Unfolding the codes of short-term feed appetence in farm and companion animals. A comparative oronasal nutrient sensing biology review

2008 ◽  
Vol 88 (4) ◽  
pp. 535-558 ◽  
Author(s):  
Eugeni Roura ◽  
Brooke Humphrey ◽  
Gemma Tedó ◽  
Ignacio Ipharraguerre
Keyword(s):  
Driving Forces ◽  
Companion Animals ◽  
Significant Proportion ◽  
Taste Receptor ◽  
Nutrient Sensing ◽  
Feed Consumption ◽  
Sensory Cells ◽  
Feeding Strategies ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Or Genes

The evolution of the chemical senses has resulted in a sensory apparatus for high taste and smell acuity in mammals and birds to ensure self-nourishment. Such peripheral chemosensory systems function as a code to unfold the nutritional value of feedstuffs. Food ingestion simultaneously evokes odor, taste and thermo-mechanical (somatosensing) sensations. Olfaction represents the capacity to identify feed volatiles that are predominantly derived from essential nutrients in plants. Comparative biology of olfaction shows that primates and chickens have a smaller olfactory epithelium and fewer olfactory receptor (OR) genes than non-primate mammals studied to date including farm and companion animals, such as the pig, the cow, the dog, the cat and the horse. A significant proportion of the total OR genes in mammals and birds have lost their functionality (pseudogenes) in a process that seems to reflect a decrease in the animal’s reliance on the sense of smell, particularly in humans and cows. The taste system allows animals to recognize a diverse repertoire of nutrient (sugars, amino acids, salts, acids and fats) or toxic related chemical entities that provide valuable information about the quality of food. Taste senses non-volatile molecules in the oral cavity through taste receptors (TR). The TR are expressed in the sensory cells forming the taste buds of the tongue’s papillae. Taste cells are linked to a network of solitary chemosensory cells diffused through many non-taste tissues involved in metabolic homeostasis. The number of functional taste receptor genes (TASR) in humans is equivalent to that in other mammals and superior to that in chickens. The TASR family 1 (TAS1R coding for umami and sweet TR) is conserved, in number and type, across the species evaluated, with the exception of the sweet receptor in chicken and feline species. The TASR family 2 (TAS2R coding for bitter TR) shows a strong adaptive capacity to dietary sources and digestive physiology across vertebrates. Pseudogenization (loss of gene functionality) in the TAS2R family seems to be a frequent strategy. The implications of oronasal nutrient sensing related to comparative animal feeding strategies and behaviors such as neophobia, feed refusal and hedonic preferences are discussed. Feed palatability and appetence might be one of the main driving forces in short-term feed consumption. Finally, practical applications relevant to animal production are outlined. Key words: Nutrient sensing, taste, olfaction, somatosensing, feed intake, farm, companion animals

Regulation of skeletal muscle energy/nutrient-sensing pathways during metabolic adaptation to fasting in healthy humans

2014 ◽  
Vol 307 (10) ◽  
pp. E885-E895 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marjolein A. Wijngaarden ◽  
Leontine E. H. Bakker ◽  
Gerard C. van der Zon ◽  
Peter A. C. 't Hoen ◽  
Ko Willems van Dijk ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Skeletal Muscle ◽  
Protein Kinase ◽  
Lipid Oxidation ◽  
Energy Homeostasis ◽  
Nutrient Sensing ◽  
Whole Body ◽  
Metabolic Adaptation ◽  
Protein Kinase Activity ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Muscle Energy

