The SF6 tracer technique for measurements of methane emission from cattle – effect of tracer permeation rate

2008 ◽  
Vol 88 (2) ◽  
pp. 309-320 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. S. Pinares-Patiño ◽  
A. Machmüller ◽  
G. Molano ◽  
A. Smith ◽  
J. B. Vlaming ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Controlled Trial ◽  
Latin Square ◽  
Permeation Rate ◽  
Data Sets ◽  
Beef Steers ◽  
Tracer Technique ◽  
Accuracy And Precision ◽  
Ruminant Animals ◽  
Four Levels ◽  
Experimental Treatments

Previous experiments have suggested that estimates of methane (CH4) emissions from ruminant animals made using the sulphur hexafluoride (SF6) tracer might be influenced by the permeation rate of SF6 (PR). This study examined the latter issue with cattle. For this, analyses of data sets from two grazing trials involving large herds (exps. 1 and 2) and a specifically designed controlled trial (exp. 3) were conducted. Individual daily CH4 emissions from 296 (exp. 1) and 388 (exp. 2) Friesian × Jersey cows in mid-lactation were measured with herds subdivided into four (exp. 1) or five (exp. 2) measurement groups and dry matter intake (DMI) estimated by energy metabolism algorithms. The ranges of tracer PR in exps. 1 and 2 were 2.624–5.689 and 2.214–3.594 mg d-1, respectively. Experiment 3 was conducted using 12 rumen-fistulated beef steers pen-fed on lucerne silage and design arranged as a 4 × 4 Latin square with three replications. Permeation tubes with four levels of nominal PR (three tubes each): low (L), medium (M), medium-high (MH) and high (H) were randomly assigned to four rumen deployment sequences (L-M-MH-H, H-MH-M-L, MH-L-H-M and M-H-L-MH). The grazing experiments revealed a positive effect of PR on the CH4 emission estimates (1 mg SF6 d-1 accounting for 0.6–2.3 g kg-1 DMI), but this effect was significant (R2 = 0.06–0.23, P < 0.05) only when there was a large range in PR (exp. 1), whereas with a narrower PR range (exp. 2) the effect was not significant (R2 < 0.04, P > 0.05). Experiment 3 revealed that the influence of PR upon CH4 emission estimates was linear. It is concluded that despite an influence of PR on CH4 emission estimates, accuracy and precision of the tracer technique is warranted provided that PR are used in a narrow range and balanced between the experimental treatments. Key words: Methane, permeation rate, SF6 tracer, cattle, variation

Response of urinary purine derivatives to urea supplementation of sodium hydroxide treated straw

1990 ◽  
Vol 1990 ◽  
pp. 121-121
Author(s):  
J.A. Guada ◽  
J. Balcells ◽  
J. Gasa ◽  
A. de Vega
Keyword(s):  
Urinary Excretion ◽  
Latin Square ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
Negative Control ◽  
Barley Straw ◽  
Purine Derivatives ◽  
Deficient Diet ◽  
Ad Libitum ◽  
Four Levels ◽  
Experimental Treatments

Since in ruminants urinary excretion of purine derivatives is related to duodenal absorption of purines (Fujihara et al.1987;Giesecke et al.1984), it may be a valuable index to identify nutritive constraints limiting rumen fermentation and microbial synthesis.In the present experiment, the response in the urinary excretion of purine derivatives to urea supplementation of a N deficient diet was studied to test the validity of the above assumption.Five Rasa Aragonesa ewes rumen cannulated and 38, 9±2, 52 Kg mean live weight, were offered “ad libitum” OHNa treated barley straw (50 g/Kg DM) ground and pelleted.Five experimental treatments including four levels of urea supplementation(6.5, 13, 19.5 and 26 g/d) plus a negative control were arranged in a 5x5 latin square design,allowing 14 days of adaptation between experimental periods.The urea was given by continuous infusion to the rumen at a flow rate of 0.92 ml/mn during 18 h per day starting after feeding.

