The effects of lighting program, ingredient particle size and feed form on the performance of broiler turkeys

1997 ◽  
Vol 77 (3) ◽  
pp. 503-508 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. M. G. Hamilton ◽  
J. Kennie
Keyword(s):  
Particle Size ◽  
Body Weight ◽  
Dark Period ◽  
Experimental Period ◽  
Hammer Mill ◽  
Economic Returns ◽  
Weight Gains ◽  
Feed Form ◽  
Ad Libitum ◽  
The Difference

Two experiments were done to examine the effects of lighting program, ingredient particle size and feed form on the performance of female and male medium White turkey broilers. The poults (1200 initially of each sex) were randomly assigned, within sexes, among 48 floor pens (4.83 × 2.95 m; initially 50 birds each) located in a light-tight house. The treatments were distributed among the pens according to a 3 × 2 × 4 factorial arrangement that contained three lighting programs (four cycles daily of 4L:2D [INT]; 6L:18D at 3 d gradually increasing to 22L:2D at 77 d [INC]; and INC with a 1-h light at the mid-point of the dark period [INC + 1]) and four feed forms (fine mash [FM], FM pelleted [FMP]; course mash [CM]; and CM pelleted [CMP]). The FM was produced by grinding the dietary corn and wheat through hammer mills that contained 3.2- and 4.0-mm screens, respectively, and the CM by grinding the corn in a hammer mill (5.6-mm screen) and passing the wheat through a roller mill in which the spacing between the rollers was about 1.6 mm. All poults received 24L:0D for the first 72 h after housing. Feed and water were provided ad libitum over the 84-d experimental period. During the starter period, the pelleted feeds (FMP and CMP) were crumbled.Turkeys subjected to the INT lighting program had higher body weight gains (P < 0.001), feed intakes (P < 0.001 − 0.05) and mortality (P > 0.05) than the birds under the INC and INC + 1 schedules, but the feed conversions were similar (P > 0.05) for the birds under the three lighting programs. Economic returns from the turkeys subjected to the INC program were higher (P < 0.05) than from those under the other two programs. Body weight gains and feed intakes were higher (P < 0.001 − 0.05) for the birds given the mash feed (FM and CM) than for those fed pellets (FMP and CMP), even though feed conversions were better (P < 0.001) for the turkeys receiving the pelleted feeds. Economic returns were highest for the turkeys fed the CM feeds and lowest for those given the FM feeds; the difference was 3.3%. In conclusion, both lighting program and feed form influenced the economics obtained for broiler turkeys, but fineness of grind had little effect. Key words: Particle size, feed form, lighting program, turkeys, performance

ADDITIVE, NONADDITIVE AND MATERNAL GENETIC EFFECTS ON ADIPOSITY IN MICE FED DIFFERENT LEVELS OF FAT

1982 ◽  
Vol 24 (3) ◽  
pp. 347-360 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. de Padua Deodato ◽  
E. J. Eisen ◽  
J. M. Leatherwood
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Dietary Fat ◽  
Subcutaneous Fat ◽  
Genetic Effects ◽  
Major Portion ◽  
Female Mice ◽  
Ad Libitum ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Fat Depot ◽  
Different Levels

Polygenic obese (M16), nonobese (ICR) and reciprocal crossbred (M16 male × ICR female and ICR male × M16 female) mice were fed ad libitum diets containing 1, 5 or 25% fat from 3 to 10 weeks of age. Epididymal and subcutaneous fat depot weights (E, S) and depot weights as a proportion of empty body weight (E%, S%) were used as measures of adiposity at 6 and 10 weeks of age. Genetic differences in adiposity among the four populations were partitioned into average direct (a), average maternal (m) and direct heterotic (h) effects. Line M16 was greater than ICR at both 6 and 10 weeks in E (81% at 6 weeks and 114% at 10 weeks), S (82%, 73%), E% (27%, 37%) and S% (26%, 12%). Average direct genetic effects, as determined by a, accounted for 60% of the M16 vs. ICR line difference in E and S at six weeks, the remainder of the difference being due to m. The major portion of the line difference in E% and S% at 6 weeks was accounted for by m. At ten weeks of age, most of the line difference in E, S, E% and S% was due to additive direct genetic effects while the contribution of maternal genetic effects was negligible. Heterosis was sizeable for all measures of adiposity, varying from 10.8% in S% at 10 weeks to 26.8% in E at six weeks, possibly indicating the presence of directional dominance. E and E% increased significantly with the increase in dietary fat percent, but S and S% were not affected. Interactions of genotype with level of dietary fat percent were not significant for the epididymal or subcutaneous fat depot weights or proportional weights.