During fasting, rapid metabolic adaptations are required to maintain energy homeostasis. This occurs by a coordinated regulation of energy/nutrient-sensing pathways leading to transcriptional activation and repression of specific sets of genes. The aim of the study was to investigate how short-term fasting affects whole body energy homeostasis and skeletal muscle energy/nutrient-sensing pathways and transcriptome in humans. For this purpose, 12 young healthy men were studied during a 24-h fast. Whole body glucose/lipid oxidation rates were determined by indirect calorimetry, and blood and skeletal muscle biopsies were collected and analyzed at baseline and after 10 and 24 h of fasting. As expected, fasting induced a time-dependent decrease in plasma insulin and leptin levels, whereas levels of ketone bodies and free fatty acids increased. This was associated with a metabolic shift from glucose toward lipid oxidation. At the molecular level, activation of the protein kinase B (PKB/Akt) and mammalian target of rapamycin pathways was time-dependently reduced in skeletal muscle during fasting, whereas the AMP-activated protein kinase activity remained unaffected. Furthermore, we report some changes in the phosphorylation and/or content of forkhead protein 1, sirtuin 1, and class IIa histone deacetylase 4, suggesting that these pathways might be involved in the transcriptional adaptation to fasting. Finally, transcriptome profiling identified genes that were significantly regulated by fasting in skeletal muscle at both early and late time points. Collectively, our study provides a comprehensive map of the main energy/nutrient-sensing pathways and transcriptomic changes during short-term adaptation to fasting in human skeletal muscle.

scholarly journals Eddy covariance flux measurements confirm extreme CH<sub>4</sub> emissions from a Swiss hydropower reservoir and resolve their short-term variability

2011 ◽  
Vol 8 (9) ◽  
pp. 2815-2831 ◽  
Author(s):  
W. Eugster ◽  
T. DelSontro ◽  
S. Sobek
Keyword(s):  
Greenhouse Gas ◽  
Eddy Covariance ◽  
Land Surface ◽  
Lake Level ◽  
Driving Forces ◽  
Open Water ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Flux Measurements ◽  
Floating Chamber ◽  
Hydropower Reservoir

Abstract. Greenhouse gas budgets quantified via land-surface eddy covariance (EC) flux sites differ significantly from those obtained via inverse modeling. A possible reason for the discrepancy between methods may be our gap in quantitative knowledge of methane (CH4) fluxes. In this study we carried out EC flux measurements during two intensive campaigns in summer 2008 to quantify methane flux from a hydropower reservoir and link its temporal variability to environmental driving forces: water temperature and pressure changes (atmospheric and due to changes in lake level). Methane fluxes were extremely high and highly variable, but consistently showed gas efflux from the lake when the wind was approaching the EC sensors across the open water, as confirmed by floating chamber flux measurements. The average flux was 3.8 ± 0.4 μg C m−2 s−1 (mean ± SE) with a median of 1.4 μg C m−2 s−1, which is quite high even compared to tropical reservoirs. Floating chamber fluxes from four selected days confirmed such high fluxes with 7.4 ± 1.3 μg C m−2 s−1. Fluxes increased exponentially with increasing temperatures, but were decreasing exponentially with increasing atmospheric and/or lake level pressure. A multiple regression using lake surface temperatures (0.1 m depth), temperature at depth (10 m deep in front of the dam), atmospheric pressure, and lake level was able to explain 35.4% of the overall variance. This best fit included each variable averaged over a 9-h moving window, plus the respective short-term residuals thereof. We estimate that an annual average of 3% of the particulate organic matter (POM) input via the river is sufficient to sustain these large CH4 fluxes. To compensate the global warming potential associated with the CH4 effluxes from this hydropower reservoir a 1.3 to 3.7 times larger terrestrial area with net carbon dioxide uptake is needed if a European-scale compilation of grasslands, croplands and forests is taken as reference. This indicates the potential relevance of temperate reservoirs and lakes in local and regional greenhouse gas budgets.

