CO-RAL SPRAYS FOR SYSTEMIC CONTROL OF THE CATTLE GRUBS HYPODERMIC BOVIS L. AND H. LINEATUM DE VILL.

1959 ◽  
Vol 39 (1) ◽  
pp. 115-120 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. A. Khan ◽  
C. O. M. Thompson ◽  
W. L. Pelham
Keyword(s):  
Untreated Group ◽  
Lower Pressure ◽  
The Other ◽  
Ionic Surfactants ◽  
Aqueous Suspensions ◽  
Systemic Control ◽  
Wettable Powder ◽  
Shipping Fever ◽  
Spray Gun

Aqueous suspensions of 0.25, 0.5, and 0.75 per cent (weight on volume) of CO-RAL in wettable powder were sprayed on Hereford calves for the control of prehypodermic cattle grubs. Two types of CO-RAL sprays were used, one with anionic and the other with a combination of anionic and non-ionic surfactants. They were applied at pressures of 50 and 400 lb. per square inch, and when the lower pressure was used the spray gun was equipped with a hair rake to ruffle the hair. One gal. of spray per head was applied once to the backs and sides of each calf. Sprays containing 0.75 per cent CO-RAL reduced the number of grubs in treated calves by 86 and 90 per cent (P > 0.01) as compared with the number in the untreated group. There was no difference in larvicidal effects between 0.25 and 0.5 per cent sprays, both of which reduced the number of grubs by 60 to 70 per cent. Neither the surfactants used nor the pressures employed had any effect on larvicidal properties of CO-RAL sprays.None of the treated calves showed signs of organophosphorous poisoning, but an outbreak of shipping fever was noticed in the herd. Question is raised if the stress of CO-RAL sprays, which are cholinergic in effect, lowered the resistance of the treated calves to shipping fever, against which they had been vaccinated previously.

APPLICATION OF CO-RAL FOR SYSTEMIC CONTROL OF CATTLE GRUBS HYPODERMA LINEATUM (DE V1LL.) AND H. BOVIS (L.)

1960 ◽  
Vol 40 (2) ◽  
pp. 114-118
Author(s):  
M. A. Khan
Keyword(s):  
Organophosphate Poisoning ◽  
Entire Body ◽  
Emulsifiable Concentrate ◽  
Hypoderma Lineatum ◽  
Systemic Control ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Wettable Powder ◽  
Shipping Fever

Sprays of 0.5 per cent (weight by volume) CO-RAL wettaible powder (WP) in water applied to the entire body of the unweaned calves on September 12, 1958, reduced warble infestation by 99.5 per cent and gave significantly better control (P < 0.01) than similar treatments with CO-RAL emulsifiable concentrate (EC) or WP on October 30, 1958. Topline spraying in October with 0.75 per cent CO-RAL EC was as effective as similar over-all sprays applied at the same time or 0.5 per cent CO-RAL WP sprayed over-all 6 weeks earlier. There was no significant difference between the efficacies of wettable powder and emulsifiable concentrate of CO-RAL.A recurrence of shipping fever was noticed in the herd sprayed soon after weaning and shipping. This condition was not observed in calves sprayed before weaning. Clinically none of the treated calves showed any cholinergic signs of organophosphate poisoning.

The susceptibility of Glossina pallidipes Austen (Diptera: Glossinidae) to insecticide deposits on targets

1985 ◽  
Vol 75 (3) ◽  
pp. 451-458 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. J. Torr
Keyword(s):  
Glossina Pallidipes ◽  
Dry Season ◽  
The Sun ◽  
Wet Season ◽  
Emulsifiable Concentrate ◽  
Aqueous Suspensions ◽  
Wettable Powder

AbstractStudies were made of the susceptibility of wild-caught females of Glossina pallidipes Austen to deposits of DDT, dieldrin and deltamethrin on cotton canvas and Terylene netting. Aqueous suspensions of 3% dieldrin wettable powder, 3% dieldrin emulsifiable concentrate, 5·0% DDT wettable powder and 0·0625% deltamethrin flowable concentrate, were sprayed on the canvas at 0·36% litre/m2 Over 95% of the flies resting for 45 s on fresh deposits of these insecticides died within 72 h. Deposits of dieldrin, DDT and deltamethrin exposed to the sun during 140 days of the dry season produced mortalities of 100, 0 and 10% compared with 100, 75 and 100% for shaded deposits. The concentration of dieldrin and deltamethrin on exposed canvas was about 1% that on shaded canvas, but dieldrin produced photodieldrin upon exposure to the sun. Flies colliding with Terylene netting that had been immersed in 0·75–6·0% suspensions of dieldrin wettable powder and 0·01–0·1% suspensions of deltamethrin flowable concentrate produced mortalities of 100%. Deltamethrin deposits were resistant to weathering by rain, but dieldrin deposits were not. It is suggested that deltamethrin flowable concentrate should be used during the wet season and that dieldrin wettable powder should be used during the dry season. Dieldrin sprayed on an electrocuting target reduced the catch, but deltamethrin did not.