scholarly journals 127 Dietary supplementation with glycine improves the post-weaning growth of low-birth-weight pigs

2019 ◽  
Vol 97 (Supplement_3) ◽  
pp. 112-112
Author(s):  
Wenliang He ◽  
Erin A Posey ◽  
Guoyao Wu
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Birth Weight ◽  
Growth Rates ◽  
Corn Starch ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Dietary Supplementation ◽  
Experimental Period ◽  
The Body ◽  
Economic Returns ◽  
On Farm

Abstract Pigs with intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR) represent 20–25% of all pigs born and are culled on farm, resulting in enormous losses. This study tested the hypothesis that dietary supplementation with glycine enhanced the growth of IUGR pigs after weaning. Healthy pigs [14 IUGR pigs (birth weight = 0.98±0.03 kg, mean ± SEM) and 20 NBW pigs (birth weight = 1.44±0.02 kg, mean ± SEM)] were used for the trial. At weaning (21 d of age), pigs within each birth weight group were assigned randomly into corn- and soybean meal-based diets supplemented with 1% glycine plus 0.19% corn starch or 1.19% alanine (isonitrogenous control). There were 7 IUGR pigs and 10 NBW pigs per subgroup. Crude protein content in basal diets was 20% between d 21 and 64, 18% between d 65 and 108, and 16% between d 109 and 120 of age. During the 100-d period of feeding, feed intake per kg body weight did not differ (P &gt; 0.05) between IUGR and NBW pigs or between control and glycine groups. Growth rates of NBW pigs supplemented with 1% glycine did not differ (P &gt; 0.05) from those for NBW pigs without glycine supplementation. In contrast, growth rates of IUGR pigs supplemented with 1% glycine were 28%, 15%, and 10% greater (P &gt; 0.05) than those for IUGR pigs without glycine supplementation during d 21–35, d 35–64, and d 65–120 of age, respectively. Growth rates of NBW pigs were greater (P &gt; 0.05) than those for IUGR pigs without glycine supplementation during any experimental period. By d 120 of age, the body weight of IUGR pigs with glycine supplementation did not differ (P &gt; 0.05) from that of NBW pigs. Collectively, our results indicate that dietary supplementation with 1% glycine (a low-cost supplement) beneficially improves their growth rate and economic returns. Supported by a USDA/NIFA grant.

scholarly journals Particle size and physical characteristic of corn milling results using hammer mill as poultry feed ingredients

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (2) ◽  
pp. 298-302
Author(s):  
Mustakin ◽  
Sri Purwanti ◽  
Jasmal A Syamsu
Keyword(s):  
Particle Size ◽  
Specific Gravity ◽  
Bulk Density ◽  
Angle Of Repose ◽  
Poultry Feed ◽  
Hammer Mill ◽  
Feed Ingredients ◽  
Machine Performance ◽  
Randomized Design ◽  
The Difference

