Effect of cultivar and environment on the feeding value of Western Canadian wheat and barley samples with and without enzyme supplementation

1998 ◽  
Vol 78 (4) ◽  
pp. 649-656 ◽  
Author(s):  
T. A. Scott ◽  
F. G. Silversides ◽  
H. L. Classen ◽  
M. L. Swift ◽  
M. R. Bedford
Keyword(s):  
Intraclass Correlation ◽  
Metabolizable Energy ◽  
Broiler Chick ◽  
Wheat Cultivars ◽  
Crude Fibre ◽  
Hulless Barley ◽  
Barley Cultivars ◽  
Cereal Grain ◽  
Feeding Value ◽  
Enzyme Supplementation

The feeding value ofnine wheat cultivars grown in replicate in three locations in each of two crop years, and 14 barley cultivars grown in seven locations over three crop years was tested with or without an appropriate commercial enzyme using a broiler chick bioassay. Four pens of six male broilers were fed mash diets containing 80% of the test cereal with or without enzyme from 4 to 17 d. Digestibilities were determined using an acid insoluble ash marker at 1.1% of diet. Significant intraclass correlation coefficients between duplicate wheat samples suggested a common effect of the location, but their low to moderate values suggested the presence of random variation or variation due to unique growing conditions within location. For both wheat and barley samples, the growing location affected the feeding value of the cereal grain and subsequent broiler chick performance. Durum wheat cultivars had higher feeding values than that of other wheat classes, both with and without enzyme supplementation, and the response to enzyme supplementation was low, likely reflecting a low level of soluble non-starch polysaccharides. The values of hulless barley cultivars were similar to those of hulled cultivars without enzyme, but the lower crude fibre in hulless barley resulted in higher feeding values when diets were supplemented with enzyme. The response to enzyme supplementation for both wheat and barley cultivars was dependent on the feeding value of the cereal grain without supplementation. Knowledge of variation in enzyme response could be used by feed manufacturers to determine the economic merit of supplementing with enzymes. Key words: Metabolizable energy, broilers, performance, wheat, barley, enzyme

The effect of storage of cereal grain and enzyme supplementation on measurements of AME and broiler chick performance

2001 ◽  
Vol 81 (2) ◽  
pp. 237-243 ◽  
Author(s):  
T. A. Scott ◽  
A. B. Pierce
Keyword(s):  
Feed Intake ◽  
Metabolizable Energy ◽  
Cereal Grains ◽  
Grain Storage ◽  
Broiler Chicks ◽  
Broiler Chick ◽  
Feed Conversion ◽  
Cereal Grain ◽  
Feeding Value ◽  
Enzyme Supplementation

There is a concern that feeding newly harvested cereal grain results in poor performance in poultry. A broiler chick apparent metabolizable energy (AME) bioassay was used to measure changes in feeding value of wheat (n = 14), hulless (n = 10) and hulled (n = 14) barley with or without a commercial enzyme appropriate for wheat- or barley-based diets. In the broiler chick bioassay, four pens of six male broiler chicks were fed ad lib, from 4 to 17 d, diets containing 80% of a test cereal grain and a high-protein basal mixture containing 1% “celite” as an acid-insoluble ash marker. Each of the cereal-grain-based diets, with or without enzyme, was tested within 3 mo of harvest and again 6 mo later. With cereal grain storage there were consistent (P < 0.05) increases in feed intake (FI) between 4 and 17 d and body weight (BW) at 17 d of age with wheat-based diets fed wit h (12.5 and 16.9%, respectively, for FI and BW) or without (16.1 and 22.7%) enzyme. In hulless barley diets without enzyme, there was a significant improvement in BW (7.5%) with storage, while storage had a significant effect on FI and BW (2.9 and 6.3%, respectively) when fed with enzyme. For all other barley diets there was a positive effect of storage on FI and BW, but it was not significant. Feed conversion ratios decreased marginally (P > 0.05) with storage of cereal grain. AME of diets was improved within each period by enzyme supplementation. However, there were measurable decreases (P < 0.05) in AME with storage of cereal grains for the three cereal grains with enzyme supplementation (ranging from –3.2 to –8.2%). The r2 of the above measurements for the different sources of cereal grain between storage periods ranged from 0.65 to 0.94, indicating that the relative ranking of the cereal grains, with respect to feeding value, remained similar during storage. Increases in FI with storage were not significantly related to the attempts of the broiler chicks, to maintain metabolizable energy (ME) intake. Therefore, this increases our concerns that “factors” in newly harvested cereal grains may exist and that they may limit voluntary feed intake and/or growth. Key words: Cereal grain storage, AME, broiler performance, wheat, barley