Experiments on the Effect of Residual Insecticides in Houses against Anopheles gambiae and A. funestus

1953 ◽  
Vol 44 (2) ◽  
pp. 231-254 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. Davidson
Keyword(s):  
Lethal Dose ◽  
Significant Proportion ◽  
Internal Surface ◽  
The Other ◽  
Wall Surface ◽  
The Third ◽  
Experimental Huts ◽  
Wettable Powder ◽  
Window Traps ◽  
Very High

Experimental huts similar in construction to the dwellings commonly used in East Africa, but with exit window traps, were sprayed with various formulations of the three residual insecticides, DDT, BHC, and dieldrin, and the effect on the A. gambiae and A. funestus entering them was observed.The almost complete absence of kill recorded by Muirhead Thomson (1950) in experiments in similar huts in Tanganyika treated with DDT Ditreen was not confirmed by these experiments.A significant proportion of the A. gambiae and A. funestus entering huts treated with DDT did, however, escape unharmed, even immediately after treatment, whereas with the other insecticides, BHC and dieldrin, none of these mosquitos escaped the effect at least in the first month after treatment.In preliminary experiments in which observations were carried on for nine months after treatments, BHC P.530 still showed some effect after seven months. This was almost certainly due to the fumigant effect of the small amount of insecticide still remaining below the wall surface. The irritant properties of the two DDT formulations, Ditreen and the oil-bound suspension “Supona” D, still existed after nine months.In a second group of experiments, dosages of less than 80 mg. DDT and less than 60 mg. BHC (8 mg. of the gamma isomer) per sq. ft. gave over 50 per cent. kills of A. gambiae and A. funestus for only one month.In a third group of experiments, using two formulations of BHC, five of DDT, one of a mixture of DDT and BHC and one of dieldrin:—(a) Dieldrin was by far the most efficient insecticide and gave very high kills for over seven months.(b) The DDT formulations, Murphy paste, Murphy wettable powder, suspensions of DDT crystals <30 μ and 30–70 μ in diameter, when applied to the whole internal surface of the huts, produced fairly high kills over the period of the observations (six to seven months), but significant proportions of the mosquitos escaped their action even immediately after treatment.(c) The BHC formulations, P.520 and the oil-bound suspension “Supona” B, gave high kills for three to four months only.(d) The mixture of BHC and DDT in oil-bound suspension “Supona” DB gave the high initial kill of BHC and the long-lasting moderately high kill of DDT.(e) Against C. fatigans all the DDT formulations used in the third group of experiments gave very low kills, the BHC formulations high initial kills and dieldrin high long-lasting kills.BHC has marked fumigant and particulate properties lasting for three to four months. Dieldrin has a remarkable particulate action, which produces for the whole six-month period of the experiment, very high kills among mosquitos suspended without actual contact with the insecticidal surfaces; DDT only shows this particulate effect to a slight extent.It is probable that the differences in the toxicities to mosquitos of the insecticides used in these experiments is due partly to differences in the irritant properties of the insecticides. In the case of DDT many of the mosquitos having contact with this insecticide are irritated and escape from the treated surface before acquiring a lethal dose.

scholarly journals Effects of DQ-113, a New Quinolone, against Methicillin- and Vancomycin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus-Caused Hematogenous Pulmonary Infections in Mice

2003 ◽  
Vol 47 (12) ◽  
pp. 3694-3698 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yukihiro Kaneko ◽  
Katsunori Yanagihara ◽  
Yoshitsugu Miyazaki ◽  
Kazuhiro Tsukamoto ◽  
Yoichi Hirakata ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Staphylococcus Aureus ◽  
Histopathological Examination ◽  
Untreated Group ◽  
The Other ◽  
Infection Model ◽  
Pulmonary Infections ◽  
Viable Bacteria ◽  
Mrsa Infection ◽  
And Control ◽  
Inflammatory Changes