Bulk feeds for milk Production: I. The influence of level of concentrate feeding in addition to silage and hay on milk yield and milk composition

1960 ◽  
Vol 27 (2) ◽  
pp. 191-204 ◽  
Author(s):  
W. Holmes ◽  
G. W. Arnold ◽  
A. L. Provan
Keyword(s):  
Milk Yield ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Practical Importance ◽  
Latin Square ◽  
Milk Composition ◽  
Published Data ◽  
High Production ◽  
Four Levels ◽  
Experimental Treatments ◽  
Yield Responses

SummaryTwo experiments were carried out, Expt. 1 with twelve cows in a 4×4 Latin square and Expt. 2 with twenty-six cows in two groups which spent 11 weeks on the experimental rations. In both experiments hay and silage were fed ad lib. In Expt. 1 four levels of concentrate feeding were offered, 1¼, 2½, 3¾ and 5 lb/gal, and in Expt. 2 two levels, 1¼and 5 lb/gal. The levels of feeding as a percentage of Woodman's standards for starch equivalent (S.E.) ranged from 82 to 125% in Expt. 1 and from 83 to 116% in Expt. 2; for digestible crude protein (D.C.P.) the corresponding figures were 70–100% and 105–107%. When concentrate consumption increased by 1 lb dry matter the consumption of bulk feeds was reduced by 0·18–0·22 lb dry matter but the total fibre intake remained constant. Milk yield showed small but significant responses to level of feeding. Average responses per 1 lb S.E. were 0·77 lb milk in Expt. 1 and 0·61 lb milk in Expt. 2. Total lactation yields of the cows in Expt. 2 were unaffected by the experimental treatments. The production S.E. fed per gallon of milk ranged from 1·71 to 3·72 lb in Expt. 1 and from 1·92 to 3·27 lb in Expt 2. Production D.C.P. ranged from 0·37 to 0·63 lb and from 0·67 to 0·70 lb, respectively.High levels of feeding increased the S.N.F. and protein contents of the milk but did not affect other constituents. The responses in S.N.F. were lower than in some other experiments and some cows showed no response. The results are discussed with reference to the experimental methods and also with reference to the yield responses compared with published data, and to the practical importance of the high production obtained with low usage of concentrate feeds.

scholarly journals Feeding strategies for improving productivity of growing steers fed grass silage

2008 ◽  
Vol 88 (4) ◽  
pp. 685-692
Author(s):  
D. R. Ouellet ◽  
L. Faucitano ◽  
D. Pellerin ◽  
M. D’Amours ◽  
R. Berthiaume
Keyword(s):  
Particle Size ◽  
Soybean Meal ◽  
Nitrogen Balance ◽  
Average Daily Gain ◽  
Latin Square ◽  
Feeding Strategies ◽  
Beef Steers ◽  
Plasma Urea ◽  
Grass Silage ◽  
Ground Corn

Two experiments were conducted to determine the relationship between corn particle size and soybean meal treatment on growth, diet digestibility, and nitrogen balance of growing steers. In the first experiment, 40 medium-frame beef steers (250 ± 11 kg) were fed individually for 140 d a diet based on grass silage offered for ad libitum consumption and supplemented with either 3.5 kg of DM d-1 of cracked corn (CC) or ground corn (GC) and with 450 g of DM d-1 of solvent extracted (SS) or lignosulfonate-treated soybean meal (Soypass™ SP). Dry matter intake was not affected by treatments and averaged 8.6 ± 0.3 kg d-1 (P > 0.10). Average daily gain was higher for animals receiving the ground corn than those fed cracked corn. Feed to gain ratio was not affected by treatments. There was an interaction between treatments for plasma urea-N concentration, with source of soybean meal having no effect with CC. When compared with SS, SP supplement reduced plasma urea-N when fed with GC. No effect of soybean meal and its interaction with corn processing was observed on growth performance. In the second experiment four additional steers were used in a 4 × 4 Latin square design to evaluate diet digestibility and nitrogen balance. There was an interaction between treatments for starch apparent digestibility and N retained, the values being respectively, 90, 86, 93, and 92% (SEM = 1.2; P < 0.01) and 36, 42, 44 and 41 g d-1 (SEM = 2.8; P < 0.03) for CCSS, CCSP, GCSS and GCSP, respectively. Altogether, the results indicate a slight advantage to reduce particle size of corn in growing steers fed grass silage. However, soybean meal treatment resulted in limited effects on growth and digestion. Key words: Rumen carbohydrate, undegradable protein, performance, steers

scholarly journals Considerations of the Scale of Radiocarbon Offsets in the East Mediterranean, and Considering a Case for the Latest (Most Recent) Likely Date for the Santorini Eruption

