Methionine supplements in chicken diets. IV. The effect of DL-Methionine supplementation over full and part of growing period on growth and efficiency of cockerels from the reciprocal crosses of White Leghorns and Australorps

1958 ◽  
Vol 9 (5) ◽  
pp. 708 ◽  
Author(s):  
MW McDonald
Keyword(s):  
Feed Efficiency ◽  
Maximum Dose ◽  
High Energy ◽  
Low Energy ◽  
White Leghorn ◽  
Reciprocal Crosses ◽  
Growing Period ◽  
Methionine Supplementation ◽  
Wheat Products ◽  
Low Energy Diet

The commercial value of DL-methionine supplementation of diets based on wheat products and meatmeal has been investigated. The effects of 0.025, 0.05, and 0.20 per cent. methionine on growth and feed efficiency were studied on White Leghorn chickens up to 6 weeks of age. It was concluded that maximum dose response occurred between 0.05 and 0.20 per cent. supplement. Under simulated commercial conditions, comparisons were made between WL x AO and AO x WL cockerels fed high and low energy diets unsupplemented or supplemented with 0.1 per cent. methionine to 8 weeks of age, or 0.1 per cent. methionine to 12 weeks of age. Neither methionine supplement produced a significant improvement in body weight when the low energy diet was fed. Both methionine supplements produced significant improvements in weight when the high energy diet was fed. In both diets methionine continuously produced highly significant improvements in feed efficiency, while methionine only to 8 weeks produced a significant improvement in efficiency only in the high energy diet. There was no difference between reciprocal crosses in weight or feed efficiency.

INFLUENCE OF STRAIN AND SEX ON THE RELATIONSHIP OF PROTEIN TO ENERGY IN THE RATIONS OF GROWING AND FINISHING BACON PIGS

1959 ◽  
Vol 39 (1) ◽  
pp. 102-114 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. P. Bowland ◽  
R. T. Berg
Keyword(s):  
Feed Efficiency ◽  
Carcass Characteristics ◽  
Strain Differences ◽  
High Energy ◽  
Low Energy ◽  
High Protein ◽  
Growing Period ◽  
Strain Interaction ◽  
Relationship Of ◽  
The Relationship

Rations varying in energy (65 to 79 per cent TDN or 69 to 88 per cent apparent digestible energy) and protein (13 to 21 per cent) were studied in two experiments with 120 pigs of four strains. Rate of liveweight gain tended to be fastest in pigs fed high energy-high protein rations throughout. Males gained more rapidly than females, with strain differences being evident. Strain × sex interactions in rate of gain were present in both the growing and finishing period, with a ration × strain interaction present in the growing period. There was an indication that in the growing period pigs on high energy, particularly high energy-high protein rations ate more than pigs fed low energy rations. In the finishing period low energy rations were consumed at a higher rate than high energy rations with protein level having no influence on feed intake. In the growing period to 110 pounds, high protein rations resulted in improved feed efficiency as compared to medium protein rations, while in the finishing period to market weight high energy rations were more efficient than low energy rations. There was evidence that high protein alone or in combination with high energy rations also improved efficiency of feed utilization in the finishing period. Female pigs required less feed per pound gain than male pigs in the finishing period. High energy rations resulted in increased dressing percentage and generally inferior carcasses. There was an indication that high protein rations resulted in leaner carcasses. Carcass length was not influenced by ration. Carcasses from female pigs excelled those from male pigs in all factors measured except carcass length. Strain differences in carcass characteristics existed but no appreciable strain × ration interactions were noted.

scholarly journals Characterization of Variation in Rumen Methanogenic Communities under Different Dietary and Host Feed Efficiency Conditions, as Determined by PCR-Denaturing Gradient Gel Electrophoresis Analysis

2010 ◽  
Vol 76 (12) ◽  
pp. 3776-3786 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mi Zhou ◽  
Emma Hernandez-Sanabria ◽  
Le Luo Guan
Keyword(s):  
Feed Efficiency ◽  
Gel Electrophoresis ◽  
Denaturing Gradient Gel Electrophoresis ◽  
High Energy ◽  
Low Energy ◽  
Greenhouse Gas Mitigation ◽  
16S Rrna Genes ◽  
Rrna Genes ◽  
Gradient Gel Electrophoresis ◽  
Low Energy Diet

