Effects of dietary ruminally degradable starch and ruminally degradable protein levels on urea recycling, microbial protein production, nitrogen balance, and duodenal nutrient flow in beef heifers fed low crude protein diets

2013 ◽  
Vol 93 (1) ◽  
pp. 123-136 ◽  
Author(s):  
K. L. Davies ◽  
J. J. McKinnon ◽  
T. Mutsvangwa
Keyword(s):  
Crude Protein ◽  
Protein Production ◽  
Microbial Protein ◽  
Beef Heifers ◽  
Nutrient Flow ◽  
Protein Levels ◽  
Urea Recycling ◽  
Microbial N ◽  
Degradable Protein ◽  
Ruminally Degradable Protein

Davies, K. L., McKinnon, J. J. and Mutsvangwa, T. 2013. Effects of dietary ruminally degradable starch and ruminally degradable protein levels on urea recycling, microbial protein production, nitrogen balance, and duodenal nutrient flow in beef heifers fed low crude protein diets. Can. J. Anim. Sci. 93: 123–136. The objective was to determine the effects of ruminally degradable starch (RDS; 28.6 and 69.2% of total starch) and ruminally degradable protein [RDP; 48.0 and 55.0% of crude protein (CP)] content on urea recycling, nitrogen (N) balance, duodenal nutrient flow, and microbial protein production in beef heifers fed low CP (10%) diets. Four ruminally and duodenally cannulated beef heifers (723±57 kg body weight) were used in a 4×4 Latin square design with a 2×2 factorial arrangement of dietary treatments with 23-d periods. Jugular infusions of [15N15N]-urea (220 mg d−1; 98+ atom percent) were conducted for 4 d (days 18–22) to estimate urea kinetics, with total collection of faeces and urine. Proportions of [15N15N]- and [14N15N]-urea in urinary urea, and 15N enrichment in faeces were used to calculate urea kinetics. Ruminal microbial N production was estimated using 15N as a marker. Ruminal ammonia-N concentration was greater (P=0.01) in heifers fed high RDP as compared with those fed low RDP, and it was also greater (P=0.01) in heifers fed low RDS as compared with those fed high RDS. Microbial N flow to the duodenum increased as RDP level increased on the high RDS diet, but was not affected by RDP level on the low RDS diet (interaction; P=0.04). Urea-N entry rate and urea-N transfer to the gastrointestinal tract were similar (P>0.05) across diets. The amount of recycled urea-N incorporated into microbial N increased as RDP level increased on the high RDS diet, but the opposite was observed on the low RDS diet (interaction; P=0.008). These results indicate that at a low CP level (10%), increasing both RDS and RDP levels can increase microbial N flow to the duodenum and improve the efficiency of use of recycled urea-N for microbial N synthesis.

Effects of linseed oil and rumen undegradable protein:rumen degradable protein ratio on performance of Holstein dairy calves

2020 ◽  
Vol 123 (11) ◽  
pp. 1247-1257 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Kazemi-Bonchenari ◽  
M. Dehghan-Banadaky ◽  
F. Fattahnia ◽  
A. Saleh-Bahmanpour ◽  
M. Jahani-Moghadam ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Feed Efficiency ◽  
Crude Protein ◽  
Protein Production ◽  
Linseed Oil ◽  
Average Daily Gain ◽  
High Ratio ◽  
Dairy Calves ◽  
Protein Ratio ◽  
Daily Gain ◽  
Degradable Protein

AbstractThe present study evaluated the interaction effects of n-3 fatty acids (from linseed oil (LSO), 0 v. 2·5, % DM basis) with rumen undegradable:degradable protein (RUP:RDP) ratios (low ratio (LR) 27:73; high ratio (HR) 38:62 based on crude protein %) in dairy calves’ starter diet. Forty-eight 3-d-old female Holstein dairy calves (41·5 kg of body weight (BW)) were allocated in a 2 × 2 factorial arrangements in the following treatments (n 12 calves/each): (1) no supplementation of LSO with LR (NLSO-LR); (2) no supplementation of LSO with HR (NLSO-HR); (3) supplementation of LSO with LR (LSO-LR) and (4) supplementation of LSO with HR (LSO-HR). The calves were weaned on day 53 of the experiment and remained in the study until day 73. Intake was not affected by LSO and RUP:RDP ratio. However, average daily gain (ADG) was improved with LSO supplementation. Feeding the HR diet increased ADG compared with the LR diet during the entire period. Final BW was greater in calves fed on the LSO than those fed the NLSO diet. Microbial protein production did not differ among treatments. Calves fed on LSO diets had greater feed efficiency than those which were not fed on LSO diets. The calves supplemented with LSO had greater wither and hip heights compared with the unsupplemented calves. The glucose, cholesterol, HDL and insulin concentrations increased in calves supplemented with LSO. In conclusion, the HR diet improved calves’ performance post-weaning; however, LSO could enhance growth performance of dairy calves during the pre-weaning period.

scholarly journals Effect of Commercial Slow-Release Urea Product on in Vitro Rumen Fermentation and Ruminal Microbial Community Using RUSITEC Technique

