THE EFFECT OF LEVELS OF SODIUM SALTS IN THE FEED AND DRINKING WATER ON THE OCCURRENCE OF ASCITES AND EDEMA IN TURKEY POULTS

1961 ◽  
Vol 41 (2) ◽  
pp. 161-166 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. R. Robblee ◽  
D. R. Clandinin
Keyword(s):  
Drinking Water ◽  
Sodium Chloride ◽  
Sodium Salts ◽  
Turkey Poults ◽  
Low Levels ◽  
Four Levels

An experiment was conducted to study the effects of levels of sodium salts in the feed and drinking water on the occurrence of ascites and edema in turkey poults. Poults were fed rations containing four levels of added sodium chloride: 0, 0.5, 1.0 and 2 per cent in combination with six levels of a 3:2:1 mixture of Na2SO4; NaCl and NaHCO3 added to the drinking water; 0, 750, 1500, 3000, 4500 and 6000 parts per million.Rate of mortality and incidence of ascites and edema were influenced by the amount of salt added to the feed as well as by the concentration of salts in the drinking water. With higher levels of salt in the feed lower levels of salts in the water were toxic, while with low levels of salt in the feed poults were able to tolerate higher levels of salts in the drinking water.Mortality and incidence of ascites and edema increased sharply at 3 days of age, reached a peak at 6 days of age and declined and stopped after 12 days on treatment.

Inhibition of Glyceraldehyde Phosphate Dehydrogenase by Salts other than Lithium Chloride

Development ◽  
1956 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
pp. 93-95
Author(s):  
Richard G. Ham ◽  
Robert E. Eakin
Keyword(s):  
Sodium Chloride ◽  
Lithium Chloride ◽  
Specific Effect ◽  
Lithium Ion ◽  
Developmental Changes ◽  
Lithium Ions ◽  
Sodium Salts ◽  
Glyceraldehyde Phosphate Dehydrogenase ◽  
Typical Data ◽  
Enzyme Study

Lallier (1954) has shown that 0·4 M lithium chloride strongly inactivates glyceraldehyde phosphate dehydrogenase—a finding which might partially explain some of the developmental changes found in lithium-treated embryos. In an attempt to establish an enzymatic basis for the morphological effects of lithium ion on Hydra which have been observed in this laboratory (Ham & Eakin, 1955), we have repeated the enzyme study with lithium chloride and extended it to include a number of other salts as controls. From typical data (Table 1), it is obvious that the inhibition of glyceraldehyde phosphate dehydrogenase activity is in no way a specific effect due to lithium ions. Both sodium chloride and potassium chloride produced a greater inhibition than did lithium chloride. From the various sodium salts tested, it was found that the anion may be of more importance than the cation in determining the degree of inhibition, although the cation also has some effect.

Horizontal Transmission of Escherichia coli O157:H7 during Cattle Housing

2004 ◽  
Vol 67 (12) ◽  
pp. 2651-2656 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. McGEE ◽  
L. SCOTT ◽  
J. J. SHERIDAN ◽  
B. EARLEY ◽  
N. LEONARD
Keyword(s):  
Escherichia Coli ◽  
Drinking Water ◽  
Animal Behavior ◽  
Horizontal Transmission ◽  
Escherichia Coli O157 ◽  
E Coli ◽  
Holstein Friesian ◽  
Water Feed ◽  
Low Levels ◽  
The Right

Ruminant livestock, particularly cattle, is considered the primary reservoir of Escherichia coli O157:H7. This study examines the transmission of E. coli O157:H7 within groups of cattle during winter housing. Holstein Friesian steers were grouped in six pens of five animals. An animal inoculated with and proven to be shedding a marked strain of E. coli O157: H7 was introduced into each pen. Fecal (rectal swabs) and hide samples (900 cm2 from the right rump) were taken from the 36 animals throughout the study. Water, feed, and gate or partition samples from each pen were also examined. Within 24 h of introducing the inoculated animals into the pens, samples collected from the drinking water, pen barriers, and animal hides were positive for the pathogen. Within 48 h, the hides of 20 (66%) of 30 cohort animals from the six pens were contaminated with E. coli O157:H7. The first positive fecal samples from the noninoculated cohort animals were detected 3 days after the introduction of the inoculated steers. During the 23 days of the study, 15 of 30 cohort animals shed the marked E. coli O157: H7 strain in their feces on at least one occasion. Animal behavior in the pens was monitored during a 12-h period using closed circuit television cameras. The camera footage showed an average of 13 instances of animal grooming in each pen per hour. The study suggests that transmission of E. coli O157:H7 between animals may occur following ingestion of the pathogen at low levels and that animal hide may be an important source of transmission.

Utilization of Appetite for Sodium Salts to Control Rabbit Populations by Poisoning.

1975 ◽  
Vol 2 (2) ◽  
pp. 135 ◽  
Author(s):  
K Myers
Keyword(s):  
Sodium Chloride ◽  
Early Summer ◽  
Effective Control ◽  
Sodium Salts ◽  
Control Rabbit ◽  
South Eastern ◽  
Eastern Australia ◽  
Bait Stations ◽  
South Eastern Australia

Rabbits in subalpine areas in south-eastern Australia show a marked avidity for sodium salts during the spring and early summer months. During that period rabbit populations may be controlled by allowing access to soft wooden meranti pegs impregnated with sodium chloride and sodium luoroacetate (poison 1080). If the pegs are left out as permanent bait stations they produce long-term effective control. The method should be applicable to other areas in Australia where soil sodium is very low.