ABSTRACT Understanding ruminal methanogens is essential for greenhouse gas mitigation, as well as for improving animal performance in the livestock industry. It has been speculated that ruminal methanogenic diversity affects host feed efficiency and results in differences in methane production. This study examined methanogenic profiles in the rumen using culture-independent PCR-denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (PCR-DGGE) analysis for 56 beef cattle which differed in feed efficiency, as well as diet (the cattle were fed a low-energy diet or a high-energy diet). The methanogenic PCR-DGGE profiles detected were greatly affected by diet, and the major pattern changed from a community containing predominantly Methanobrevibacter ruminantium NT7 with the low-energy diet to a community containing predominantly Methanobrevibacter smithii, Methanobrevibacter sp. AbM4, and/or M. ruminantium NT7 with the high-energy diet. For each diet, the methanogenic PCR-DGGE pattern was strongly associated with the feed efficiency of the host. Diet-associated bands for Methanobrevibacter sp. AbM4 and M. smithii SM9 and a feed efficiency-related band for M. smithii PS were identified. The abundance of total methanogens was estimated by determining the numbers of copies of the 16S rRNA genes of methanogens. However, the size of the methanogen population did not correlate with differences in feed efficiency, diet, or metabolic measurements. Thus, the structure of the methanogenic community at the species or strain level may be more important for determining host feed efficiency under different dietary conditions.

The efficiency of food utilization for egg production by pullets and yearling hens

1959 ◽  
Vol 52 (3) ◽  
pp. 364-368 ◽  
Author(s):  
W. Bolton
Keyword(s):  
Crude Protein ◽  
Egg Production ◽  
High Energy ◽  
Metabolizable Energy ◽  
Low Energy ◽  
Food Utilization ◽  
Digestible Energy ◽  
Digestible Protein ◽  
The Cost ◽  
Low Energy Diet

1. The efficiency of food conversion by pullets and yearlings fed on high- and low-energy diets has been determined.2. Egg production was slightly higher by birds fed the low-energy diet for both pullets and yearling hens; pullets laid more eggs than yearling hens.3. For each age, the gross food intake was greater for birds fed the low-energy diet; the consumptions of digestible protein, non-protein digestible energy and metabolizable energy were the same for both diets and both ages of bird.4. The food cost per dozen eggs was slightly greater in the yearling year when the cost of rearing the pullets was ignored, and about the same when it was included.5. The efficiency of utilization of digestible energy and protein showed only a slight decrease from the pullet to the yearling year.6. The variation in the composition and digestibility of eighteen consecutive mixes of the highenergy diet and twenty-five of the low-energy diet was: crude protein 2%, non-protein digestible energy 5% and metabolizable energy 0·4 kg. cal./g. The digestibility of the crude protein and oil was 87%, for both diets; carbohydrates were 81% digestible in the high-energy diet and 59% in the low-energy diet.

Supplementation of a low-energy diet with recombinant ferritin from Perinereis sp. can be beneficial to finishing pigs

2020 ◽  
Vol 100 (4) ◽  
pp. 631-639
Author(s):  
S. Serpunja ◽  
I.H. Kim
Keyword(s):  
Growth Performance ◽  
High Energy ◽  
Positive Control ◽  
Negative Control ◽  
Low Energy ◽  
Feed Ratio ◽  
Finishing Pigs ◽  
Dietary Treatments ◽  
Average Body ◽  
Low Energy Diet

A total of 90 finishing pigs [(Yorkshire × Landrace) × Duroc] with an average body weight (BW) of 50.02 ± 1.78 kg were used in a 10 wk experiment. The pigs were distributed into three dietary treatments replicated six times with five pigs (two barrows and three gilts) per pen. The treatment diets were a positive control (PC; high-energy diet), a negative control (NC; low-energy diet), and an NC + 0.05% ferritin diet (TRT1). The supplementation of ferritin in a low-energy diet tended (P = 0.06) to increase the BW at week 5 compared with pigs fed low-energy diets without ferritin. At week 5 and overall period, the gain-to-feed ratio of pigs fed high-energy diets was higher (P < 0.05) compared with pigs fed low-energy diets. The pigs receiving a ferritin-supplemented diet had a comparable growth performance to pigs fed high-energy diets. At week 10, fecal Lactobacilli counts of pigs fed high-energy diets were higher (P < 0.05) compared with pigs fed low-energy diets. The supplementation of low-energy diets with ferritin resulted in comparable growth performance to pigs fed high-energy diets and had no adverse effect on digestibility and fecal gas emissions. Thus, it seems beneficial to include ferritin in low-energy diets of finishing pigs.