Radiocarbon ◽  
2012 ◽  
Vol 54 (3-4) ◽  
pp. 449-474 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sturt W Manning ◽  
Bernd Kromer
Keyword(s):  
Time Horizon ◽  
Weighted Average ◽  
17Th Century ◽  
Data Sets ◽  
East Mediterranean ◽  
Average Value ◽  
Accuracy And Precision ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
The Impact ◽  
East Mediterranean Region

The debate over the dating of the Santorini (Thera) volcanic eruption has seen sustained efforts to criticize or challenge the radiocarbon dating of this time horizon. We consider some of the relevant areas of possible movement in the14C dating—and, in particular, any plausible mechanisms to support as late (most recent) a date as possible. First, we report and analyze data investigating the scale of apparent possible14C offsets (growing season related) in the Aegean-Anatolia-east Mediterranean region (excluding the southern Levant and especially pre-modern, pre-dam Egypt, which is a distinct case), and find no evidence for more than very small possible offsets from several cases. This topic is thus not an explanation for current differences in dating in the Aegean and at best provides only a few years of latitude. Second, we consider some aspects of the accuracy and precision of14C dating with respect to the Santorini case. While the existing data appear robust, we nonetheless speculate that examination of the frequency distribution of the14C data on short-lived samples from the volcanic destruction level at Akrotiri on Santorini (Thera) may indicate that the average value of the overall data sets is not necessarily the most appropriate14C age to use for dating this time horizon. We note the recent paper of Soter (2011), which suggests that in such a volcanic context some (small) age increment may be possible from diffuse CO2emissions (the effect is hypothetical at this stage and hasnotbeen observed in the field), and that "if short-lived samples from the same stratigraphic horizon yield a wide range of14C ages, the lower values may be the least altered by old CO2." In this context, it might be argued that a substantive “low” grouping of14C ages observable within the overall14C data sets on short-lived samples from the Thera volcanic destruction level centered about 3326–3328 BP is perhaps more representative of the contemporary atmospheric14C age (without any volcanic CO2contamination). This is a subjective argument (since, in statistical terms, the existing studies using the weighted average remain valid) that looks to support as late a date as reasonable from the14C data. The impact of employing this revised14C age is discussed. In general, a late 17th century BC date range is found (to remain) to be most likelyeven ifsuch a late-dating strategy is followed—a late 17th century BC date range is thus a robust finding from the14C evidence even allowing for various possible variation factors. However, the possibility of a mid-16th century BC date (within ∼1593–1530 cal BC) is increased when compared against previous analyses if the Santorini data are considered in isolation.

Effects of roughage type on particle separation, rumination, fiber mat characteristics, in situ degradation, and ruminal fermentation parameters in beef steers

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Catherine L Lockard ◽  
Caleb G Lockard ◽  
Wyatt N Smith ◽  
Kendall J Karr ◽  
Ben P Holland ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Dry Matter ◽  
Rumen Fluid ◽  
Fluid Collection ◽  
Latin Square ◽  
Experimental Unit ◽  
Beef Steers ◽  
Ruminal Fermentation ◽  
In Situ Degradation ◽  
Fermentation Parameters

