was measured in 96.4% of farms and colostrum was pasteurized in 91.8% of farms. 83.6% of colostrum was excellent (Brix &gt; 22%). Colostrum could be fed to calves within 1 hour after birth in 86.4% of farms. Besides, calves that experienced failure of passive transfer (serum total protein &lt; 5.2 g/dl) decreased from 2015 to 2019 and accounted for 0.75% of calves in 2019. Most farms (48.8%) feed 400 kg - 600 kg milk during the preweaning period and whole milk was the main type of liquid diet accounting for 70.6% of farms. Meanwhile, 22.0% of farms chose to feed forage before weaning, and 90.1% of these farms fed oat hay. The average birth weight of calves was 37.8 kg and the average daily gain of preweaning calves was 848.3 g/d. For preweaning calves, the proportion of single housing was more than 60%, whereas postweaning calves were mainly raised in groups. The morbidity of preweaning calves in China decreased annually, from 43.3% in 2015 to 25.4% in 2019. Digestive diseases and respiratory diseases were two main diseases, and accounted for 46.0% and 38.4%, respectively. This study provides an overview on dairy calves raising practices in China.

A preliminary evaluation of growth and carcass traits in Alpine and Boer goat crosses

1998 ◽  
Vol 78 (2) ◽  
pp. 229-232 ◽  
Author(s):  
L. A. Goonewardene ◽  
P. A. Day ◽  
N. Patrick ◽  
H. D. Scheer ◽  
D. Patrick ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Key Words ◽  
Average Daily Gain ◽  
Carcass Traits ◽  
Preliminary Evaluation ◽  
Muscle Area ◽  
Boer Goat ◽  
Dressing Percentage ◽  
Daily Gain

Birth weights of Boer (BO) sired kids were 9% higher than Alpine (AL) sired kids. Weaning, 160 d weight and preweaning average daily gain (ADG) were similar for the AL × AL, AL × SA and BO × AL. Breed of dam was significant (P < 0.02) for birth, weaning, 100-d weight, and preweaning ADG. Similar dressing percentage (DP) and ribeye muscle area (REA) were observed among AL × AL, AL × SP, and BO × SP crosses. Key words: Crossbreeding, Boer, Alpine, growth, carcass, ultrasound

scholarly journals Supplementation of Holstein dairy calves fed two levels of crude protein with methionine and lysine

2020 ◽  
Vol 50 (3) ◽  
pp. 442-451
Author(s):  
M. Niroumand ◽  
K. Rezayazdi ◽  
M. Ganjkhanlou
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acid ◽  
Crude Protein ◽  
Average Daily Gain ◽  
Dairy Calves ◽  
Clear Trend ◽  
Reduced Body ◽  
Holstein Calves ◽  
Amino Acid Balance ◽  
Immunoglobin G ◽  
Daily Gain

This study aimed to investigate various levels of crude protein (CP) in starter diets and their supplementation with amino acids (AAs) on efficiency, health, and serum metabolites of dairy calves. Ninety-six newborn Holstein calves were allocated to eight treatments, namely T1) 18% CP unsupplemented starter, T2) T1 supplemented with additional 20% methionine, T3) T1 with additional 20% lysine and 20% methionine, T4) T1 with additional 20% lysine, T5) 22% CP unsupplemented starter, T6) T5 supplemented with additional 20% methionine, T7) T5 supplemented with additional 20% lysine and 20% methionine, and T8) T5 supplemented with additional 20% lysine. Consumption of the starter was not influenced by the level of CP. Calves that received the unsupplemented 22% CP starter had higher average daily gain (ADG) and final weight. But no significant differences among diets were found in feed efficiency. Skeletal growth did not exhibit a clear trend. Calves that received T3 had fewer bouts of diarrhea and reduced body temperature. However, there were no significant dietary effects on immunoglobin G (IgG) or total protein concentration in blood. T1–T3 decreased serum urea concentration. Thus, use of T3 resulted in an improved amino acid balance, and was less expensive than the 22% CP starter.Keywords: amino acid, feed intake, immunity, pre-ruminant calf

INHERITANCE AND PLANE OF NUTRITION IN SWINE: I. EFFECTS OF SEASON, PLANE OF NUTRITION, SEX AND SIRE ON FEEDLOT PERFORMANCE AND CARCASS CHARACTERISTICS

1963 ◽  
Vol 43 (1) ◽  
pp. 72-85 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. N. Plank ◽  
R. T. Berg
Keyword(s):  
Average Daily Gain ◽  
Feed Consumption ◽  
Feed Conversion ◽  
Performance Score ◽  
Feedlot Performance ◽  
Sex Effects ◽  
Genetic Groups ◽  
Relative Response ◽  
Dressing Percentage ◽  
Daily Gain

Four trials, involving 124 pigs, were conducted to study the effects of differing planes of nutrition on swine characteristics and to study the relative response of specific genetic groups of pigs to these differing planes. Seasonal and sex effects were also evaluated. Equalized limited feeding to a scale of 75 per cent of the U.S. N.R.C. recommended levels for bacon hogs was compared to liberal feeding wherein pigs were fed to appetite three times daily and to ad libitum feeding.Winter-fed pigs grew slower, were less efficient, had a higher dressing percentage and shorter carcasses than summer-fed pigs.As the plane of nutrition increased, average daily gains increased, feed conversion ratios were correspondingly inferior, dressing percentage rose, backfat thickness increased and area of loin and total Record of Performance score decreased.Females outgained barrows under equalized limited feeding, whereas barrows outgained females at a similar feed requirement by eating more feed under liberal feeding. Female carcasses were superior to those of barrows with a tendency for the differences to be greater under the equalized limited feeding system.Genotype × plane of nutrition interactions were significant for average daily feed consumed (P <.05), average daily gain (P <.01), length (P <.05), and total R.O.P. score (P <.01). Under equalized limited feeding pigs with the ability to gain both rapidly and efficiently tended to produce superior carcasses while under liberal feeding rapid gains seemed to reflect mainly increased feed consumption and a trend toward inferior feed conversion and fatter carcasses.

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