ADDITIVE, NONADDITIVE AND MATERNAL GENETIC EFFECTS ON ADIPOSITY IN MICE FED DIFFERENT LEVELS OF FAT

1982 ◽  
Vol 24 (3) ◽  
pp. 347-360 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. de Padua Deodato ◽  
E. J. Eisen ◽  
J. M. Leatherwood
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Dietary Fat ◽  
Subcutaneous Fat ◽  
Genetic Effects ◽  
Major Portion ◽  
Female Mice ◽  
Ad Libitum ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Fat Depot ◽  
Different Levels

Polygenic obese (M16), nonobese (ICR) and reciprocal crossbred (M16 male × ICR female and ICR male × M16 female) mice were fed ad libitum diets containing 1, 5 or 25% fat from 3 to 10 weeks of age. Epididymal and subcutaneous fat depot weights (E, S) and depot weights as a proportion of empty body weight (E%, S%) were used as measures of adiposity at 6 and 10 weeks of age. Genetic differences in adiposity among the four populations were partitioned into average direct (a), average maternal (m) and direct heterotic (h) effects. Line M16 was greater than ICR at both 6 and 10 weeks in E (81% at 6 weeks and 114% at 10 weeks), S (82%, 73%), E% (27%, 37%) and S% (26%, 12%). Average direct genetic effects, as determined by a, accounted for 60% of the M16 vs. ICR line difference in E and S at six weeks, the remainder of the difference being due to m. The major portion of the line difference in E% and S% at 6 weeks was accounted for by m. At ten weeks of age, most of the line difference in E, S, E% and S% was due to additive direct genetic effects while the contribution of maternal genetic effects was negligible. Heterosis was sizeable for all measures of adiposity, varying from 10.8% in S% at 10 weeks to 26.8% in E at six weeks, possibly indicating the presence of directional dominance. E and E% increased significantly with the increase in dietary fat percent, but S and S% were not affected. Interactions of genotype with level of dietary fat percent were not significant for the epididymal or subcutaneous fat depot weights or proportional weights.

Effects of weight cycling in rats allowed a choice of diet

1993 ◽  
Vol 264 (1) ◽  
pp. R35-R40 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. W. Reed ◽  
G. Cox ◽  
F. Yakubu ◽  
L. Ding ◽  
J. O. Hill
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Body Fat ◽  
Dietary Fat ◽  
Fat Intake ◽  
Weight Cycling ◽  
Negative Effects ◽  
Percentage Body Fat ◽  
Dietary Fat Intake ◽  
Female Wistar Rats ◽  
Ad Libitum

We examined the effects of weight cycling, produced by bouts of weight loss and regain, on body weight, body composition, dietary fat intake, and energy efficiency. Three groups of adult female Wistar rats were followed for 116 days: control rats (n = 10) were allowed ad libitum access to three mixed diets with protein as a constant proportion of energy and fat provided at 10, 30, and 50% of energy; cycled rats (n = 10) had four bouts of food restriction (50% of baseline intake for 10 days) and refeeding (18-20 days of ad libitum access to the 3 mixed diets); maturity controls (n = 10) were treated identically to controls during the first two cycles and identical to cyclers during the final two weight cycles. At the end of the experiment, we could identify no negative effects of weight cycling on any of the measures taken, and in fact body weight and percentage body fat were lower in cyclers than controls. Dietary fat intake was not altered by weight cycling. In summary, weight cycling did not promote body weight or body fat gain.

PSIX-10 Effect of different levels of DMI on O2 consumed, CO2 released, growth and carcass characteristic in feedlot cattle

2021 ◽  
Vol 99 (Supplement_3) ◽  
pp. 440-441
Author(s):  
Alejandro E Relling
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Plasma Glucose ◽  
Glucose Concentration ◽  
Co2 Emission ◽  
Feedlot Cattle ◽  
O2 Consumption ◽  
Carcass Characteristic ◽  
Effect Of Treatment ◽  
Ad Libitum ◽  
Different Levels

Abstract Our objective was to determine the effect of different levels of dry matter intake (DMI) on O2 consumption, CO2 emission, growth, and carcass characteristic in feedlot cattle. The experiment used 60 individually fed backgrounded Angus × SimAngus-crossbred steers (n = 30) in a randomized complete block design. Steers (paired blocked by body weight and gain to feed ratio (G:F) were randomly allocated to one of the following treatments: ad-libitum (AI) or restricted intake (RI; the same diet fed at 85% of the AI) finishing diet. The diet contained 61% cracked corn, 9% corn silage, 15% DDGS, 5% soyhulls, and 10% of a protein-mineral-vitamin premix. Measurement of CO2 emission, and consumption of O2, were taken using the Greenfeed system (n = 15/treatment) once the steers were fed for 140 days. Plasma and gas samples were collected 10 d before slaughter, 1 h before and 2 h after feeding. Plasma glucose and insulin concentration and gasses (O2 and CO2) were analyzed using the MIXED procedure of SAS evaluating the fixed effect of treatment, time (repeated measurement) and their interaction. Growth and carcass characteristics were analyzed with a similar model, without the time statement and its interaction. Compared with RI, AI steers had greater (P < 0.01) DMI and average daily gain (ADG). Steers on AI tended to have greater final body-weight (BW) (P = 0.07) and ribeye area (P = 0.09) (Table 1). There was no effect of treatment (P ≥ 0.11) on G:F, subcutaneous (BF) and intramuscular (IM) fat, O2 consumption and CO2 emission. Plasma glucose concentration of AI steers were greater before and after feeding than RI (P < 0.05; Table 2). In conclusion, feeding steers ad-libitum increased DMI, ADG, and plasma glucose concentration, but does not affect G:F, BF, IM fat, CO2 emission, and consumption of O2.

