INFLUENCE OF STRAIN AND SEX ON THE RELATIONSHIP OF PROTEIN TO ENERGY IN THE RATIONS OF GROWING AND FINISHING BACON PIGS

1959 ◽  
Vol 39 (1) ◽  
pp. 102-114 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. P. Bowland ◽  
R. T. Berg
Keyword(s):  
Feed Efficiency ◽  
Carcass Characteristics ◽  
Strain Differences ◽  
High Energy ◽  
Low Energy ◽  
High Protein ◽  
Growing Period ◽  
Strain Interaction ◽  
Relationship Of ◽  
The Relationship

Rations varying in energy (65 to 79 per cent TDN or 69 to 88 per cent apparent digestible energy) and protein (13 to 21 per cent) were studied in two experiments with 120 pigs of four strains. Rate of liveweight gain tended to be fastest in pigs fed high energy-high protein rations throughout. Males gained more rapidly than females, with strain differences being evident. Strain × sex interactions in rate of gain were present in both the growing and finishing period, with a ration × strain interaction present in the growing period. There was an indication that in the growing period pigs on high energy, particularly high energy-high protein rations ate more than pigs fed low energy rations. In the finishing period low energy rations were consumed at a higher rate than high energy rations with protein level having no influence on feed intake. In the growing period to 110 pounds, high protein rations resulted in improved feed efficiency as compared to medium protein rations, while in the finishing period to market weight high energy rations were more efficient than low energy rations. There was evidence that high protein alone or in combination with high energy rations also improved efficiency of feed utilization in the finishing period. Female pigs required less feed per pound gain than male pigs in the finishing period. High energy rations resulted in increased dressing percentage and generally inferior carcasses. There was an indication that high protein rations resulted in leaner carcasses. Carcass length was not influenced by ration. Carcasses from female pigs excelled those from male pigs in all factors measured except carcass length. Strain differences in carcass characteristics existed but no appreciable strain × ration interactions were noted.

Methionine supplements in chicken diets. IV. The effect of DL-Methionine supplementation over full and part of growing period on growth and efficiency of cockerels from the reciprocal crosses of White Leghorns and Australorps

1958 ◽  
Vol 9 (5) ◽  
pp. 708 ◽  
Author(s):  
MW McDonald
Keyword(s):  
Feed Efficiency ◽  
Maximum Dose ◽  
High Energy ◽  
Low Energy ◽  
White Leghorn ◽  
Reciprocal Crosses ◽  
Growing Period ◽  
Methionine Supplementation ◽  
Wheat Products ◽  
Low Energy Diet

The commercial value of DL-methionine supplementation of diets based on wheat products and meatmeal has been investigated. The effects of 0.025, 0.05, and 0.20 per cent. methionine on growth and feed efficiency were studied on White Leghorn chickens up to 6 weeks of age. It was concluded that maximum dose response occurred between 0.05 and 0.20 per cent. supplement. Under simulated commercial conditions, comparisons were made between WL x AO and AO x WL cockerels fed high and low energy diets unsupplemented or supplemented with 0.1 per cent. methionine to 8 weeks of age, or 0.1 per cent. methionine to 12 weeks of age. Neither methionine supplement produced a significant improvement in body weight when the low energy diet was fed. Both methionine supplements produced significant improvements in weight when the high energy diet was fed. In both diets methionine continuously produced highly significant improvements in feed efficiency, while methionine only to 8 weeks produced a significant improvement in efficiency only in the high energy diet. There was no difference between reciprocal crosses in weight or feed efficiency.

THE PERFORMANCE OF ONE NORMAL AND TWO DWARF MEAT MATERNAL GENOTYPES AND THEIR PROGENY AS AFFECTED BY REARING AND ADULT DIETARY TREATMENTS

1986 ◽  
Vol 66 (1) ◽  
pp. 245-256 ◽  
Author(s):  
F. G. PROUDFOOT ◽  
H. W. HULAN
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Liver ◽  
Feed Efficiency ◽  
Egg Production ◽  
High Energy ◽  
Low Energy ◽  
High Protein ◽  
Canola Meal ◽  
Body Weights ◽  
Mortality Incidence ◽  
Dietary Treatments