Measurements of enzyme response with hulless barley-based diets full-fed to Leghorn and broiler chicks or restricted-fed broiler chicks

2001 ◽  
Vol 81 (3) ◽  
pp. 403-410 ◽  
Author(s):  
T. A. Scott ◽  
M. A. Leslie ◽  
A. Karimi
Keyword(s):  
Feed Intake ◽  
Feed Restriction ◽  
Broiler Chicks ◽  
Lower Growth ◽  
Hulless Barley ◽  
Barley Cultivars ◽  
Feeding Value ◽  
Ad Libitum ◽  
Enzyme Supplementation ◽  
Digesta Viscosity

Broiler chicks fed diets high in soluble non-starch polysaccharides (NSP; e.g., wheat- and/or barley-based diets) have a higher capacity to ingest, digest and absorb nutrients when diets are supplemented with appropriate NSP enzymes. However, this same enzyme response is typically reduced or non-significant in older birds, Leghorn chicks and turkey poults. We hypothesise that the enzyme response in the latter classes of poultry is reduced because feed intake is lower in comparison to feed intake by broilers. In the present study, the hypothesis that restricted feeding of broilers would reduce the enzyme response typically observed in full-fed broilers was tested. Two experiments were conducted to determine the feeding value of hulless barley supplemented or not supplemented with enzyme (Avizyme 1100, Finnfeeds Int, UK). In Study 1, eight sources of hulless barley were included at 80% in each diet and fed to four groups of six male broilers or Leghorn chicks from 4 to 17 d of age. The response to enzyme in hulless barley-based diets by broilers was approximately twofold that of Leghorns for growth and feed intake. The Leghorns had higher digesta viscosity than broilers, although the relative drop in digesta viscosity with enzyme supplementation was equal. In a second study (Study 2) broiler chicks were fed one of four diets (two hulless barley cultivars with or without enzyme) at three feed allotment levels (ad libitum, R1 and R2) from 4 to 21 d of age. The R1 and R2 feed allotments were pre-determined fixed daily feed amounts. Actual feed restriction in the R1 group was only achieved for diets with, but not without, an enzyme. At the lowest feed allotment (R2) actual feed intake of diets with or without enzyme were lower than that recorded for ad libitum fed birds. Study 2 demonstrated that restricted-fed broilers had a lower growth response to enzyme supplementation compared to birds allowed ad libitum intake, in part due to improved retention of energy, either directly in response to feed restriction or because digesta viscosity in diets without enzyme was lowered. Although digesta viscosity of restricted-fed birds was lower, it is still high enough to be considered problematic. In determining feeding value of cereal grains or supplements such as enzymes, especially those directed for use with broilers, it is imperative that a broiler chick bioassay be used and that they have ad libitum access to the diets. Key words: Enzyme, hulless barley, viscosity, feed intake

scholarly journals Potential of acha (Digitaria spp.) grains as feedstuff for chicken diets in the wake of Covid-19 pandemic challenges: A review

2021 ◽  
Vol 48 (4) ◽  
pp. 94-106
Author(s):  
C. I. Ukim ◽  
E. K. Ndelekwute ◽  
O. O. Kennedy ◽  
A. A. Ayuk ◽  
L. N. Agwunobi
Keyword(s):  
Starch Content ◽  
Profit Maximization ◽  
Nutrient Digestibility ◽  
Metabolizable Energy ◽  
Poultry Feed ◽  
High Price ◽  
Crude Fibre ◽  
Nutritional Factors ◽  
Poultry Feeds ◽  
Cereal Grain

