Effects of exogenous fibrolytic enzymes, α-bromoethanesulfonate and monensin on fermentation in a rumen simulation (RUSITEC) system

1999 ◽  
Vol 79 (4) ◽  
pp. 491-498 ◽  
Author(s):  
Y. Dong ◽  
H. D. Bae ◽  
T. A. McAllister ◽  
G. W. Mathison ◽  
K.-J. Cheng
Keyword(s):  
Organic Matter ◽  
Key Words ◽  
Dilution Rate ◽  
Methane Production ◽  
Methanogenic Bacteria ◽  
Enzyme Treatment ◽  
Bacterial Populations ◽  
Fibrolytic Enzymes ◽  
Fiber Digestion ◽  
Grass Hay

The effects of exogenous fibrolytic enzymes, α-bromoethanesulfonate (BES) and monensin on fermentation and digestibility of grass hay were examined using two rumen simulation technique (RUSITEC) devices, each equipped with eight 820-mL fermenters with a liquid dilution rate of 0.73 d−1. Grass hay (10 g d−1) was fed either untreated or pre-treated with 0.2 g each of cellulase and xylanase, and in combination with no chemical or daily dosing of 20.5 µmol monensin, 20.5 µmol BES or 41 µmol BES. Pretreatment of hay with the fibrolytic enzymes increased (P < 0.05) organic matter (OM), cellulose and hemicellulose digestibilities by 9, 15, and 20%, respectively, and increased (P < 0.05) methane production per gram digestible OM by 43%. With the enzyme treatment, both β-endoglucanase and xylanase activities were enhanced (P < 0.05). Application of the enzymes promoted (P < 0.05) the growth of methanogenic bacteria, with no effect on total bacterial or cellulolytic bacterial populations. α-Bromoethanesulfonate did not influence digestibility, but depressed (P < 0.005) methane production by 51%. Addition of BES inhibited (P < 0.05) growth of methanogenic bacteria, with no effect on either the total or cellulolytic bacterial populations. Monensin depressed (P < 0.05) OM, cellulose and hemicellulose digestibilities by 15, 27 and 17%, respectively, and methane production by 78%. Treating grass hay with fibrolytic enzymes enhanced fiber digestion but also methane production. Including BES counteracted the methane production without affecting fiber digestion whereas monensin decreased both fiber digestion and methane production. Key words: Fibrolytic enzymes, α-bromoethanesulfonate, monensin, digestibility, methane, RUSITEC

IN VITRO DIGESTION OF WHEAT STRAW BY DIFFERENT RUMEN ANAEROBIC FUNGI

1984 ◽  
Vol 64 (5) ◽  
pp. 156-157 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. L. R. GORDON ◽  
J. R. ASHES
Keyword(s):  
Organic Matter ◽  
Key Words ◽  
Wheat Straw ◽  
In Vitro Digestion ◽  
Neutral Detergent Fiber ◽  
Anaerobic Fungi ◽  
Acid Detergent Fiber ◽  
Fiber Digestion

Two types of anaerobic fungi were isolated from the rumen of a sheep fed wheat straw. The fungus producing a mycelium in culture digested significantly more organic matter, neutral detergent fiber, acid detergent fiber and cellulose from straw than the type producing a sporangium from "spherical bodies." Key words: Rumen, fungi, straw, fiber digestion

scholarly journals Exogenous fibrolytic enzymes affect chemical compostition, animal intake and digestibility of guinea grass hay (Panicum maximum Jacq.).

1969 ◽  
Vol 94 (1-2) ◽  
pp. 131-146
Author(s):  
Karla Tous-Rivera ◽  
Elide Valencia ◽  
Abner A. Rodríguez ◽  
Paul F. Randel ◽  
Adesogan Adegbola
Keyword(s):  
Crude Protein ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Latin Square ◽  
Neutral Detergent Fiber ◽  
Enzyme Treatment ◽  
Panicum Maximum ◽  
Fibrolytic Enzymes ◽  
Grass Hay ◽  
Guinea Grass ◽  
Voluntary Intake