The performances of one normal and two dwarf meat maternal genotypes were compared in a factorial experiment designed to estimate the combined effects of feeding two juvenile diets (low protein (LP) high energy (HE) versus high protein (HP) low energy (LE)) from 106 to 140 days and four adult dietary treatments (LPHE, HPHE, HPLE and an HPLE excluding canola meal) fed from 141 to 420 days. The performance of the three genotypes differed significantly (P < 0.05) for egg production, egg fertility at 322 days, feed efficiency, live body weights and monetary returns less the cost of chicks and feed. One of the dwarf gentoypes exhibited the highest monetary returns. Juvenile dietary treatments had no significant (P > 0.05) effect on the traits measured except age at sexual maturity and female body weights at 154 d. Several traits were affected by the adult dietary treatments including mortality, incidence of fatty liver syndrome, hen-day egg production, feed efficiency up to 322 and 420 days and live body weights. Mortality due to fatty liver syndrome was significantly (P < 0.01) lower among hens fed the high protein, low energy diet without canola meal compared with hens fed the other three adult diets, all of which included canola meal as a feed ingredient. Key words: Dwarf, meat breeders, hens, broilers, diets, fatty liver syndrome, genotypes

Effects of hormones and diets on performance and carcass characteristics of pigs during summer and winter

1970 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
pp. 47-54 ◽  
Author(s):  
O. M. Hale ◽  
J. C. Johnson
Keyword(s):  
Carcass Characteristics ◽  
High Energy ◽  
Low Energy ◽  
High Protein ◽  
Energy Concentration ◽  
Dietary Energy ◽  
Low Protein ◽  
Dressing Percentage ◽  
High Protein Diets ◽  
Protein Diets

SUMMARYOne hundred and forty-four weanling Duroc barrows were individually fed to study effects of season (summer and winter), energy concentration of the diet (high and low), protein concentration (high and low), and orally administered hormones (none, diethylstilboestrol, and mefhyltestosterone) on performance and carcass characteristics of growing-finishing swine.In summer the rate of gain of pigs was 6% slower and yielded carcasses with 19% smaller loin-eye areas but 3% more lean cuts than in winter.Pigs fed on high-energy diets gained 13% faster, consumed 8% less feed daily and required 18% less feed per unit of weight gain than pigs fed on low-energy diets. Pigs fed on high-energy diets also had a dressing percentage 2·5 units higher and yielded carcasses 2% shorter, with 15% more backfat, than those fed on low-energy diets.Pigs fed on low-protein diets had a dressing percentage 1·6% higher and yielded carcasses with about 7% thicker backfat than pigs fed on high-protein diets. Dietary energy and protein concentrations interacted significantly in their effect on rate of gain. Pigs fed on low-energy, low-protein diets gained weight about 7% faster than pigs fed on low-energy, high-protein diets; however, pigs fed on high-energy, high-protein diets gained weight about 3% faster than pigs fed on high-energy, low-protein diets.The only significant effect of giving each pig about 2 mg of diethylstilboestrol (DES) per day was a 2% increase in weight of lean cuts. An average daily consumption of 20 mg methyltestosterone (MT) per pig decreased rate of gain, daily feed intake, dressing percentage and backfat thickness, but increased carcass length, area of the loin-eye and weight of lean cuts. Hormones and dietary energy levels interacted in their effects on rate of gain and feed efficiency. Pigs fed on low-energy diets with or without hormones gained weight at about the same rate, but high-energy diets increased rate of gain in pigs receiving no hormone or DES by about 17% and 21%, respectively, while having no effect in pigs receiving MT. Pigs fed on low-energy diets with MT required about 7% and 6% less feed per unit of gain than pigs fed on low-energy diets without hormone or with DES, respectively; whereas pigs fed on high-energy diets containing MT required about 10% and 14% more feed per unit of gain than did pigs fed on high-energy diets without hormone or with DES, respectively.