ABSTRACT We compared the effects of DQ-113, a new quinolone, to those of vancomycin (VCM) and teicoplanin (TEIC) in murine models of hematogenous pulmonary infections caused by methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) and VCM-insensitive S. aureus (VISA). The MICs of DQ-113, VCM, and TEIC for MRSA were 0.125, 1.0, and 0.5μ g/ml, respectively; and those for VISA were 0.25, 8.0, and 8.0μ g/ml, respectively. Treatment with DQ-113 resulted in a significant decrease in the number of viable bacteria in the lungs of the mice used in the MRSA infection model (counts in mice treated with DQ-113, VCM, and TEIC and control mice, 6.33 ± 0.22, 7.99± 0.14, 7.36 ± 0.20, and 8.47 ± 0.22 log10 CFU/lung [mean ± standard error of the mean], respectively [P < 0.01 for the group treated with DQ-113 compared with the group treated with VCM or TEIC or the untreated group]). Mice infected with VISA were pretreated with cyclophosphamide, and the survival rate was recorded daily for 10 days. At the end of this period, 90% of the DQ-113-treated mice were still alive, whereas only 45 to 55% of the mice in the other three groups were still alive (P < 0.05 for the group treated with DQ-113 compared with the group treated with VCM or TEIC or the untreated group]). DQ-113 also significantly (P < 0.05) reduced the number of viable bacteria in the lungs compared with those in the lungs of the other three groups (counts in mice treated with DQ-113, VCM, and TEIC and control mice, 5.76 ± 0.39, 7.33 ± 0.07, 6.90± 0.21, and 7.44 ± 0.17 log10 CFU/lung, respectively). Histopathological examination revealed milder inflammatory changes in DQ-113-treated mice than in the mice in the other groups. Of the antibiotics analyzed, the parameters of area under the concentration-time from 0 to 6 h (AUC0-6)/MIC and the time that the AUC0-6 exceeded the MIC were the highest for DQ-113. Our results suggest that DQ-113 is potent and effective for the treatment of hematogenous pulmonary infections caused by MRSA and VISA strains.

scholarly journals Rind Stippling on Valencia Oranges by Copper Fungicides Used for Control of Citrus Black Spot in South Africa

Plant Disease ◽  
1997 ◽  
Vol 81 (8) ◽  
pp. 851-854 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. C. Schutte ◽  
K. V. Beeton ◽  
J. M. Kotzé
Keyword(s):  
South Africa ◽  
Black Spot ◽  
The Other ◽  
Copper Oxychloride ◽  
Copper Fungicides ◽  
Citrus Black Spot ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
Wettable Powder ◽  
Cupric Hydroxide ◽  
Protection Period

Four copper sprays and copper mixtures with dithiocarbamates aggravated stippling of the fruit rind of Valencia oranges if sprayed in succession at registered rates during the recommended protection period from October to January for control of citrus black spot in South Africa. Copper stippling was more severe on treatments in which copper oxychloride was sprayed in succession, individually, or in combination with mancozeb or maneb/ZnO. On the other hand, less copper stippling was observed on treatments in which three mancozeb applications were altered with a single copper oxychloride as tank mixtures with or without mancozeb, which was sprayed during midsummer (December and January). Cupric hydroxide resulted in more general copper stippling lesions than any other copper oxychloride spray program. Four successive applications of the wettable powder copper oxychloride formulation resulted in more copper stippling when compared with the suspension concentrate formulation. Stippling was calculated to be more severe with late applications of copper fungicides during December and January. In another experiment, all contact fungicides tested were effective in controlling citrus black spot.

Infrared, Ultraviolet, and Visible Spectrophotometric Determination of Imidan in Animal Dips and Sprays

1969 ◽  
Vol 52 (5) ◽  
pp. 1017-1026
Author(s):  
Fred P Czech ◽  
Marvin D Mack ◽  
George Evans
Keyword(s):  
Spectrophotometric Determination ◽  
Rapid Analysis ◽  
The Other ◽  
Spectral Energy ◽  
Wettable Powder ◽  
Low Levels ◽  
Colorimetric Methods

Abstract Procedures utilizing certain regions of spectral energy for the analysis of Imidan in emulsifiable and wettable powder concentrates, aqueous livestock dips, spray dips, and sprays are presented and compared. The UV method is recommended for rapid analysis of proprietary concentrates. IR and colorimetric methods are advised for filth-laden animal dips and sprays. The IR method can be genrerally applied, is entirely specific for Imidan, and is quite precise. The other procedures are particularly useful for determination of low levels of Imidan.