Two experiments were conducted for determining effects of applying exogenous fibrolytic enzymes to guineagrass hay (GH) [Panicum maximum Jacq. (= Urochloa maxima (Jacq.) R. Webster)] upon chemical composition, voluntary intake (VI), digestibility of various chemical fractions, and apparent and true dry matter (DM) degradability. The enzymatic products used were PromoteNET and BiocellulaseA-20, derived from Trichoderma longibratum and Aspergillus reesei. These products contain mainly cellulase and xylanase. In the first experiment, nine mature Blackbelly x creole crossbred rams of 26.8 kg mean body weight (BW) were used in a 3 x 3 Latin Square design, with 18-d periods. Treatments consisted of untreated hay (control), hay treated with PromoteNET, and hay treated with BiocellulaseA-20, applied by spraying 24 h prior to feeding. Daily hay offerings were at 4% of BW on a dry matter (DM) basis. Enzyme treatment increased contents of DM and crude protein (CP) in the treated GH in comparison with those contents of the untreated hay. A tendency to reduce neutral detergent fiber (NDF), acid detergent fiber (ADF) and hemicellulose concentrations through the enzymatic treatments was also observed but was not significant (P > 0.05). The VI of DM of hays treated with BiocellulaseA-20 and PromoteNET (1,139 and 938 g DM/d, respectively) exceeded that of the control (921 g DM/d).The VI of CP, NDF and ADF were higher for hay treated with BiocellulaseA-20  than for GH untreated or treated with PromoteNET. Rams fed enzyme-treated hay had higher (P < 0.05) DM intake as a percentage of BW when compared with those fed untreated GH (4.06% for BiocellulaseA-20 0, 3.15% for PromoteNET, and 2.86% for the control). Apparent DM digestibility increased (P < 0.05) by 5.89 and 4.24 percentage units for BiocellulaseA-20 - and PromoteNET -treated hays in comparison with that of the control (50.12%). Significant increases over the control were observed in digestibility of three other fractions for GH treated with BiocellulaseA-20 and PromoteNET (CP, 3.23 and 3.18; NDF, 7.96 and 4.31; ADF, 7.69 and 7.9 percentage units). Digestibility of dry matter, CP and ADF did not differ (P > 0.05) between enzymatic treatments, whereas NDF digestibility was higher (P < 0.05) for GH treated with BiocellulaseA-20. In the second experiment, apparent dry matter degradability (IVDMDA) and true dry matter degradability (IVDMDT) were found to be higher (P < 0.05) for GH treated with both enzymes than for those of the control (IVDMDA by 2.75 percentage units for BiocellulaseA-20, 2.12 for PromoteNET; IVDMDT by 2.42 and 1.73 units, respectively). These results indicate that application of fibrolytic enzymatic complexes to low-quality tropical grass hay can improve the nutritional value substantially.

scholarly journals Effects of Methanogenic Inhibitors on Methane Production and Abundances of Methanogens and Cellulolytic Bacteria inIn VitroRuminal Cultures

2011 ◽  
Vol 77 (8) ◽  
pp. 2634-2639 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zhenming Zhou ◽  
Qingxiang Meng ◽  
Zhongtang Yu
Keyword(s):  
Methane Production ◽  
Volatile Fatty Acids ◽  
Denaturing Gradient Gel Electrophoresis ◽  
Cellulolytic Bacteria ◽  
Bacterial Populations ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Specific Pcr ◽  
Methanogen Population ◽  
Propynoic Acid

ABSTRACTThe objective of this study was to systematically evaluate and compare the effects of select antimethanogen compounds on methane production, feed digestion and fermentation, and populations of ruminal bacteria and methanogens usingin vitrocultures. Seven compounds, including 2-bromoethanesulphonate (BES), propynoic acid (PA), nitroethane (NE), ethyltrans-2-butenoate (ETB), 2-nitroethanol (2NEOH), sodium nitrate (SN), and ethyl-2-butynote (EB), were tested at a final concentration of 12 mM. Ground alfalfa hay was included as the only substrate to simulate daily forage intake. Compared to no-inhibitor controls, PA, 2NEOH, and SN greatly reduced the production of methane (70 to 99%), volatile fatty acids (VFAs; 46 to 66%), acetate (30 to 60%), and propionate (79 to 82%), with 2NEOH reducing the most. EB reduced methane production by 23% without a significant effect on total VFAs, acetate, or propionate. BES significantly reduced the propionate concentration but not the production of methane, total VFAs, or acetate. ETB or NE had no significant effect on any of the above-mentioned measurements. Specific quantitative-PCR (qPCR) assays showed that none of the inhibitors significantly affected total bacterial populations but that they did reduce theFibrobacter succinogenespopulation. SN reduced theRuminococcus albuspopulation, while PA and 2NEOH increased the populations of bothR. albusandRuminococcus flavefaciens. Archaeon-specific PCR-denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (DGGE) showed that all the inhibitors affected the methanogen population structure, while archaeon-specific qPCR revealed a significant decrease in methanogen population in all treatments. These results showed that EB, ETB, NE, and BES can effectively reduce the total population of methanogens but that they reduce methane production to a lesser extent. The results may guide futureinvivostudies to develop effective mitigation of methane emission from ruminants.

scholarly journals Effects of sulfonamide antibiotics on digestion performance and microbial community during swine manure anaerobic digestion