EFFECTS OF FEEDING A HIGH LEVEL OF TOWER RAPESEED MEAL IN DAIRY RATIONS ON FEED INTAKE AND MILK PRODUCTION

1977 ◽  
Vol 57 (4) ◽  
pp. 653-662 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. R. SHARMA ◽  
J. R. INGALLS ◽  
J. A. MCKIRDY
Keyword(s):  
Adverse Effect ◽  
Milk Production ◽  
Milk Yield ◽  
Feed Intake ◽  
Milk Fat ◽  
Rapeseed Meal ◽  
Feed Consumption ◽  
Short Term ◽  
N Retention ◽  
High Level

In experiment 1, 12 cows were used to compare the two (0–0) rapeseed meal (1788 and Tower) varieties with the commercial rapeseed meal (CRSM) and soybean meal (SBM). Feed intake, milk yield and fat content were not different (P > 0.05) among the four treatments; however, protein content was higher (P < 0.05) for the cows fed CRSM and SBM diets than for those fed the 1788–RSM diet. But more (P < 0.05) milk fat was produced by the cows fed 1788–RSM than by those fed CRSM and SBM diets. In experiment 2, eight cows were used to determine the effects of replacing SBM with Tower and also replacing a portion of Tower with urea (TU) in a mixed or extruded (TUE) form on feed intake, milk yield and nitrogen (N) retention. No differences were observed in feed consumption, milk yield or composition among the treatments. Serum thyroxine (T4) level was higher (P < 0.05) for the cows fed SBM than for those fed the 1788–SBM and was similar to levels for cows fed CRSM and Tower in the first experiment. However, no differences were found in thyroxine level in the second experiment. Extrusion of Tower–urea mixture increased (P < 0.05) the N retention compared with other treatments. These short-term studies suggest that up to 25% Tower RSM can be used in dairy rations without adverse effect on performance.

scholarly journals The biologically relevant unit for the analysis of short-term feeding behaviour of dairy cows

2000 ◽  
Vol 2000 ◽  
pp. 3-3
Author(s):  
D.P.N. Schweitzer ◽  
B.J. Tolkamp ◽  
I. Kyriazakis
Keyword(s):  
Dairy Cows ◽  
Feeding Behaviour ◽  
Gradual Increase ◽  
Daily Intake ◽  
Feed Consumption ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Biologically Relevant ◽  
Feeding Motivation ◽  
A New Technique ◽  
Log Normal

Study of short-term feeding behaviour (STFB) could improve the understanding of variation in daily intake in dairy cows. STFB is generally measured in short bouts (e.g. visits to feeders) that are clustered in larger bouts (or meals). The value of bout analysis depends strongly on the choice of an appropriate bout. Before bouts can be grouped into meals, a meal criterion (MC, that is: the longest non-feeding interval accepted as part of a meal) must be estimated. Tolkamp and Kyriazakis (1999) criticised existing methods and recently developed a new technique to estimate meal criteria. These log-normal models were developed on basis of the idea that eating bouts end when animals are satiated (i.e., in a state of low feeding motivation) (Tolkamp and Kyriazakis, 1999). This implies that feed consumption during the relevant eating bout will result in a gradual increase in satiety. This will be associated with an increase in the probability of cows ending a bout. In this study we will analyse whether meals are a more biologically relevant unit of STFB than the short feeding bouts (i.e. visits) that are routinely recorded.

scholarly journals A novel nutrient sensing mechanism underlies substrate-induced regulation of monocarboxylate transporter-1

2012 ◽  
Vol 303 (10) ◽  
pp. G1126-G1133 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alip Borthakur ◽  
Shubha Priyamvada ◽  
Anoop Kumar ◽  
Arivarasu A. Natarajan ◽  
Ravinder K. Gill ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Intestinal Inflammation ◽  
Apical Membrane ◽  
Nutrient Sensing ◽  
Monocarboxylate Transporter ◽  
Rat Colon ◽  
Intracellular Camp ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Monocarboxylate Transporter 1 ◽  
Sensing Mechanism ◽  
And Function