Current fall in supply of feedstuff and high price of feed ingredients is mainly due to Covid-19 pandemic which has put farmers out of farms. Maize, sorghum and millet the major cereal grains used in poultry feed production have become more expensive and strategies need to be adopted to ameliorate this. Hence a review study was carried out to unravel the potentials of acha grains as a feedstuff which is in the class of maize in poultry feeds. Acha is a tiny cereal grain grown in Northern part of Nigeria which is not popular in poultry feeds. Its starch content (80%) is high, low crude fibre (1.0%), appreciable level of lysine (more than 1.0%) and methionine (0.40%) and higher metabolizable energy (3700 Kcal_ME/kg) compared to maize. Its nutrient digestibility is high in terms of starch, crude protein and crude fibre. Though acha contains anti-nutritional factors such as tannins, saponin and phytic acid, the levels of the anti-nutritional factors are comparable to maize and are tolerated by chickens. Both the polished and unpolished acha grains could be used in place of maize, sorghum and millet. With vast area of land in Northern part of Nigeria, production and supply of acha to feed millers could be sustained, which could lead to a reduction in the price of maize and improved profit maximization by farmers.     La baisse actuelle de l'offre d'aliments pour animaux et le prix élevé des ingrédients alimentaires sont principalement dus à la pandémie de Covid-19 qui a poussé les agriculteurs à quitter les fermes. Le maïs, le sorgho et le millet, les principales céréales utilisées dans la production d'aliments pour la volaille, sont devenues plus chères et des stratégies doivent être adoptées pour y remédier. Par conséquent, une étude de revue a été menée pour démêler le potentiel des grains d'acha en tant qu'aliment qui appartient à la classe du maïs dans les aliments pour volaille. Acha est une minuscule céréale cultivée dans la partie nord du Nigéria qui n'est pas populaire dans les aliments pour volaille. Sa teneur en amidon (80%) est élevée, faible en fibres brutes (1.0%), un niveau appréciable de lysine (plus de 1.0%) et de méthionine (0.40%) et une énergie métabolisable plus élevée (3700 Kcal_ME / kg) par rapport au maïs. Sa digestibilité des nutriments est élevée en termes d'amidon, de protéines brutes et de fibres brutes. Bien que l'acha contienne des facteurs antinutritionnels tels que les tanins, la saponine et l'acide phytique, les niveaux des facteurs antinutritionnels sont comparables à ceux du maïs et sont tolérés par les poulets. Les grains d'acha polis et non polis peuvent être utilisés à la place du maïs, du sorgho et du millet. Avec une vaste superficie de terres dans la partie nord du Nigéria, la production et la fourniture d'acha aux meuniers pourraient être soutenues, ce qui pourrait entraîner une réduction du prix du maïs et une meilleure maximisation des profits par les agriculteurs.

Effect of cultivar and enzyme supplementation on nutrient availability and performance of broilers fed Maritime Canadian wheat

2005 ◽  
Vol 85 (4) ◽  
pp. 493-499 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. L. Rafuse ◽  
F. G. Silversides ◽  
M. R. Bedford ◽  
P. H. Simmins
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight Gain ◽  
Metabolizable Energy ◽  
Feed Conversion ◽  
Negative Effects ◽  
Broiler Performance ◽  
Key Words Wheat ◽  
Apparent Metabolizable Energy ◽  
Feeding Value ◽  
Enzyme Supplementation

The feeding value of wheat is affected by the content of soluble non-starch polysaccharides (NSP), which varies among cultivars and the environment in which they are grown. Dietary enzymes can reduce the negative effects of NSP and improve the apparent metabolizable energy (AME) content of the wheat. This study examined differences in feeding value of four wheat cultivars grown in 2 crop years in the Maritime provinces of Canada and the need for enzymes. In a growth trial, diets containing one of the Maritime wheats or corn were fed with or without commercial enzymes containing, for wheat-based diets a mixture of xylanase and protease, and for corn-based diets a mixture of xylanase, protease, and amylase. In a broiler chick bioassay, diets containing 80% wheat were fed with or without a commercial enzyme with xylanase and protease activities. Enzymes significantly lowered body weight gain of birds fed Walton wheat in the second year, and improved the grower feed conversion ratio of birds fed Norboro wheat. Enzyme supplementation significantly improved apparent metabolizable energy and digestibility of crude protein. The AME content did not appear to be a direct indicator of performance. There were significant differences in AME content among the wheat samples. Enzymes generally did not improve performance in this study, possibly due to the relatively low in vitro viscosity values of these samples. Maritime wheats were equal or compared favourably with the sample of wheat from Western Canada and to locally obtained corn. Key words: Wheat, broiler performance, apparent metabolizable energy, enzyme