Perfluorooctane sulphonate and perfluorooctanoic acid in drinking and environmental waters

2009 ◽  
Vol 367 (1904) ◽  
pp. 4119-4136 ◽  
Author(s):  
Paul C. Rumsby ◽  
Clare L. McLaughlin ◽  
Tom Hall
Keyword(s):  
Drinking Water ◽  
Activated Carbon ◽  
Water Treatment ◽  
Degradation Products ◽  
Drinking Water Treatment ◽  
Perfluorooctanoic Acid ◽  
Consumer Products ◽  
Environmental Waters ◽  
Perfluorinated Chemicals ◽  
Low Levels

Perfluorooctane sulphonate (PFOS) and perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) are chemicals that have been used for many years as surfactants in a variety of industrial and consumer products. Owing to their persistent, bioaccumulative and toxic (PBT) characteristics, PFOS has been phased out by its principal producer and the use of PFOA has been reduced. This PBT potential and a number of pollution incidents have led in recent years to an increase in studies surveying the concentrations of PFOS and PFOA in environmental waters worldwide. This paper reviews the results of these studies, as well as the monitoring that was conducted after the pollution incidents. The results of surveys suggest that PFOS and PFOA are found in environmental waters worldwide at low levels. In general, these levels are below health-based values set by international authoritative bodies for drinking water. There have been limited measurements of these chemicals in drinking water, but again these are below health-based values, except in some cases following pollution incidents. Monitoring studies suggested that where PFOS and PFOA were detected, they were at similar levels in both source and drinking water, suggesting that drinking water treatment does not remove these chemicals. However, new data show that PFOS and PFOA are effectively removed by granular activated carbon absorbers in practice. Further research is required on the newer perfluorinated chemicals that appear to be safer, but their degradation products have not as yet been fully studied.

Estimating the risk of bladder and kidney cancer from exposure to low-levels of arsenic in drinking water, Nova Scotia, Canada

2018 ◽  
Vol 110 ◽  
pp. 95-104 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nathalie Saint-Jacques ◽  
Patrick Brown ◽  
Laura Nauta ◽  
James Boxall ◽  
Louise Parker ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Drinking Water ◽  
Nova Scotia ◽  
Kidney Cancer ◽  
Low Levels

THE CULTURE OF DUNALIELLA TERTIOLECTA BUTCHER—A EURYHALINE ORGANISM

1960 ◽  
Vol 6 (3) ◽  
pp. 367-379 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jack McLachlan
Keyword(s):  
Sodium Chloride ◽  
Sea Water ◽  
Dunaliella Tertiolecta ◽  
Monovalent Cations ◽  
Minimum Requirement ◽  
Fresh Waters ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Calcium And Magnesium ◽  
Low Levels ◽  
High Concentrations

Dunaliella tertiolecta Butcher was found to be a euryhaline organism which grew at salinities ranging from 3.75 to 120‰. All the conservative elements of sea water, with the exception of chlorine, were found necessary for growth of the alga. The minimum requirement for sodium was much greater than that for any other element, and it was not possible to substitute other monovalent cations for the minimum requirement. Also, the alga could tolerate high concentrations of sodium chloride. The potassium and sulphur concentrations of the medium could be reduced to very low levels. Dunaliella could also tolerate high concentrations of these two elements. The addition of lithium to the medium inhibited the growth of the alga. High concentrations of sodium could partially eliminate the inhibition due to lithium. The minimum concentrations of calcium and magnesium necessary for growth approached the concentrations found in fresh waters. Calcium and magnesium were inhibitory at high concentrations, but the inhibition at high concentrations could be prevented if a Mg/Ca ratio of 4 was maintained over a wide range of concentrations in the medium.

Studies on salt tolerance of sheep. V. The tolerance of sheep for mixtures of sodium chloride, sodium carbonate, and sodium bicarbonate in the drinking water

1963 ◽  
Vol 14 (6) ◽  
pp. 815 ◽  
Author(s):  
AW Peirce
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Dioxide ◽  
Drinking Water ◽  
Sodium Chloride ◽  
Rain Water ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Health Food ◽  
Water Control ◽  
Entire Experiment ◽  
Daily Intakes ◽  
Saline Solutions

Six groups, each of six sheep, were fed in pens for 15 months on a ration of chaffed lucerne and wheaten hays. One group was offered rain-water to drink, another group was offered 1.30% sodium chloride, whereas the others were offered one of the following mixtures of sodium chloride, carbonate, and bicarbonate: 1.26 + 0.015 + 0.025, 1.21 + 0.04 + 0.06, 1.12 + 0.08 + 0.13, and 0.95 + 0.161+ 0.25%. The intake of all saline solutions was higher than that of rain-water, ranging from 150% above for 1.30% sodium chloride to 60% above for the highest level of carbonates; the mean daily intakes for the entire experiment by the six groups were 2.6, 6.6, 4.8, 5.7, 5.8, and 4.2 l. respectively. The intake also increased in all groups with temperature, being 40–70% higher in the hottest months than in the coldest months.Weight increase was less from 6 months onward in the group receiving 1.30% sodium chloride, and was less at certain times only in the experiment in the groups receiving 0.04 or 0.10% carbonates, than in that receiving rain-water (control group). There were no differences in weight increase between the control group and the groups receiving the highest concentrations (0.21 and 0.41%) of carbonates The saline drinking waters had no effect on the concentrations of sodium, potassium, calcium, magnesium, or chloride in the blood plasma. The concentration of carbon dioxide was higher, for the last year of the experiment, in the blood of the control group, and, for approximately one-third of the experiment, in that of the group receiving the highest level of carbonates in its drinking water, than in that of any of the groups receiving lower levels of carbonates. There were differences in blood carbon dioxide on one occasion only between the control group and that receiving the highest level of carbonates. None of the solutions used in the experiment had any adverse effect on the general health, food consumption or wool production of the sheep.

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