Feed ingredients used in poultry feed, generally require size reduction before being used in mixing rations, such as corn. The process of reducing the size of corn is the initial process that must be carried out for ration production. The machine that is commonly used to reduce the size is the hammer mill. This study aims to determine the particle size and physical characteristics of corn as a poultry feed ingredient by grinding using a hammer mill. The study was arranged using a completely randomized design with four treatments of amount of corn milled with three replications. The treatments were P1 = 5 kg, P2 = 10 kg, P3 = 15 kg, and P4 = 20 kg. Parameters observed were particle size and degree of fineness of milled results, bulk density, and specific gravity, angle of repose, capacity and efficiency of hammer mill machine performance. The results showed that the largest particle size was P4 at 3.167 mm with a fineness degree of 4.927 and the smallest particle size was P1 at 2.810 mm with a fineness degree of 4.756. Overall, the category of corn milling results using a hammer mill is the category of coarse milling results. The results of the analysis of variance showed that the amount of corn milled treatment had no significant effect on the angle of repose, specific gravity and bulk density of corn milled using a hammer mill. The difference in the number of milled corn does not affect the difference in the particle size of the corn produced from the milling results, so it does not affect the angle of repose, specific gravity and bulk density.

A COMPARISON OF THE UTILIZATION OF RAPESEED OIL AND CORN OIL BY THE RAT

1959 ◽  
Vol 37 (5) ◽  
pp. 613-621 ◽  
Author(s):  
Joyce L. Beare ◽  
T. K. Murray ◽  
H. C. Grice ◽  
J. A. Campbell
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Vitamin A ◽  
Rapeseed Oil ◽  
Wistar Rats ◽  
Corn Oil ◽  
Weekly Interval ◽  
Organ Weights ◽  
Weight Gains ◽  
Ad Libitum ◽  
Liver Storage

The effects of Golden rapeseed oil and corn oil on weekly weight gains, food consumptions, liver storage of vitamin A, plasma and adrenal cholesterol concentrations, organ weights, and testes histology were determined in Wistar rats for 5 weeks after weaning. At each weekly interval, animals fed rapeseed oil showed lesser weight gains and food consumptions, but, when body weight gains were adjusted for food consumptions by covariance analyses, differences largely disappeared. Liver storage of vitamin A was similar with both oils. Testes of animals fed rapeseed oil exhibited no alteration in cellular characteristics, but a reduction in tubular size. When fed to older rats, rapeseed oil again produced smaller weight gains which were accounted for at 4 weeks' time by a depressed appetite.Similar weight gains were obtained with corn oil and rapeseed oil when the oils were paired fed and when adjustments for food consumption were made by covariance analyses of weight gains of animals receiving the oils ad libitum. With corn oil supplied on a restricted basis the testicular tubules were smaller than those obtained with unrestricted feeding of corn oil. The absorption of corn oil and rapeseed oil fed ad libitum was 95 and 92% respectively. It was concluded that the two oils were not very differently utilized.

scholarly journals Post-castration variations in weight gain in a cohort of young adult male cats

2014 ◽  
Vol 3 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alfreda Wei ◽  
Andrea J. Fascetti ◽  
Kyoungmi Kim ◽  
Jon J. Ramsey
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Retrospective Study ◽  
Weight Gain ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Controlled Environment ◽  
Housing Conditions ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Weight Gains ◽  
Control Food ◽  
Ad Libitum

AbstractThe predisposition of cats to gain weight following neutering is well established; however, there is little information about the distribution and range of post-neutering weight gains observed in cats under a controlled environment. This retrospective study investigated 6-month post-castration weight gain and distribution of percentage body weight (BW) change in a cohort of twenty, male domestic shorthair cats relative to a control group of intact cats. Cats were matched in age (2·0–2·6 years), husbandry conditions and consumed ad libitum the same dry maintenance diet for at least 3 months prior to and 6 months following castration. All cats were castrated within 48 h of each other. All cats gained weight after castration. Mean BW was 4·67 (sd 0·70) kg at the start of the study and 5·93 (sd 1·38) kg at the end of the study, with individual weight gain ranging 3–53 % at 6 months post-neutering. The pre-conception BW of the queens of each cat was compared with the pre- and post-neutering BW of their offspring. The pre-conception BW of the queens was significantly correlated with the offspring's initial BW (ρ = 0·65, P = 0·01), final BW (ρ = 0·67, P = 0·01) and percentage BW change (ρ = 0·54, P = 0·04). A wide range of post-castration weight gains was observed among cats of similar backgrounds and housing conditions. Implementation of effective methods to control food consumption pre-conception and post-neutering may be a strategy for preventing obesity and obesity-related disorders in cats.