Enzyme supplementation of barley based diets for broiler chickens

1981 ◽  
Vol 21 (110) ◽  
pp. 296 ◽  
Author(s):  
PF Mannion
Keyword(s):  
Broiler Chickens ◽  
Energy Content ◽  
Body Weight Gain ◽  
Soluble Sugar ◽  
South Australia ◽  
Nutrient Utilization ◽  
Metabolizable Energy ◽  
Growth Responses ◽  
Barley Cultivars ◽  
Enzyme Supplementation

The influence of bacterial and fungal enzyme supplements at 0.1 5 and 0.30% of barley based diets on the growth and nutrient utilization of female broiler chickens (Tegel strain) was studied in three experiments. All diets were based on Australian barley cultivars and were fed as mash. Body weight gain was improved by 12 to 25% and food consumption increased by 3 to 21% in supplemented treatments at 4 weeks of age. Diets based on the cultivars Clipper, Ketch and Noyep each grown at Coonalpyn, Port Pirie and Ardrossan in South Australia gave similar growth responses to enzyme supplementation. The metabolizable energy content of the diets was improved by 0.75 MJ kg-1 and 1.53 MJ kg-1 dry matter. An examination of the utilization of dietary nitrogen, soluble sugar, starch, pentosans and soluble �-glucan could not account for the improved metabolizable energy.

scholarly journals Effect of wheat cultivar and enzyme supplementation on nutrient availability and performance of laying hens

2004 ◽  
Vol 84 (3) ◽  
pp. 397-402 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. L. Rafuse ◽  
F. G. Silversides ◽  
M. R. Bedford ◽  
P. H. Simmins
Keyword(s):  
Egg Production ◽  
Laying Hens ◽  
Wheat Cultivar ◽  
Nutrient Retention ◽  
Metabolizable Energy ◽  
Wheat Cultivars ◽  
Feed Conversion ◽  
Apparent Metabolizable Energy ◽  
Enzyme Supplementation ◽  
And Performance

This study examined the effect of four wheat cultivars (Belvedere, Glenlea, Norboro, and Walton) grown in the Maritime provinces of Canada and dietary enzyme supplementation on apparent metabolizable energy (AME), digestibility of crude protein (CP), and performance of laying hens, and compared these values to those obtained using a corn-based diet. Forty groups of three adjacent battery cages, each housing two hens, were fed each diet which included the wheat samples (61.0%) or locally obtained corn (65.1%), with or without commercial enzymes containing a mixture of xylanase, protease, and amylase for corn-based diets and a mixture of xylanase and protease for wheat-based diets. Excreta samples were collected at 17 d for analysis of nutrient retention. The diet that the hens consumed had no significant effect on performance. The feed conversion ratio of hens was lowest (1.79) in the final week of the experiment when egg production was highest (97.0%) and feed intake lowest (109 g bird-1 d-1). The diet significantly affected both AME and digestibility of CP. The wheat cultivar influenced the AME and digestibility of CP when these diets were fed to laying hens, with enzyme supplementation reducing the AME and digestibility of CP for diets containing three (Belvedere, Glenlea, and Walton) of the four wheat cultivars. The significant improvement with enzyme supplementation of the corn-based diet is promising and should be the basis of future studies. Key words: Wheat, layers, apparent metabolizable energy, enzyme

Impact of combined α-galactosidase and xylanase enzymes on growth performance, nutrients digestibility, chyme viscosity, and enzymes activity of broilers fed corn-soybean diets

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xingbo Liu ◽  
Kun Xing ◽  
Ran Ning ◽  
Sergi Carné ◽  
Xingqiang Wu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acid ◽  
Growth Performance ◽  
Broiler Chickens ◽  
Average Daily Gain ◽  
Metabolizable Energy ◽  
Enzymes Activity ◽  
Enzyme Supplementation ◽  
Digesta Viscosity ◽  
Nutrients Digestibility ◽  
Endogenous Enzymes