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yongmei Guo ◽  
Ling Xiao ◽  
Long Jin ◽  
Sumei Yan ◽  
Dongyan Niu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Microbial Community ◽  
Dairy Cow ◽  
Protein Production ◽  
Control Diet ◽  
Gas Production ◽  
Microbial Protein ◽  
N Concentration ◽  
Slow Release Urea ◽  
Microbial N

Abstract Background The objectives of this study were to determine the effect of commercial slow-release urea (SRU) on in vitro fermentation characteristics, nutrient digestibility, gas production, microbial protein synthesis and bacterial community using rumen simulation technique (RUSITEC). The experiment was a completely randomized design with four treatments and four replications of each treatment. Treatments were: control diet (no SRU addition), control diet plus 0.28% SRU (U28), or plus 0.56% SRU (U56), and control diet that was modified for substituting with 0.35% SRU for equavelant soybean protein (MU35; dry matter [DM] basis). The experiment consisted of 8 days of adaptation and 7 days of data and sample collection. Rumen inoculum was obtained from three ruminally fistulated Angus cows fed the same diet to the substrate incubated. Results Digestibility of DM, organic matter (OM), crude protein (CP), fibre and starch was not affected, but daily production of gas (P < 0.07) and methane (P < 0.05) was quadratically changed with increasing SRU supplementation. The increase of SRU addition did not affect fermentation pH and total volatile fatty acid (VFA) production, whereas linearly (P < 0.01) decreased proportion of propionate, and linearly (P < 0.01) increased acetate to propionate ratio and ammonia nitrogen (N) concentration. The microbial N efficiency also linearly (P < 0.03) improved with increasing supplementation of SRU. In comparison with control diet, the dietary substitution of SRU for part of soybean meal increased (P < 0.05) the digestibility of DM, OM and CP and decreased (P < 0.02) the total gas production. The total VFA production and acetate to propionate ratio did not differ between control and MU35, whereas the proportion of butyrate was lower (P < 0.05) and that of branched-chain VFA was greater (P < 0.05) with MU35 than control diet. Total and liquid-associated microbial N production as well as ammonia N concentration were greater (P < 0.03) with MU35 than control diet. Observed OTUs, Shannon diversity index, and beta diversity of the microbial community did not differ among treatments. Taxonomic analysis revealed no effect of adding SRU on the relative abundance of bacteria at the phylum level, while at the genus level, the impact of SRU addition on microbial community was greater with MU35 either for liquid associate bacteria or feed particle-associated bacteria. Conclusions Supplementation of a dairy cow diet with SRU showed potential of increase in ammonia N concentration and microbial protein production, and change fermentation pattern to more acetate production. Adding SRU in dairy cow diet also showed beneficial effect on improving digestibility of OM and fibre. The results suggest that SRU can partially substitute soybean meal in dairy cow diet to increase microbial protein production without impairing rumen fermentation.

Whey as a Source of Rumen-Degradable Protein. I. Effects on Microbial Protein Production

1986 ◽  
Vol 63 (5) ◽  
pp. 1561-1573 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. Stock ◽  
T. Klopfenstein ◽  
D. Brink ◽  
R. Britton ◽  
D. Harmon
Keyword(s):  
Protein Production ◽  
Microbial Protein ◽  
Degradable Protein

scholarly journals Rumen Fermentation and Microbial Protein Synthesis of Bali Cattle Heifers (Bos sondaicus ) Fed Ration Containing Different Energy Protein Level

2020 ◽  
Vol 15 (2) ◽  
pp. 187-194
Author(s):  
N. N. Suryani ◽  
I. W. Suama ◽  
I. G. Mahardika ◽  
N.P. Sarini
Keyword(s):  
Protein Synthesis ◽  
Crude Protein ◽  
Block Design ◽  
Rumen Fermentation ◽  
Metabolizable Energy ◽  
Microbial Protein ◽  
Microbial Protein Synthesis ◽  
Protein Levels ◽  
Randomized Block Design ◽  
Bali Cattle

The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of energy and protein levels on rumen fermentation, microbial protein synthesis of Bali cattle heifers. The study was conducted in Petang Village, Badung Regency, Province of Bali Indonesia on 12 Bali cattle heifers with initial body weight 193,67 ± 22,55 kg/head. The treatment given is four types of ration consists of different level of metabolizable energy (ME) and crude protein (CP): ME 2051.41 kcal/kg: 12.04% CP (Treatment A); ME 2107.79 kcal/kg : 13.05% CP (Treatment B); ME 2194.06 kcal/kg : 14.04% CP (Treatment C) and ME 2294.23 kcal/kg : 15.09% CP (Treatment D). Variables measured: nutrient intake, rumen fermentation, microbial protein synthesis and growth performance of Bali cattle heifer age of 18 month. This research was a randomized block design. The results showed that increase in ME to 2294.23 kcal /kg and 15.09% CP significantly (P <0.05) increased energy intake to 17,880.57 kcal /day and protein intake 686.56 g /day. Rumen fermentation was also highest (P <0.05) in treatment D seen from total VFA, propionic acid and butyric acid respectively 170.32 mMol, 28.52 mMol and 13.70 mMol. While acetic acid, methane and NGR significantly decreased (P <0.05) respectively 57.77 mMol, 18.38 mMol and 3.07. This resulted in the highest rumen microbial protein synthesis in treatment D which was 562.06 g / day so that it was able to produce the highest ADG too, which was 0.42 kg /day. This study concluded that giving rations containing ME 2294.23 kcal /kg and 15.09% CP increased rumen fermentation and microbial protein synthesis, resulting in the highest growth compared to lower levels.