THE SIGNIFICANCE OF THE REDUCED FEED CONSUMPTION OBSERVED IN GROWING PIGS FED VOMITOXIN-CONTAMINATED DIETS

1986 ◽  
Vol 66 (1) ◽  
pp. 277-287 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. R. CHAVEZ ◽  
J. A. RHEAUME
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Control Diet ◽  
Total Body Weight ◽  
Growing Pigs ◽  
Feed Consumption ◽  
Control Analysis ◽  
Weight Gains ◽  
Ad Libitum ◽  
Total Body ◽  
Dietary Treatments

Feeding trials were conducted to determine the significance of the reduction in feed consumption observed when growing pigs were fed complete diets containing approximately 6 ppm vomitoxin. Sixty Landrace weaners, weighing on average 22 kg, were randomly assigned to four dietary treatments. The dietary treatments were: (1) control cereal soybean diet fed ad libitum (mycotoxin free); (2) vomitoxin diet fed ad libitum in which 100% of the clean wheat included in the control diet was replaced by moldy wheat containing 10.32 ppm vomitoxin; (3) control diet fed restricted to the average daily intake of pigs fed the vomitoxin diet; and (4) upgraded vomitoxin diet fed ad libitum and containing approximately 20% more energy, crude protein, minerals and vitamins. Individual feed consumption was recorded daily for 12 wk. The control diet promoted significantly (P < 0.05) greater total body weight gains and also the greatest feed consumption. Body weight gains were not different (P > 0.05) for the vomitoxin and restricted control dietary treatments. The vomitoxin upgraded treatment resulted in greater total body weight gains (P < 0.05) than the vomitoxin treatment. During the 12-wk period, animals in the vomitoxin and restricted-control-fed groups consumed 71% as much feed as the control group fed ad libitum while the vomitoxin upgraded group consumed 77% as much as the control. Analysis for blood urea nitrogen, creatinine, plasma protein and alkaline phosphatase revealed no differences (P > 0.05) between dietary treatments. With respect to animal performance and blood biochemical profiles, the effect of vomitoxin appears to be primarily limited to feed acceptability and intake, with no apparent consequences on the metabolic function of the animal. Key words: Vomitoxin, deoxynivalenol, growing pigs, feed consumption

Effect of energy intake on the performance of different types of pig from 45 to 100 kg body weight. 1. Protein and lipid deposition

1996 ◽  
Vol 63 (2) ◽  
pp. 277-288 ◽  
Author(s):  
N. Quiniou ◽  
J.-Y. Dourmad ◽  
J. Noblet
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Energy Intake ◽  
Body Weight Gain ◽  
Energy Levels ◽  
Average Daily Gain ◽  
Experimental Period ◽  
Metabolizable Energy ◽  
Large White ◽  
Balance Technique ◽  
Ad Libitum

AbstractBetween 45 and 100 kg body weight, Large White castrated males (cLW), and crossbred Pietrain × Large White castrated males fcPP×) and boars (bPP×) were either given food ad libitum in experiment 1 or allocated to four energy levels (0·70, 0·80, 0·90, 1·00 ad libitum) in experiment 2. Daily protein and amino acid supplies were calculated to be non-limiting for growth. Protein (PD) and lipid (LD) deposition rates were measured according to the comparative slaughter technique over the whole experimental period (experiments 1 and 2) and according to the nitrogen and energy balance technique at four stages of growth: 48, 64, 79 and 94 kg mean body weight (experiment 2). Average daily gain increased linearly with metabolizable energy (ME) intake, the slope of the relationship being significantly different between types of pig (from −28 to +36 g per additional MJ ME). Daily PD increased with ME intake above maintenance (MEp) according to a linear-plateau relationship in the three types of pig: the slope was significantly affected by type of pig (from +3·4 to 6·0 g per extra MJ MEp) but not by stage of growth. Daily LD increased linearly with MEp intake; neither the type of pig nor the stage of growth affected its slope (+13-5 g per extra MJ MEp). The LD/PD ratio in the extra body-weight gain associated with increased energy intake was affected only by the type of pig.