Abstract Two experiments were conducted to investigate the effects of a combined α-galactosidase and xylanase preparation on nutrients digestibility and growth performance in broiler chickens. Experiment 1 had 240 broilers allocated to 3 treatments with the dietary supplementation of 0, 300 and 500 g/t of the enzyme combination. Diet and amino acid (AA) digestibility were assessed. Experiment 2 was a 2 × 3 (enzyme × diet) factorial arrangement with 10 replicates of 12 male broilers per replicate. Diets were based on corn-Soybean meal (SBM) diet and had 3 nutritional levels (normal, 2% apparent metabolizable energy (AME) and crude protein (CP) reduction, and 4% AME and CP reduction). Each of these diets was fed with or without enzyme supplementation. Growth performance, chyme viscosity, nutrients digestibility, and endogenous enzymes activity were assessed. In experiment 1, enzyme supplementation improved the digestibility of Ca (P = 0.025) and ileal digestibility of total AA, Pro, Alu, Ile, Lys, His, Thr, Glu, Val, Leu, Tyr and Phe (P &lt; 0.05), and also tended to increase the AME of diets (P &lt; 0.10). In experiment 2, broilers fed the corn-SBM diet with 4% nutrient reduction had better growth performance (P &lt; 0.05), jejunal digesta viscosity at 42 days (P &lt; 0.01), and lower digestibility of gross energy (GE) (P &lt; 0.05) when compared to those fed the normal nutrient diet. Enzyme inclusion increased digestibility of CP (P = 0.044), GE (P = 0.009), raffinose (P &lt; 0.001) and stachyose (P &lt; 0.001), improved average daily gain (P = 0.031), and reduced jejunal digesta viscosity at 42 days (P = 0.011). Besides, similar improvements trend in amylase, trypsin, sucrase, and maltase activity with enzyme inclusion were observed as with energy. These data support that the enzyme supplementation increased nutrients and ileal amino acid digestibility, improved performance and endogenous enzymes activity.

The estimation of the nutritive value of feeds as energy sources for ruminants and the derivation of feeding systems

1978 ◽  
Vol 90 (1) ◽  
pp. 47-68 ◽  
Author(s):  
K. L. Blaxter ◽  
A. W. Boyne
Keyword(s):  
Organic Matter ◽  
Nutritive Value ◽  
Metabolizable Energy ◽  
Crude Fibre ◽  
Mitscherlich Equation ◽  
Energy Retention ◽  
Gross Energy ◽  
Biological Concepts ◽  
Two Parameters ◽  
Feeding Systems

SUMMARYThe results of 80 calorimetric experiments with sheep and cattle, mostly conducted in Scotland, were analysed using a generalization of the Mitscherlich equation R = B(l–exp(–pG))–l, where R is daily energy retention and G daily gross energy intake, both scaled by dividing by the fasting metabolism. The relations between gross energy and metabolizable energy were also examined. Methods of fitting the Mitscherlich equation and the errors associated with it are presented.It is shown that the gross energy of the organic matter of feed can be estimated from proximate principles with an error of ±2·3% (coefficient of variation) and that provided different classes of feed are distinguished, the metabolizable energy of organic matter can be estimated from gross energy and crude fibre content with an error of ±6·9%. Parameters of the primary equation made with cattle agreed with those made with sheep and there was no evidence of non-proportionality of responses on substitution of feeds in mixtures.The efficiency of utilization of gross energy for maintenance and for body gain of energy was related to the metabolizability of gross energy and, in addition, to fibre or to protein content. Prediction equations are presented which describe these relationships.It is shown that the primary equation can be manipulated to express a number of biological concepts and that its two parameters B and p can be simply derived from estimates of the two efficiency terms for maintenance and production.The results are discussed in relation to the design of feeding systems for ruminant animals and to the derivation of optima in their feeding.

The effect of Beckmann's treatment by sodium hydroxide on the digestibility and feeding value of barley straw for horses

1941 ◽  
Vol 31 (4) ◽  
pp. 488-499 ◽  
Author(s):  
Grahame Williamson
Keyword(s):  
Sodium Hydroxide ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Poor Quality ◽  
Barley Straw ◽  
Crude Fibre ◽  
Feeding Value ◽  
Basal Ration

The digestibility coefficients of old barley straw fed with a basal ration of oats, bran and maize to two adult horses and of the same straw after treatment by Beckmann's method were ascertained. The coefficients of the nitrogen-free extractives and the crude fibre of the untreated straw were 33·23 and 38·24 respectively and of the treated straw 54·14 and 63·71. There was a reduction in the digestibility of the small quantity of protein and fat.Taking into account the 14·5% of dry matter lost during treatment, the starch equivalent value of the treated material was somewhat higher than that of poor quality meadow hay.The digestibility coefficients were considerably lower for an immature horse previously maintained entirely on fresh grass.

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