scholarly journals Correlation of Particular Bacterial PCR-Denaturing Gradient Gel Electrophoresis Patterns with Bovine Ruminal Fermentation Parameters and Feed Efficiency Traits

2010 ◽  
Vol 76 (19) ◽  
pp. 6338-6350 ◽  
Author(s):  
Emma Hernandez-Sanabria ◽  
Le Luo Guan ◽  
Laksiri A. Goonewardene ◽  
Meiju Li ◽  
Denis F. Mujibi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Feed Intake ◽  
Feed Efficiency ◽  
Gel Electrophoresis ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Denaturing Gradient Gel Electrophoresis ◽  
Residual Feed Intake ◽  
Low Energy ◽  
Dry Matter Intake ◽  
Gradient Gel Electrophoresis ◽  
Low Energy Diet

ABSTRACT The influence of rumen microbial structure and functions on host physiology remains poorly understood. This study aimed to investigate the interaction between the ruminal microflora and the host by correlating bacterial diversity with fermentation measurements and feed efficiency traits, including dry matter intake, feed conversion ratio, average daily gain, and residual feed intake, using culture-independent methods. Universal bacterial partial 16S rRNA gene products were amplified from ruminal fluid collected from 58 steers raised under a low-energy diet and were subjected to PCR-denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (DGGE) analysis. Multivariate statistical analysis was used to relate specific PCR-DGGE bands to various feed efficiency traits and metabolites. Analysis of volatile fatty acid profiles showed that butyrate was positively correlated with daily dry matter intake (P < 0.05) and tended to have higher concentration in inefficient animals (P = 0.10), while isovalerate was associated with residual feed intake (P < 0.05). Our results suggest that particular bacteria and their metabolism in the rumen may contribute to differences in host feed efficiency under a low-energy diet. This is the first study correlating PCR-DGGE bands representing specific bacteria to metabolites in the bovine rumen and to host feed efficiency traits.

scholarly journals Ruminal Microbiota and Fermentation in Response to Dietary Protein and Energy Levels in Weaned Lambs

Animals ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
pp. 109 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xiaokang Lv ◽  
Kai Cui ◽  
Minli Qi ◽  
Shiqin Wang ◽  
Qiyu Diao ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Growth Performance ◽  
Energy Levels ◽  
High Energy ◽  
Metabolizable Energy ◽  
Low Energy ◽  
Dietary Energy ◽  
Ruminal Fermentation ◽  
Protein Levels ◽  
Energy Group ◽  
Low Energy Diet

Supplying sufficient nutrients, such as dietary energy and protein, has a great effect on the growth and rumen development of ruminants. This study was conducted to evaluate the effects of dietary energy and protein levels on growth performance, microbial diversity, and structural and physiological properties of the rumen in weaned lambs. A total of 64 two-month-old Hu lambs were randomly allotted to 2 × 2 factorial arrangements with four replicates and with four lambs (half male and half female) in each replicate. The first factor was two levels of dietary metabolizable energy (ME) density (ME = 10.9 MJ/Kg or 8.6 MJ/Kg), and the second factor was two levels of dietary crude protein (CP) content (CP = 15.7% or 11.8%). The trial lasted for 60 days. A low dietary energy level restrained the growth performance of lambs (p < 0.05). The ruminal concentration of acetate and the ratio of acetate to propionate increased but the propionate concentration decreased significantly with the low energy diet. However, the rumen morphology was not affected by the diet energy and protein levels. Moreover, a low energy diet increased ruminal bacterial diversity but reduced the abundance of the phylum Proteobacteria (p < 0.05) and genus Succinivibrionaceae_uncultured (p < 0.05), which was associated with the change in ruminal fermentation phenotypes. By indicator species analysis, we found three indicator OTUs in the high energy group (Succinivibrionaceae_uncultured, Veillonellaceae_unclassified and Veillonellaceae_uncultured (p < 0.01)) and two indicator OTUs in the low energy group (Bacteroidales_norank and Lachnospiraceae_uncultured (p < 0.01)). In conclusion, these findings added new dimensions to our understanding of the diet effect on rumen microbial community and fermentation response, and are of great significance for establishing the optimal nutrient supply strategy for lambs.