scholarly journals EFFECT OF HYDROPHILICITY SURFACTANTS TOWARD CHARACTERIZATION AND IN VITRO TRANSFERSOMES PENETRATION IN GELS USING FRANZ DIFFUSION TEST

2017 ◽  
Vol 9 ◽  
pp. 112 ◽  
Author(s):  
Wiranti Anggraini ◽  
Erny Sagita ◽  
Iskandarsyah Iskandarsyah
Keyword(s):  
Tween 80 ◽  
Bioactive Compound ◽  
The Other ◽  
Ionic Surfactants ◽  
Diffusion Test ◽  
Solubility In Water ◽  
Characterization Result ◽  
Cumulative Amount ◽  
Span 80

Objective: Capsaicin is a bioactive compound with poor solubility in water. Transfersomes can increase the solubility and thus the penetration ofcapsaicin into the epidermis. Transfersomes also offer the advantage of being ultradeformable vesicles that are made using the thin layer hydrationmethod. The aim of this study is to determine the effect of the hydrophilicity of surfactants on the characterization and in vitro penetrative ability ofcapsaicin transfersomes in gels using non-ionic surfactants with different hydrophile-lipophile balances, namely, Span 80, Tween 80, and a mixtureof Span 80, and Tween 80.Methods: The best characterization result for transfersomes is the formula using Tween 80. The total cumulative amount of capsaicin penetratedfrom the transfersome gel using Tween 80 is 1663.89±1.58 mg/cm2, the percentage is 57.96±0.05%, and the flux is 166.38±0.15 μg/cm2.hr−1.Results: In terms of the transfersome gel using a mixture of Span 80 and Tween 80, the cumulative amount of capsaicin penetrated is1539.8±21.23 μg/cm2, the percentage is 54.47±0.75%, and the flux is 153.98±2.12 μg/cm2.hr−1. Finally, from the transfersome gel using Span 80, thecumulative amount of capsaicin penetrated is 1395.10±7.23 mg/cm2, the percentage is 50.80±0.26%, and the flux is 139.51±0.72 mg/cm2.hr−1.Conclusions: The best characteristics resulted from the transfersome formulation using Tween 80, which demonstrated the highest entrapmentefficiency calculation result, the smallest particle size, the best deformability index, and the highest penetration when compared to the other twoformulations.

scholarly journals Stabilization of Palygorskite Aqueous Suspensions Using Bio-Based and Synthetic Polyelectrolytes

Polymers ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 13 (1) ◽  
pp. 129
Author(s):  
Eduardo Ferraz ◽  
Luís Alves ◽  
Pedro Sanguino ◽  
Julio Santarén ◽  
Maria G. Rasteiro ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
High Speed ◽  
Visual Inspection ◽  
Colloidal Stability ◽  
The Other ◽  
Morphological Properties ◽  
Ph Values ◽  
Aqueous Suspensions ◽  
Magnetic Stirring ◽  
The Stability ◽  
Physical Treatments

Palygorskite is a natural fibrous clay mineral that can be used in several applications, for which colloidal stability in aqueous suspensions is a key point to improve its performance. In this study, methods of magnetic stirring, high-speed shearing, and ultrasonication, as well as different chemical dispersants, combined with these methods, namely carboxymethylcellulose, alginate, polyphosphate, and polyacrylate, were used to improve the dispersibility and the formation of stable suspensions of palygorskite in different conditions of pH. The stability and particle size of suspensions with a low concentration of palygorskite were evaluated by visual inspection, optical and electron microscopy, dynamic light scattering, and zeta potential measurements. Moreover, the palygorskite used in this work was initially characterized for its mineralogical, chemical, physical, and morphological properties. It was found that more stable suspensions were produced with ultrasonication compared to the other two physical treatments, with magnetic stirring being inefficient in all tested cases, and for higher pH values (pH of 12 and pH of 8, the natural pH of the clay) when compared to lower pH values (pH of 3). Remarkably, combined with ultrasonication, carboxymethylcellulose or in a lesser extent polyphosphate at near neutral pH allowed for the disaggregation of crystal bundles of palygorskite into individualized crystals. These results may be helpful to optimize the performance of palygorskite in several domains where it is applied.