scholarly journals VARIATION IN PIGLET WEIGHTS: DEVELOPMENT OF WITHIN-LITTER VARIATION OVER A 5-WEEK LACTATION AND EFFECT OF FARROWING CRATE DESIGN

1986 ◽  
Vol 66 (2) ◽  
pp. 361-372 ◽  
Author(s):  
B. K. THOMPSON ◽  
DAVID FRASER
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Weight Gain ◽  
Litter Size ◽  
Linear Trend ◽  
The Other ◽  
Significant Linear Trend ◽  
Body Weights ◽  
Weight Gains ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Vertical Bars

Piglets from 51 litters were weighed weekly over a 5-wk lactation in an experiment that studied the effects of farrowing crate design and other factors on variation in piglet weight. Of two farrowing crates used, one had low horizontal bars that tended to impede access to the upper row of teats, while the other had angled vertical bars which permitted freer access. Fourteen-day weights were more uniform in the vertical-bar crates than in the horizontal-bar crates (P < 0.025), but the difference waned by day 35 (P > 0.05). There were no significant differences in mean body weight owing to crate type (P < 0.05) for any of the weekly measurements but, by day 14, there was a significant linear trend (P < 0.05) at decreasing mean body weight with increasing litter size. The interaction between crate type and litter size was significant at the later ages (P < 0.01 at day 35) because the linear trend was more pronounced for horizontal-bar crates than for vertical. Litters differed greatly in the uniformity of their body weights. Much of the variation became established in the first and, to a lesser extent, the second week after birth. In those weeks, weight gains were highly variable and were not closely related to weight at the beginning of the week. Thereafter, the established differences tended to be perpetuated to 35 d, because weight gains were largely proportional to body weight. Within-litter competition appeared to influence weight gain considerably. Key words: Piglet, body weight, suckling behavior, sow, farrowing crate design, litter size

The effect of mixing unfamiliar individuals on the growth and production of finishing pigs

1991 ◽  
Vol 52 (1) ◽  
pp. 201-206 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. S. L. Tan ◽  
D. M. Shackleton ◽  
R. M. Beames
Keyword(s):  
Live Weight ◽  
Experimental Period ◽  
Finishing Pigs ◽  
Economic Returns ◽  
Weight Gains ◽  
Negative Effect ◽  
Short And Long Term ◽  
Mixed Groups ◽  
Food Trough

ABSTRACTThe effect on productivity of mixing finishing pigs from different litters was studied. Two hundred and ten Yorkshire × Landrace pigs of about 76 kg were assigned in groups of six to each of four treatments. In treatment 1, pigs were retained as unmixed littermates while in treatments 2 and 3, three pigs from one litter were mixed with three pigs from another litter. Additionally pigs in treatment 3 were injected with a tranquilizer prior to mixing. In treatment 4, groups of five littermates were introduced into the pen of either a lighter weight or heavier weight pig. All groups were housed in 6·65 m2 partially slatted pens and fed from a communal food trough.Besides promoting aggression and fighting, mixing significantly depressed productivity, and both short-and long-term economic returns. Over the 3-week experimental period the proportional live-weight gains observed in the unmixed pigs over those of the mixed groups, were substantial: 0·099 over the 3: 3 mixed groups, 0·141 over the tranquilizer-treated groups, and 0·127 over the 5: 1 mixed groups. Consequently, mixing would necessitate additional inputs of food, housing, and labour because of the increased days to market.The tranquilizer not only did not eliminate fighting but had a long-term negative effect on production and was thus a contra-indicated expense. Introducing a single pig into a group in an occupied pen also lowered production, as did moving without mixing. However, moving effects were short lived and had minimal negative influences on overall productivity.

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