scholarly journals High-Energy Diet at Antepartum Decreases Insulin Receptor Gene Expression in Adipose Tissue of Postpartum Dairy Cows

2013 ◽  
Vol 57 (2) ◽  
pp. 203-207 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zhigang Zhang ◽  
Jianguo Wang ◽  
Ruifeng Gao ◽  
Weiqian Zhang ◽  
Xinwei Li ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Gene Expression ◽  
Adipose Tissue ◽  
Insulin Receptor ◽  
Dairy Cows ◽  
High Energy ◽  
Low Energy ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Insulin Receptor Gene ◽  
Energy Group ◽  
Low Energy Diet

Abstract The objective of the study was to determine expression of gene of insulin receptor (INSR) in adipose tissue of postpartum dairy cows fed diets containing different amounts of energy at the antepartum period. Healthy pregnant dairy cows (n=45) on 21st d of the antepartum were divided into three groups differing in diet composition, namely: control group fed a normal diet, high energy group fed a high energy diet, and low energy group fed a low energy diet. Twenty-one days after parturition, INSR gene expression in adipose tissue was determined by internally controlled reverse transcriptase PCR. The level of INSR mRNA in adipose tissues of cows fed the high energy diet was substantially lower than that in cows fed normal or low energy diets. A relatively higher level of INSR mRNA in the adipose tissue of cows fed low energy diet may be beneficial for gluconeogenesis and lipogenesis, which can relieve an energy negative balance. Reduced level of INSR mRNA in adipose tissue of cows fed high energy diet indicates that the response to insulin has significantly decreased.

EFFECT OF ALTERNATION BETWEEN HIGH AND LOW ENERGY DIETS ON THE PERFORMANCE OF GROWING SWINE

1970 ◽  
Vol 50 (3) ◽  
pp. 611-616 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. R. CHEEKE ◽  
W. H. KENNICK
Keyword(s):  
Feed Intake ◽  
Compensatory Growth ◽  
Average Daily Gain ◽  
High Energy ◽  
Growing Pigs ◽  
Low Energy ◽  
Feed Consumption ◽  
Growth Responses ◽  
Daily Gain ◽  
Low Energy Diet

The response of growing pigs receiving a low energy diet (LE ration) to periodic exposures to a high energy diet (HE ration) was studied. Forty-eight Berkshire × Yorkshire barrows of approximately 23 kg body weight were divided into six equal groups receiving one of the following treatments: HE control, LE control, and alternations between the LE and HE rations in cycles of 5 days LE: 1 day HE. 4 days LE: 1 day HE, 3 days LE: 1 day HE, and 2 days LE: 1 day HE. The average daily gain of the HE control was significantly greater (P < 0.01) than that of the LE control. The alternated groups did not grow significantly faster than the LE control; thus, compensatory growth responses did not occur. Feed intake of the LE control was higher than that of the HE control. The alternated groups reduced their intake of the LE ration relative to the LE control, and consumed significantly greater amounts (P < 0.001) of the HE diet than did the HE controls. The pigs may have learned to anticipate their period of exposure to the HE diet, since the consumption of the HE ration as a proportion of the total feed intake tended to increase as the experiment progressed. In spite of the differences in amount and pattern of feed consumption, the calculated total energy intake was similar in all groups. The only carcass measurements significantly affected by treatment were dressing percentage and backfat thickness; the possible implications of these effects are discussed.

Long-term effect of selection for litter size and feeding programme on the performance of reproductive rabbit does 1. Pregnancy of multiparous does

2006 ◽  
Vol 82 (5) ◽  
pp. 739-750 ◽  
Author(s):  
F. Quevedo ◽  
C. Cervera ◽  
E. Blas ◽  
M. Baselga ◽  
J. J. Pascual
Keyword(s):  
Litter Size ◽  
High Energy ◽  
Term Effect ◽  
Low Energy ◽  
Medium Energy ◽  
Long Term Effect ◽  
Ad Libitum ◽  
Selection For ◽  
Low Energy Diet