Apparent digestibility, rumen fermentation characteristics and microbial N entering duodenum in Iranian Baloochi Lambs fed diets formulated to contain similar amounts of ERDP with different protein sources

2002 ◽  
Vol 2002 ◽  
pp. 145-145
Author(s):  
M Danesh Mesgaran
Keyword(s):  
Rumen Fermentation ◽  
Apparent Digestibility ◽  
Ruminal Fermentation ◽  
Microbial Protein ◽  
Protein Sources ◽  
Ruminal Ph ◽  
Stimulation Of ◽  
Microbial N ◽  
Degradable Protein

Published results in the literature indicate that the inclusion of increased level of degradable protein in the ruminant diet resulted in a stimulation of ruminal pH, ruminal N-NH3 and microbial N entering duodenum (Mesgeran & Parker, 1998). The objective of this experiment was to investigate the effect of altering the dietary sources of protein with similar amounts of ERDP on the apparent digestibility, ruminal fermentation characteristics and microbial protein entering duodenum in Iranian Baloochi lambs.

Effect of propylene glycol supplementation on microbial protein production in transition dairy cows

2009 ◽  
Vol 89 (3) ◽  
pp. 419-423 ◽  
Author(s):  
G E Chibisa ◽  
G N Gozho ◽  
T Mutsvangwa
Keyword(s):  
Dairy Cows ◽  
Propylene Glycol ◽  
Protein Production ◽  
Transition Period ◽  
Post Partum ◽  
Basal Diet ◽  
Microbial Protein ◽  
N Supply ◽  
Transition Dairy Cows ◽  
Microbial N

Limited research suggests that propylene glycol (PG) supplementation can have inhibitory effects on ruminal microbes. Our hypothesis was that PG supplementation would reduce microbial protein production. The objective of this study was to determine the effect of PG supplementation on microbial protein production in transition dairy cows. Sixteen pregnant cows (seven primiparous and nine multiparous) were paired based on expected calving dates and then randomly assigned within each pair to either a basal diet (control) or basal diet plus 624 g d-1 of PG. Diets were fed twice daily for ad libitum intake, and PG was fed in equal amounts as a top dress from day -7 to day 45 (transition period). Sample collection was carried out at three time intervals starting at day -14 ± 5, day 15 and day 38 relative to calving, with the first collection period (day -14 ± 5) being the pretreatment period. Propylene glycol supplementation had no effect on total urine purine derivatives (PD; allantoin + uric acid) excretion; consequently, microbial N supply, estimated using total urinary PD excretion, was not affected by PG supplementation. There was an increase in urine total PD excretion and, thus, estimated microbial N supply, with time relative to calving. Microbial efficiency did not change with time relative to calving and, therefore, the increase in dry matter intake during the post-partum period led to the increase in estimated microbial N supply. Results from this study indicate that supplementing PG over the transition period had no effect on microbial protein production in the rumen.Key words: Transition dairy cow, propylene glycol, microbial protein production

Effects of Food Protein Levels on Haematological Parameters of Growing Japanese Quails (Coturnix Coturnix Japonica Temminck & Schlegel, 1849)

2020 ◽  
Vol 6 (6) ◽  
pp. 94-100
Author(s):  
Serge-Olivier Konan KOUASSI ◽  
◽  
Yves Bénarèce Tra DJE BI ◽  
Soualio KAMAGATE ◽  
Mathieu Nahounou BLEYERE ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Crude Protein ◽  
Hematological Parameters ◽  
Coturnix Japonica ◽  
Food Protein ◽  
Coturnix Coturnix Japonica ◽  
Coturnix Coturnix ◽  
Protein Levels ◽  
Dietary Crude Protein ◽  
Japanese Quails ◽  
The Impact

The study aims to determine the impact of dietary crude protein levels on the hematological parameters of Japanese quail from growth to ovipositor. To this end, five feeds with different crude protein levels (18, 20, 22, 24 and 26%) were supplied to 700 quails of three weeks of age. These were subdivided into six batches, including three batches of females and three batches of males for each feed group. After subjecting the quails to diets containing the different protein levels, four samples were taken at the fourth, fifth, sixth and seventh week of age. The samples taken were analyzed using an SYSMEX XN 350 automated hematological analyzer. The results of this investigation indicated that non-significant differences (P > 0.05) were observed in hematological parameters in both female and male quails. This study showed that dietary crude protein levels had no impact on the health status of Japanese quails. Keywords: Japanese quails, Crude protein, Hematological parameters.

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