scholarly journals The effect of different surface treatments on color and translucency of bilayered translucent nano-crystalline zirconia before and after accelerated aging

2019 ◽  
Vol 22 (2) ◽  
pp. 203-212
Author(s):  
Mennatallah Mohie Wahba ◽  
Ashraf Hussien Sherif ◽  
Amr S El-Etreby ◽  
Tarek Salah Morsi
Keyword(s):  
Color Change ◽  
Accelerated Aging ◽  
Silica Coating ◽  
Surface Treatments ◽  
Untreated Group ◽  
The Other ◽  
Zirconia Powder ◽  
Nano Crystalline ◽  
Powder Deposition ◽  
Before And After

Objective: Despite the higher translucency of nano-crystalline Y-TZP than the conventional Y-TZP, it couldn’t be used in the anterior region of the mouth in its fully anatomical form without veneering for better esthetics. This study evaluated the color change (ΔE) and translucency parameter (TP) of the bilayered nano-crystalline zirconia restorations after different treatments of the zirconia surface before and after accelerated aging. Material and Methods: Forty samples of inCoris TZI were cut in the form of discs 15 mm (diameter) and 1mm (thickness) so that after sintering each disc dimensions’ would be 12 mm (diameter) and 0.8 mm (thickness). All discs were colored by dipping in aqueous zirconia coloring solution of shade A2, then divided into four groups  according to the type of surface treatment received before sintering; being tribochemical silica coating, zirconia powder deposition, glass grading, and a control untreated group. After sintering, all discs were veneered with a layer of porcelain 0.7 mm (thickness) and 12 mm (diameter). (ΔE) and TP were measured using VITA Easyshade Compact spectrophotometer before and after accelerated autoclave aging. Results: Different surface treatments applied had significant effect (P<0.05) over ΔE and TP. Glass graded group showed the highest ΔE value and the least TP value among both un-aged and aged sub-groups. Conclusion: Different surface treatments applied affected the color and translucency negatively where the control untreated group showed the highest TP and the least color deviation from the A2 color parameters. On the other hand, accelerated autoclave aging had no effect over translucency or color.KeywordsAging; Ceramic restoration; Color; Translucent.

An evaluation of methods for obtaining mycelium-free oospores of Pythium aphanidermatum and P. myriotylum

1977 ◽  
Vol 23 (6) ◽  
pp. 643-648 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. J. Sauve ◽  
D. J. Mitchell
Keyword(s):  
Pythium Aphanidermatum ◽  
Maximum Intensity ◽  
Inoculum Density ◽  
The Other ◽  
Tomato Seedlings ◽  
Aqueous Suspensions ◽  
Evaluation Of Methods

Sonication of aqueous suspensions containing mycelial fragments with or without oospores of Pythium aphanidermatum or P. myriotylum at 20% of the maximum intensity of a Biosonic III ultrasonic system for periods in excess of 100 s, or at 40,60, or 80% of maximum intensity for 20 s or longer resulted in suspensions free of viable mycelial fragments. Oospore germination was not affected after sonication at rates as high as 80% of maximum intensity for periods lasting as long as 60 s. In comparison with untreated controls, oospore germination of p. aphanidermatum or P. myriotylum was not affected by any of the following methods that were used for the preparation of oospore suspensions free of viable mycelial fragments: filtering or sonicating suspensions, treating suspensions with a cellulose–hemicellulase solution, or with a solution of commercial snail enzymes. Germination of P. aphanidermatum oospores was reduced by 78% and no germination of p. myriotylum oospores occurred after freezing the suspensions. Feeding mycelial mats to live water snails (Physa fontinalis) did not affect oospore germination of p. aphanider matum but increased germination of p. myriotylum oospores by 17% in vitro. At 25 oospores per gram of soil, only 7% of the tomato seedlings were infected after growth in soil infested with oospores of p. aphanidermatum that had been frozen, whereas 70–80% of the seedlings were infected after growth in soil infested at the same inoculum density with oospores exposed to the other treatments. No infection of rye seedlings occurred in soil infested with p. myriotylum oospores that had been frozen. A significantly higher level of infection of rye seedlings occurred with oospores of p. myriotylum that had been ingested by Physa fontinalis than with oospores that had been treated by the other methods. No infection occurred when tomato and rye seedlings were exposed to soil infested with mycelial fragments of 21-day-old cultures of p. aphanidermatum or P. myriotylum, respectively.

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