Abstract Six ruminally cannulated steers (average BW = 791 + 71 kg) were used in a replicated 3 × 3 Latin square experiment to determine the effects of roughage type on rumination, fiber mat characteristics, and rumen fermentation variables. Three roughages were included at 7% (DM basis) in a steam flaked corn-based diet; cotton burrs (CB), wheat silage (WS), or corn stalks (CS). Steers were fitted with a sensory collar to record rumination behaviors in 2-h intervals at the beginning of the experiment. Each 30-d period consisted of a 7-d of recovery, 14-d of diet adaptation, 7-d of rumination data collection (daily and bi-hourly average rumination), 1-d of rumen fluid collection, and 1-d of rumen evacuations. In situ degradation of individual roughages was determined for 4-d after period 3 evacuations. During rumen evacuations, ruminal contents were removed; the rumen fiber mat (RF) was separated from the liquid portion with a 2 mm sieve, weighed, and a subsample was dried. Data were analyzed using the MIXED procedure of SAS with steer as the experimental unit and roughage (CB, WS, and CS) as the main effect. Dry matter intake (DMI) was not different for CB and WS (P = 0.25) and greatest for steers consuming CS diet (P  &lt; 0.01). Roughage type did not influence the weight of the RF dry matter (%; DM; P = 0.92), RF weight (P = 0.69), or RF:DMI ratio (P = 0.29). Daily rumination (min/d) did not differ among roughages (P = 0.40), but min of rumination/kg of DMI was greatest for CS (18.0 min), min/kg of NDF was greatest for WS (89.8 min; P = 0.02), and min/kg of peNDF was greatest for CS (132.4 min; P  &lt; 0.01). Wheat silage had the greatest percentage of soluble DM and CB-R and CS-R (P  &lt; 0.01) had the greatest ruminal degraded DM fraction. Rumen fiber mat did not differ for roughages, although rumination min/kg of DMI and peNDF was greatest for steers consuming CS and WS. In situ degradation determined that CB-R and CS-R had the greatest percentage of ruminal degraded DM. Based on the objective of the experiment, roughage type did not influence daily rumination or fiber mat characteristics.

scholarly journals Increasing the quality of seismic interpretation

2016 ◽  
Vol 4 (3) ◽  
pp. T395-T402 ◽  
Author(s):  
Euan J. Macrae ◽  
Clare E. Bond ◽  
Zoe K. Shipton ◽  
Rebecca J. Lunn
Keyword(s):  
Controlled Trial ◽  
Causal Link ◽  
Environmental Risks ◽  
Influential Factor ◽  
Data Sets ◽  
Seismic Section ◽  
Randomized Controlled ◽  
First Time ◽  
Geologic Data

Geologic models are based on the interpretation of spatially sparse and limited resolution data sets. Nonunique interpretations often exist, resulting in commercial, safety, and environmental risks. We surveyed 444 experienced geoscientists to assess the validity of their interpretations of a seismic section for which multiple concepts honor the data. The most statistically influential factor in improving interpretation was writing about geologic time. A randomized controlled trial identified for the first time a significant causal link between being explicitly requested to describe the temporal geologic evolution of an interpretation and increased interpretation quality. These results have important implications for interpreting geologic data and communicating uncertainty in models.

Effects of vegetable oil and yeast fermented cassava pulp (YFCP) supplementation on feed intake, nutrient digestibility and rumen fermentation in Thai Friesian dairy cows

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
N. Suphrap ◽  
C. Wachirapakorn ◽  
C. Thamrongyoswittayakul and C. Wongnen
Keyword(s):  
Dairy Cows ◽  
Vegetable Oil ◽  
Feed Intake ◽  
Latin Square ◽  
Rumen Fermentation ◽  
Nutrient Digestibility ◽  
Optimum Level ◽  
Cassava Pulp ◽  
Four Levels ◽  
Dietary Treatments

This study was conducted to investigate the effect of vegetable oil and yeast fermented cassava pulp (YFCP) supplementation on feed intake, nutrient digestibility and rumen fermentation in Thai Friesian dairy cows (Thai native x Holstein Friesian). Eight Thai Friesian dairy cows (447±44 kg.BW) were assigned to 4×4 double latin square design (DLSD) with two sources of oil i.e. palm oil (PO) or soybean oil (SBO) and four levels of YFCP (0, 5, 10 and 20%DM) in the dietary treatments. All cows received total mixed ration (TMR) comprised of rice straw to concentrate at a ratio of 40:60. The results showed that supplementation of SBO had lowered feed intake, nutrients digestibility, metabolize energy intake (MEI), total digestible nutrient (TDN) and methane emission than PO treatment. However, cows received SBO had greater total volatile fatty acid (TVFA), propionic acid (C3), butyric acid (C4) than cows received on PO (P less than 0.05). In addition, supplementation of YFCP at 10%DM in the diet as an optimum level in dairy cow diets (P greater than 0.05). Finally, the interaction between the addition of SBO and YFCP at 10%DM (SBO+YFCP) had a positive effect on enhancing ether extract intake (EEI) in dairy cows.