2020 ◽  
Vol 26 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Shaona Wang ◽  
Kang Du ◽  
Rongfang Yuan ◽  
Huilun Chen ◽  
Fei Wang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Organic Matter ◽  
Anaerobic Digestion ◽  
Dissolved Organic Matter ◽  
Methane Production ◽  
Volatile Fatty Acids ◽  
High Throughput Sequencing ◽  
Batch Reactor ◽  
Inhibition Mechanism ◽  
Sulfonamide Antibiotics ◽  
High Concentration

The effects of four types of sulfonamide antibiotics (SAs), including sulfaquinoxaline, sulfamethoxazole, sulfamethoxydiazine and sulfathiazole, on the digestion performance during anaerobic digestion process were studied using a lab-scale anaerobic sequencing batch reactor, and the changes of the community structure in the presence of SAs were investigated with the help of high throughput sequencing. The results indicated that when SAs were added, the hydrolytic acidification process was inhibited, and the accumulation of volatile fatty acids (VFAs) was induced, resulting in the suppression of methane production. However, the inhibition mechanism of different SAs was quite different. The inhibitory effect of high concentration of SAs on the hydrolysis of solid particulate matter into dissolved organic matter followed the order of sulfaquinoxaline > sulfamethoxydiazine > sulfathiazole > sulfamethoxazole. SAs have obvious inhibitory effects on acidification and methanation of dissolved organic matter, especially sulfathiazole. The richness and the community composition of the microorganism including bacteria and archaea in the digestion system were affected by SAs. Under the effect of SAs, the relative abundance of many microorganisms is negatively correlated with methane production, among which Methanobrevibacter, a kind of Archaea, had the greatest influence on methane production.

Effect of leucaena supplementation level, and provision of urea, on utilisation by sheep of Rhodes grass hay

2001 ◽  
Vol 41 (2) ◽  
pp. 155 ◽  
Author(s):  
I. W. Karda ◽  
G. McL. Dryden
Keyword(s):  
Organic Matter ◽  
Rumen Fluid ◽  
Latin Square ◽  
Rhodes Grass ◽  
Microbial Nitrogen ◽  
Grass Hay ◽  
Digestible Organic Matter ◽  
Ruminal Degradation ◽  
Chloris Gayana ◽  
Dietary Treatments

Tarramba leucaena (Leucaena leucocephala cv. Tarramba) foliage had per kilogram dry matter, 169 g protein and 29.8 g condensed tannins. Its value as a supplement, given either with or without urea, to sheep given a low-quality Callide Rhodes grass (Chloris gayana cv. Callide) hay was studied. Six rumen fistulated sheep (mean s.d. liveweight, 34 1.4 kg) were used to compare 6 dietary treatments in an incomplete latin square design. Rhodes grass hay was given ad libitum either alone, or with urea 7 g/day (U), or with leucaena 150 g/day (L150), or leucaena with urea (L150U), or leucaena 300 g/day (L300), or leucaena with urea (L300U). Digestible organic matter intake was increased significantly by leucaena supplementation although digestibility of the whole diet did not alter. Rumen fluid ammonia-N was not altered by leucaena supplementation, but was increased by urea. This suggests that Tarramba foliage protein has some resistance to ruminal degradation. Liquid and solids passage rates were not affected by the treatments. Microbial nitrogen supply to the intestine (g/day), and the efficiency of microbial nitrogen synthesis (g/kg organic matter apparently digested in the rumen), were increased by leucaena supplementation (P<0.01). Microbial protein synthesis was the only response in which 300 g/day air-dry Tarramba foliage gave improved results over 150 g/day.

EFFECT OF SOIL ORGANIC MATTER OXIDATION ON THE COLLAPSE OF VERMICULITE

1985 ◽  
Vol 65 (3) ◽  
pp. 593-597 ◽  
Author(s):  
N. M. MILES ◽  
M. SCHNITZER ◽  
C. R. DE KIMPE
Keyword(s):  
Organic Matter ◽  
Soil Organic Matter ◽  
Key Words ◽  
Mixed Layer ◽  
Ir Spectrum ◽  
X Ray Diffraction ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Organic Matter Oxidation ◽  
Ir Spectrophotometry ◽  
Complete Collapse

Oxidation of organic matter with H2O2 produced substantial amounts of NH3 which was then fixed by vermiculite, causing partial or complete collapse and converting the mineral to a mica-like product. The collapse of the mineral was indicated by shifts in the 001 spacing from 1.476 to 1.030 nm and the appearance of a well-defined band at 1430 cm−1 in the IR spectrum, indicative of the presence of NH4+ in the interlayer positions of the clay. Our data suggest that: (a) the transformation of vermiculite to mica during H2O2 oxidation may result in underestimation of the vermiculite content of soils by XRD, and (b) the wide occurrence of mixed-layer minerals in soils may in part have resulted from the fixation of NH3 liberated from the microbial mineralization of organically bound N. Key words: Ammonia, X-ray diffraction, IR spectrophotometry, mixed-layer minerals, H2O2 pretreatment