Monocarboxylate transporter isoform-1 (MCT1) plays an important role in the absorption of short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) in the colon. Butyrate, a major SCFA, serves as the primary energy source for the colonic mucosa, maintains epithelial integrity, and ameliorates intestinal inflammation. Previous studies have shown substrate (butyrate)-induced upregulation of MCT1 expression and function via transcriptional mechanisms. The present studies provide evidence that short-term MCT1 regulation by substrates could be mediated via a novel nutrient sensing mechanism. Short-term regulation of MCT1 by butyrate was examined in vitro in human intestinal C2BBe1 and rat intestinal IEC-6 cells and ex vivo in rat intestinal mucosa. Effects of pectin feeding on MCT1, in vivo, were determined in rat model. Butyrate treatment (30–120 min) of C2BBe1 cells increased MCT1 function {p-(chloromercuri) benzene sulfonate (PCMBS)-sensitive [14C]butyrate uptake} in a pertussis toxin-sensitive manner. The effects were associated with decreased intracellular cAMP levels, increased Vmax of butyrate uptake, and GPR109A-dependent increase in apical membrane MCT1 level. Nicotinic acid, an agonist for the SCFA receptor GPR109A, also increased MCT1 function and decreased intracellular cAMP. Pectin feeding increased apical membrane MCT1 levels and nicotinate-induced transepithelial butyrate flux in rat colon. Our data provide strong evidence for substrate-induced enhancement of MCT1 surface expression and function via a novel nutrient sensing mechanism involving GPR109A as a SCFA sensor.

Economic and Demographic Developments

2014 ◽  
Author(s):  
Silvia Marzagalli
Keyword(s):  
French Revolution ◽  
Driving Forces ◽  
The Political ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Rural And Urban ◽  
Trade Growth ◽  
Economic Developments ◽  
Marxist Interpretation ◽  
The Revolution

The reassessment of the driving forces leading to the French Revolution provoked the rejection of the traditional Marxist interpretation according to which the Revolution was led by an emerging capitalistic bourgeoisie strengthened by long-term industrial and trade growth, and the emergence of interpretations based on political and ideological developments. This chapter argues that demography and economy still offer important keys to understand the origins of the Revolution if they are embedded within a broader analysis, taking social, cultural, and political aspects into account. In stressing the escalation of social tensions provoked by an unequal redistribution of resources, analysis of the demographic and economic developments highlight the background against which the convergence of political and short-term subsistence crises pushed rural and urban masses to revolt in 1789. Without their actions, the political revolution led by a majority of the representatives who met at the Estates-General in 1789 would have been repressed.

scholarly journals Effectiveness and Safety of the Sequential Use of a Second and Third Anti-TNF Agent in Patients With Inflammatory Bowel Disease: Results From the Eneida Registry

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
María José Casanova ◽  
María Chaparro ◽  
Miguel Mínguez ◽  
Elena Ricart ◽  
Carlos Taxonera ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Inflammatory Bowel Disease ◽  
Combination Therapy ◽  
Adverse Events ◽  
Bowel Disease ◽  
Tumor Necrosis ◽  
Significant Proportion ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Loss Of Response ◽  
Inflammatory Bowel ◽  
Necrosis Factor

Abstract Background The effectiveness of the switch to another anti–tumor necrosis factor (anti-TNF) agent is not known. The aim of this study was to analyze the effectiveness and safety of treatment with a second and third anti-TNF drug after intolerance to or failure of a previous anti-TNF agent in inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) patients. Methods We included patients diagnosed with IBD from the ENEIDA registry who received another anti-TNF after intolerance to or failure of a prior anti-TNF agent. Results A total of 1122 patients were included. In the short term, remission was achieved in 55% of the patients with the second anti-TNF. The incidence of loss of response was 19% per patient-year with the second anti-TNF. Combination therapy (hazard ratio [HR], 2.4; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.8–3; P < 0.0001) and ulcerative colitis vs Crohn’s disease (HR, 1.6; 95% CI, 1.1–2.1; P = 0.005) were associated with a higher probability of loss of response. Fifteen percent of the patients had adverse events, and 10% had to discontinue the second anti-TNF. Of the 71 patients who received a third anti-TNF, 55% achieved remission. The incidence of loss of response was 22% per patient-year with a third anti-TNF. Adverse events occurred in 7 patients (11%), but only 1 stopped the drug. Conclusions Approximately half of the patients who received a second anti-TNF achieved remission; nevertheless, a significant proportion of them subsequently lost response. Combination therapy and type of IBD were associated with loss of response. Remission was achieved in almost 50% of patients who received a third anti-TNF; nevertheless, a significant proportion of them subsequently lost response.