Effect of chronic food restriction on pulsatile luteinizing hormone secretion and hypothalamic neuropeptide Y gene expression in castrate male sheep

1997 ◽  
Vol 152 (2) ◽  
pp. 329-337 ◽  
Author(s):  
C L Adam ◽  
P A Findlay ◽  
C E Kyle ◽  
P Young ◽  
J G Mercer
Keyword(s):  
Gene Expression ◽  
Neuropeptide Y ◽  
Pulse Amplitude ◽  
Pulse Frequency ◽  
High Energy ◽  
Low Energy ◽  
High Protein ◽  
Castrate Male ◽  
Low Protein ◽  
Male Sheep

Abstract Castrate male sheep (wethers, average liveweight 38 ± 0·6 kg) were given one of the following diets for 10 weeks followed by euthanasia (n=8/group): high-energy high-protein providing 1·5 times the energy required to maintain liveweight (maintenance) (group 1·5M), low-energy low-protein at 0·5 maintenance (0·5M), or low-energy high-protein at 0·5 maintenance (0·5M+P). 1·5M wethers gained 22% liveweight whereas 0·5M and 0·5M+P wethers lost 18 and 13% liveweight respectively. Relative to the 1·5M group, the 0·5M and 0·5M+P groups had similar plasma concentrations of glucose and cortisol throughout, but elevated non-esterified fatty acids (P<0·001) and reduced IGF-I and insulin (P<0·05, 0·01 or 0·001) from 1 week onwards. Each week blood samples were taken every 12 min for 4 h and plasma assayed for LH. Mean concentration over 4 h, LH pulse frequency and LH pulse amplitude showed no progressive change in 1·5M sheep. However, in both 0·5M and 0·5M+P groups mean LH increased (P<0·001 and P<0·01 respectively), pulse frequency decreased (P<0·01 and P<0·01) and pulse amplitude increased (P<0·001 and P<0·01) over the 10-week period. Anterior pituitary LH content was greater in 0·5M (P<0·01) and 0·5M+P (P<0·05) than in 1·5M sheep. Coronal sections (20 μm) of hypothalamic brain tissue were subjected to in situ hybridisation to determine gene expression for neuropeptide Y (NPY). NPY mRNA was concentrated in the arcuate nucleus and median eminence, with total amounts greater in both 0·5M (310%, P<0·001) and 0·5M+P (333%, P<0·01) groups than in 1·5M sheep (100%). These data reveal that chronic low dietary energy intake by long-term castrates, with high or low protein intake, reduces LH pulse frequency but increases the circulating levels of LH by virtue of an increase in pulse amplitude, and concomitantly increases hypothalamic NPY gene expression. Journal of Endocrinology (1997) 152, 329–337

scholarly journals Effects of restricted feeding and re-alimentation of dietary protein or energy on compensatory growth of sheep

1970 ◽  
Vol 47 (3) ◽  
pp. 389-396
Author(s):  
W. Addah ◽  
A. Ayantunde ◽  
E.K. Okine
Keyword(s):  
Growth Performance ◽  
Dietary Protein ◽  
Feed Efficiency ◽  
Average Daily Gain ◽  
Carcass Characteristics ◽  
High Energy ◽  
Utilization Efficiency ◽  
Eating Quality ◽  
Nutrient Utilization Efficiency ◽  
Daily Gain

The study investigated the effects of re-alimenting dietary protein or energy on growth, carcass characteristics and meat eating quality parameters of sheep. Twenty-seven intact rams (~9 months; 11.3 ± 0.5 kg) were randomly divided into three groups. Each group was fed a maintenance diet (MT) containing, on dry matter (DM) basis, 105 g/kg crude protein (CP) and 8.4 MJ/kg DM metabolizable energy (ME) for 30 days. Thereafter, they were continually fed the same MT or re-alimented with a high protein diet (HP) containing 169 g/kg DM CP and 9.3 MJ/kg ME or a high energy diet (HE) containing 123 g/kg DM CP and 10.6 MJ/kg ME for an additional 30 days to determine the effects of re-alimentation of protein or energy on their growth performance and carcass characteristics. During the initial 30-day period, DM intake (DMI) and growth performance were similar among the three groups. However, upon re-alimentation, average daily gain (ADG) and feed efficiency of sheep re-alimented with HP were greater than those maintained continually on MT or re-alimented with HE. Sheep on HP had higher feed efficiency, ADG and heavier carcasses than those fed MT or re-alimented with HE during the whole 60-day period. Growth of most viscera was less responsive to the restriction-re-alimentation feeding regimen except for the weights of the lungs, heart and intestines. Meat from sheep re-alimented with HE had a more intense ‘sheepy’ flavour than those fed MT or re-alimented with HP, but juiciness and tenderness were not affected. The higher ADG of sheep re-alimented with protein may be related more to enhanced efficiency of feed utilization than to higher DMI.Keywords: average daily gain, feed restriction, nutrient utilization efficiency, visceral organs

scholarly journals Characteristics of high and low energy reporting teenagers and their relationship to low energy reporting mothers