Prediction of available potassium in Ontario soils by electro-ultrafiltration and chemical extraction

1992 ◽  
Vol 72 (2) ◽  
pp. 159-167 ◽  
Author(s):  
Liangxue Liu ◽  
T. E. Bates ◽  
T. S. Tran
Keyword(s):  
Organic Matter ◽  
Soil Properties ◽  
Key Words ◽  
Soil Ph ◽  
Chemical Extraction ◽  
K Uptake ◽  
Chemical Methods ◽  
Exchangeable Calcium ◽  
Time Required

The extractions of soil K by electroultrafiltration (EUF) and by chemical methods were compared as predictors of plant-available K for greenhouse-grown alfalfa on 38 Ontario soils. The relation of soil properties to the amount of K extracted by EUF fractions was also examined. The contents of silt and clay were negatively correlated with EUF-K at 50 V and 22 °C and positively correlated with EUF-K at 400 V and 80 °C. Soil pH and organic matter were not significantly correlated with the amounts of K extracted in the EUF-K fractions. The EUF extraction of K was influenced by the presence of carbonate or high exchangeable calcium in soils. Similar correlations were obtained between K uptake and K extracted by chemical methods and the sum of EUF-K fractions. When used along with other soil properties, EUF-K fractions and K extracted by chemical methods predicted availability of soil K with roughly equal ability. The model using the sum of K extracted by EUF at 50, 200 and 400 V is the simplest one and contains three variables, K, K2 and Ca2. The use of EUF is limited due to cost of equipment and time required for analysis, unless a number of nutrients can be accurately determined on one extract. Among the chemical methods, equations developed using three nonacidic extradants, NaCl, ABDTPA and NH4OAc explained more variation in K uptake than two acidic extractants, Mehlich 3 and 0.1 M HNO3. The NaCl model, ABDTPA model and NH4OAc model contained the same variables and had similar R2 values (0.88–0.91). Key words: Available K, chemical methods, electro-ultrafiltration, EUF-K fractions, K uptake

Zoonotic bacterial populations, gut fermentation characteristics and methane production in feedlot steers during oral nitroethane treatment and after the feeding of an experimental chlorate product

Anaerobe ◽  
2007 ◽  
Vol 13 (1) ◽  
pp. 21-31 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hector Gutierrez-Bañuelos ◽  
Robin C. Anderson ◽  
Gordon E. Carstens ◽  
Lisa J. Slay ◽  
Nicole Ramlachan ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Methane Production ◽  
Bacterial Populations ◽  
Feedlot Steers ◽  
Gut Fermentation

The effect of oligosaccharides and lactitol on the ileal digestibilities of amino acids, monosaccharides and bacterial populations and metabolites in the small intestine of weanling pigs

1995 ◽  
Vol 75 (1) ◽  
pp. 99-107 ◽  
Author(s):  
V. M. Gabert ◽  
W. C. Sauer ◽  
R. Mosenthin ◽  
M. Schmitz ◽  
F. Ahrens
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Small Intestine ◽  
Key Words ◽  
Soybean Meal ◽  
Corn Starch ◽  
Period Change ◽  
Distal Ileum ◽  
Weanling Pigs ◽  
Bacterial Populations ◽  
Nutrient Digestion

An experiment was carried out to examine the effects of supplementing diets for weanling pigs with oligosaccharides and LAC on nutrient digestion and bacterial populations and metabolites in the small intestine. Twelve barrows, weaned at 28 d, were fitted with a simple T-cannula at the distal ileum. The BW of the pigs at weaning and at the conclusion of the experiment were 9.1 and 13.8 kg, respectively. The pigs were fed four diets based on barley, wheat and soybean meal according to a two-period change-over design. The diets were formulated to contain 18% CP. Transgalactosylated oligosaccharides (0.2%), GUO (0.2%) and LAC (1%, 4-O-β-D-galactopyranosyl-D-sorbitol) were included at the expense of corn starch. Supplementation with oligosaccharides or LAC had little effect on the apparent ileal digestibilities of AA and monosaccharides. Supplementation of diets with oligosaccharides or LAC did not affect (P > 0.05) the monosaccharide concentrations in ileal digesta except for galactose which was higher (P < 0.05) in digesta from pigs fed the diet supplemented with LAC. The daily ileal output of monosaccharides, pH, ammonia and VFA concentrations, bacterial populations in ileal digesta and incidence of diarrhea were not affected (P > 0.05). Therefore, the supplementation of diets for weanling pigs (9.1–13.8 kg) with oligosaccharides or LAC at these levels does not affect nutrient digestibilities and bacterial populations in the small intestine. Key words: Pigs, oligosaccharides, lactitol, digestibility, bacteria

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