scholarly journals Minireview: Nutrient Sensing by G Protein-Coupled Receptors

2013 ◽  
Vol 27 (8) ◽  
pp. 1188-1197 ◽  
Author(s):  
Eric M. Wauson ◽  
Andrés Lorente-Rodríguez ◽  
Melanie H. Cobb
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Amino Acid ◽  
G Protein ◽  
Taste Receptor ◽  
Sweet Taste ◽  
Nutrient Sensing ◽  
G Protein Coupled Receptors ◽  
Amino Acid Availability ◽  
Class C ◽  
G Protein Coupled

G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) are membrane proteins that recognize molecules in the extracellular milieu and transmit signals inside cells to regulate their behaviors. Ligands for many GPCRs are hormones or neurotransmitters that direct coordinated, stereotyped adaptive responses. Ligands for other GPCRs provide information to cells about the extracellular environment. Such information facilitates context-specific decision making that may be cell autonomous. Among ligands that are important for cellular decisions are amino acids, required for continued protein synthesis, as metabolic starting materials and energy sources. Amino acids are detected by a number of class C GPCRs. One cluster of amino acid-sensing class C GPCRs includes umami and sweet taste receptors, GPRC6A, and the calcium-sensing receptor. We have recently found that the umami taste receptor heterodimer T1R1/T1R3 is a sensor of amino acid availability that regulates the activity of the mammalian target of rapamycin. This review focuses on an array of findings on sensing amino acids and sweet molecules outside of neurons by this cluster of class C GPCRs and some of the physiologic processes regulated by them.

Feeding strategies during the lactation period for first-parity sows

1995 ◽  
Vol 75 (3) ◽  
pp. 461-467 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Genest ◽  
S. D'Allaire
Keyword(s):  
Feed Intake ◽  
Average Daily Gain ◽  
Feed Consumption ◽  
Feeding Strategies ◽  
Lactation Period ◽  
Feeding Frequency ◽  
Body Reserves ◽  
Feeding Regimes ◽  
High Feed ◽  
Meal Time

The effects of different feeding regimes during the lactation period on feed intake, body reserves and sow performance were evaluated. A 2 × 2 factorial design was used and 183 first-parity sows were randomly allocated to one of four treatments: sows were fed either two or three meals per day with (wet feed) or without (dry feed) supplemental water at meal time. Primrparous sows were fed ad libitum 12–16 h after parturition. The addition of water at meal time increased (P < 0.01) feed consumption by 5% over the 18-d lactation period. Increased feeding frequency did not influence feed intake. During the first week of lactation, most sows gained weight, but thereafter lost weight, with the rate of weight loss reaching a peak during the last week of lactation. Although feed intake was influenced only by wet feeding, both an increased frequency of daily meals and the use of wet feeding reduced mobilization of body reserves. Wet-fed sows lost less weight than dry-fed sows and the increased feeding frequency reduced backfat loss. Average daily gain of piglets, percentage of sows with a weaning-to-estrus interval of less than 7 d, farrowing rate, and parity-2 litter size were similar among the four groups. A lack of significant improvement in sow performance with different regimes may be partly related to a generally high feed intake and minimal weight and backfat losses. Although our results failed to show a benefit on sow performance, we believe that some of the feeding strategies evaluated could be useful during periods in which sows eat less, such as in the summer, or in some herds that have feed consumption problems. Key words: Sow, feed intake, weight, backfat, reproductive performance

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document