scholarly journals Intake, digestibility, and ruminal parameters of Nellore bulls supplemented with increasing levels of crude glycerin in Brachiaria Brizantha pastures

2017 ◽  
Vol 18 (4) ◽  
pp. 518-529 ◽  
Author(s):  
Adriano Jorge Possamai ◽  
Joanis Tilemahos Zervoudakis ◽  
Luciana Keiko Hatamoto-Zervoudakis ◽  
Lucien Bissi da Freiria ◽  
Pedro Ivo José Lopes da Rosa Silva ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Organic Matter ◽  
Latin Square ◽  
Serum Glucose ◽  
Nutrient Digestibility ◽  
Crude Glycerin ◽  
Brachiaria Brizantha ◽  
Mineral Mixture ◽  
Organic Matter Digestibility ◽  
Four Levels ◽  
Different Levels

SUMMARY We evaluated the effects of increasing levels of crude glycerin in multiple supplements for grazing beef cattle on intake, nutrient digestibility, pH, ruminal ammoniacal nitrogen, and serum glucose. Five Nellore steers (initial BW of 480 kg [SD 15]), grazing a tropical pasture, were used in a 5 × 5 Latin square design. The treatments used were control (no supplementation; only a mineral mixture ad libitum) and four levels of crude glycerin (0, 80, 160, 240 g/kg of supplements). Supplementation type had no impact (P > 0.05) on pH at 0 and 4 h after supplementation. Animals supplemented with different levels of crude glycerin showed higher N-NH3 values (P < 0.05) at 4 h after supplementation. Crude glycerin supplementation did not reduce pasture intake (P > 0.05), increasing dry matter intake (P > 0.05) due to increased organic matter digestibility (P > 0.05). Supplementation of 4 kg/animal with crude glycerin (240 g/kg supplement) did not reduce pasture intake and organic matter digestibility.

scholarly journals Effect of exogenous salicylic acid on some physiological parameters and alleviation of drought stress in Nigella sativa plant under hydroponic culture 

2014 ◽  
Vol 50 (No. 1) ◽  
pp. 43-51 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. Kabiri ◽  
F. Nasibi ◽  
H. Farahbakhsh
Keyword(s):  
Salicylic Acid ◽  
Drought Stress ◽  
Nigella Sativa ◽  
Soluble Sugar ◽  
Hydroponic Culture ◽  
Black Cumin ◽  
Lyase Activity ◽  
Four Levels ◽  
Phenylalanine Ammonia Lyase Activity ◽  
Experimental Treatments

To study the effect of salicylic acid on photosynthetic pigments (chlorophyll&nbsp;a,&nbsp;b, total chlorophyll, and carotenoids), polyphenol compounds, anthocyanin, flavonoids, phenylalanine ammonia-lyase activity, malondialdehyde, lipoxygenase activity, electrolyte leakage, relative water content, soluble sugar contents, and protein content of black cumin (Nigella sativa) under drought stress in hydroponic culture, an experiment was conducted as a completely randomised design in a factorial arrangement with three replicates. Experimental treatments included salicylic acid at three levels (0, 5, and 10&micro;M) and drought stress (induced by polyethylene glycol 6000) at four levels (0, &ndash;0.2, &ndash;0.4, and &ndash;0.6 MPa). Results showed that salicylic acid application through the root medium increased drought tolerance of black cumin seedlings. Plants pre-treated with salicylic acid exhibited slight injury symptoms whereas those not pre-treated with salicylic acid had moderate damage and lost considerable portions of their foliage. In conclusion, salicylic acid could protect the&nbsp;Nigella&nbsp;plant against drought stress through increasing of all the mentioned traits, and 10&micro;M salicylic acid was the most effective level under both conditions.

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