AbstractA total of 166 crossbred does were used to study the possible long term effect of two types of crossbred does (H1 v. H2, old and current generations, respectively) from the cross of different generations of lines selected for litter size, the use of a feeding programme based on a low-energy diet during the rearing and the administration of a high-energy diet during reproductive life, on the performance and body condition of multiparous pregnant does. Selection did not affect the live weight (LW) of does at the effective artificial insemination (AI; 4257 g), the LW change (+12·3 g/day) and food intake (172 g dry matter (DM) per day) until the 28th day of pregnancy. However, H2 does showed greater LW losses during the pre-partum period than H1 does (120+g;P<0·05), perhaps related to their higher prolificacy (+1·1 total pups born;P<0·05). H2 does showed a higher perirenal fat thickness (PFT) at first AI (+0·12 mm;P<0·05) than H1 does, these differences disappearing at effective AI. Females given a high-energy reproduction diet showed a lower LW at effective AI than those receiving a medium-energy diet (4210, 4305 g, respectively;P<0·05). However, type of reproduction diet did not affect the LW and PFT changes of pregnancy does, reaching partum with a similar PFT (8·83 v. 8·93 mm) and maintaining the differences in LW. Pregnant does given high-energy diet consumed 20 g DM and 1·4 g digestible protein per day less than does receiving medium-energy diet until the 28th day of pregnancy, but their digestible energy (DE) intake was significantly higher (+78 kJ DE per day;P<0·05). Does given high-energy diet showed a significantly lower litter size at birth (−0·7 pups;P<0·05), although there were no significant differences in the number of pups born alive (9·54 and 9·76 pups for high and medium-energy diets, respectively). Pups from does given high-energy diet were slightly weightier than those from medium-energy diet (+5·4 g;P<0·05). Multiparous pregnant does that received a low-energy diet ad libitum during the rearing period and first pregnancy showed a higher LW at effective AI (+137 g LW;P<0·05) but a lower PFT (−0·26 mm;P<0·05) than those females that received a medium-energy diet restricted during this same period. These differences were maintained at parturition (+142 g LW and −0·20 mm;P<0·05). Feeding programme during rearing affected neither the food intake of multiparous pregnant does until the 28th day of pregnancy, nor the litter size and weight at birth. The interval between parturitions was not affected by the selection for litter size or the reproduction diet received, but was longer for does that received the low-energy diet ad libitum during the rearing period (+2·9 days;P<0·05). In conclusion, rabbit selection programmes by litter size seem to be working well, but high energy reproduction diets, frequently used to cover their higher energy requirements, must be used carefully out of lactation in the long term to avoid a reduction in litter size.

scholarly journals PRODUCTIVE PERFORMANCE OF PRE-WEANED CALVES REARED IN THE PANTANAL

2019 ◽  
Vol 20 ◽  
Author(s):  
Luiz Orcirio Fialho de Oliveira ◽  
Urbano Gomes Pinto de Abreu ◽  
Rodrigo da Costa Gomes ◽  
Ériklis Nogueira ◽  
Juliana Correa Borges Silva ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Live Weight ◽  
High Energy ◽  
Low Energy ◽  
Productive Performance ◽  
Early Weaning ◽  
Cattle Breeding ◽  
Beef Calves ◽  
Genetic Groups ◽  
Breeding Farms ◽  
Low Energy Diet

Abstract Early weaning (EW) has been adopted in cattle breeding farms in Pantanal as a strategy to increase the rate of pregnancy in cows. The primary income of these properties is the production of beef calves, and the price of these animals depends on their weight. Therefore, the calves subjected to EW should present weight similar to or higher than those of calves subjected to conventional weaning (CW). This study aimed to evaluate the productive performance of pure (Nellore) calves and crossbred (Nellore/Angus) calves reared in the Pantanal and subjected to either EW or CW. After EW, the calves were supplemented with concentrate at 1 kg/animal/day (low-energy diet) or 1% of live weight (high-energy diet). The weights adjusted to 300 days of age were higher for EW calves fed the high-energy diet (p<0.01) in both genetic groups. No significant differences were observed in the weight of EW animals fed the low-energy diet and CW animals (p>0.01), and animal weight was 241.17 and 236.27 kg in crossbred calves and 184.44 and 189.78 in Nellore calves, respectively. The EW adopted in this experimental model did not affect the productive performance of calves raised in the Pantanal.

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