2009 ◽  
Vol 12 (2) ◽  
pp. 188-196 ◽  
Author(s):  
Karin Vågstrand ◽  
Anna Karin Lindroos ◽  
Yvonne Linné
Keyword(s):  
Family Income ◽  
Working Hours ◽  
High Energy ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Low Energy ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Eating Pattern ◽  
Activity Groups ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Activity Questionnaire

AbstractObjectiveTo describe the differences in socio-economic characteristics and body measurements between low, adequate and high energy reporting (LER, AER and HER) teenagers; furthermore, to investigate the relationship to misreporting mothers.DesignCross-sectional study. Habitual dietary intake was reported in a questionnaire. Classification into LER, AER and HER using the Goldberg equation within three activity groups based on physical activity questionnaire and calculated BMR.SettingStockholm, Sweden.SubjectsFour hundred and forty-one 16–17-year-old teenagers (57 % girls) and their mothers.ResultOf the teenagers, 17–19 % were classified as HER, while 13–16 % as LER. There was a highly significant trend from HER to LER in BMI (P < 0·001) and body fat % (P < 0·001). There was also a trend in number of working hours of mother (P = 0·01), family income (P = 0·008) and number of siblings (among boys only) (P = 0·02), but not in educational level of either father or mother. HER teenagers were lean, had mothers working fewer hours with lower income and had siblings. It was more likely that an LER girl had an LER mother than an AER mother (OR = 3·32; P = 0·002).ConclusionsThe reasons for the high number of over-reporters could be many: misclassification due to growth, lacking established eating pattern due to young age or method-specific. Nevertheless, the inverted characteristic of HER compared to LER indicates that this is a specific group, worth further investigation.

scholarly journals Evaluating the Relationship of Animal Well-Being and Temperament to Carcass Characteristics

2017 ◽  
Vol 1 (3) ◽  
pp. 75-75
Author(s):  
F. L. Yang ◽  
F. W. Pohlman ◽  
K. S. Anschutz ◽  
J. J. Ball ◽  
P. Hornsby ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Carcass Characteristics ◽  
Well Being ◽  
Relationship Of ◽  
The Relationship

scholarly journals EFFECTS OF ENERGY AND PROTEIN LEVELS ON FEED INTAKE AND NUTRIENT UTILIZATION BY YANKASA LAMBS

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (2) ◽  
pp. 90-93
Author(s):  
I. F. ADU
Keyword(s):  
Energy Level ◽  
Feed Intake ◽  
Protein Level ◽  
Nutrient Utilization ◽  
High Energy ◽  
Low Energy ◽  
High Protein ◽  
Crude Fibre ◽  
Protein Levels ◽  
Protein Group

TWENTY yearling Yankasa lambs were fed 2 levels of energy (2.4 and 2.9 ME Mcal/kg) and 2 levels of protein (11.3 and 16. 1%) under each energy level for 100 days to study the effects of feed intake, digestibility and nutrient utilization. Groundnut top hay was the basal roughage while maize, wheat bran and cotton seed cake were the energy and protein supplements in different proportions. Hay intake decreased with increase in protein level. Dry matter digestibility significantly (P/0.05) increased with increase in both energy and protein levels. Crude protein digestibility was significantly (P/0.01) affected by protein level but not by energy level. Crude fibre digestibility was depressed in the high-energy-high protein diet. The consumption of nutrients tended to be more on the high energy rations. Nitrogen retention was also significantly (P/0.05) higher on the high energy rations. Liveweight gain was highest in the low energy/high protein group (79.4g/day) and lowest in the low energy/low protein group (56.4g/day). Within each energy level, liveweight gains increased with increase in protein level. Animals fed high energy rations required more protein than those on low energy rations.

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