scholarly journals Dietary n-6 PUFA, carbohydrate:protein ratio and change in body weight and waist circumference: a follow-up study

2014 ◽  
Vol 18 (7) ◽  
pp. 1317-1323 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marianne U Jakobsen ◽  
Lise Madsen ◽  
Claus Dethlefsen ◽  
Karen M Due ◽  
Jytte Halkjær ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Waist Circumference ◽  
Glycaemic Index ◽  
Linear Regression Models ◽  
Protein Levels ◽  
Follow Up Study ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Waist Circumference Change ◽  
Different Levels

AbstractObjectiveTo investigate the association between the intake of n-6 PUFA and subsequent change in body weight and waist circumference at different levels of the carbohydrate:protein ratio.DesignFollow-up study with anthropometric measurements at recruitment and on average 5·3 years later. Dietary intake was determined at recruitment by using an FFQ that was designed for the study and validated. We applied linear regression models with 5-year change in weight or waist circumference as outcome and including a two-way interaction term between n-6 PUFA and carbohydrate intakes, lower-order terms, protein intake, long-chain n-3 PUFA intake and other potential confounders. Due to adjustment for intake of protein, levels of carbohydrate indirectly reflect levels of the carbohydrate:protein ratio.SettingDiet, Cancer and Health follow-up study, Denmark.SubjectsWomen and men (n 29 152) aged 55 years.ResultsFor a high intake of n-6 PUFA (6·9 % of energy) v. a low intake of n-6 PUFA (3·4 % of energy), the difference in 5-year weight change was −189·7 g (95 % CI −636·8, 257·4 g) at a low carbohydrate:protein ratio and −86·7 g (95 % CI −502·9, 329·6 g) at a high carbohydrate:protein ratio; the differences in 5-year waist circumference change were 0·26 cm (95 % CI −0·47, 0·98 cm) and −0·52 cm (95 % CI −1·19, 0·15 cm), respectively. Inclusion of the dietary glycaemic index did not change the results.ConclusionsNo consistent associations between the intake of n-6 PUFA and change in body weight or waist circumference at different levels of the carbohydrate:protein ratio were observed.

Estimation of body composition changes during weight cycling by bioelectrical impedance analysis in rats

1993 ◽  
Vol 74 (5) ◽  
pp. 2092-2098 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. Ilagan ◽  
V. Bhutani ◽  
P. Archer ◽  
P. K. Lin ◽  
K. L. Jen
Keyword(s):  
Body Composition ◽  
Body Weight ◽  
Bioelectrical Impedance Analysis ◽  
Subcutaneous Fat ◽  
Bioelectrical Impedance ◽  
Impedance Analysis ◽  
Weight Cycling ◽  
High Fat ◽  
Ad Libitum ◽  
Ad Libitum Feeding

The effects of body weight cycling (WC) in rats on body composition (BC) and feeding efficiency were studied. The usefulness of estimating BC by bioelectrical impedance analysis (BIA) was also examined. Female Sprague-Dawley rats were divided into high-fat ad libitum feeding, either noncycling or cycling, or restricted feeding (75% of control feed) cycling groups. Control rats were fed a regular laboratory ad libitum diet and did not cycle. All rats were killed at the end of week 61. A BIA unit was used at each stage of WC to obtain resistance and reactance readings. Final BC was determined by chemical analysis. On the basis of the final chemical analysis and BIA measurements, an equation was established and applied to estimate BC at each stage of WC: fat-free mass (g) = 0.38 x body wt (g) + 13.8 x [length (cm)2/resistance] + 70.9 (r = 0.95, P < 0.001). High-fat ad libitum feeding induced rapid body weight and fat gains as well as an elevated feeding efficiency and an internal fat-to-subcutaneous fat ratio, regardless of whether the rats cycled. This change in fat mass was clearly detected by the BIA. Although rats fed restricted diets had similar body weights as did control rats, they had a significantly higher internal fat-to-subcutaneous fat ratio. Thus, not only the amount of food but also the composition of the diet is important for proper weight management. The BIA method is capable of detecting the body fat mass change during WC.

scholarly journals Carcass traits and meat quality of steers on pasture submitted to different dietary supplementation

2019 ◽  
Vol 40 (6) ◽  
pp. 2693
Author(s):  
Bruna Biava de Menezes ◽  
Henrique Jorge Fernandes ◽  
Maria da Graça Morais ◽  
Edneia Pereira Rosa ◽  
Andrea Roberto Duarte Lopes Souza ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Meat Quality ◽  
Carcass Traits ◽  
Subcutaneous Fat ◽  
Dietary Supplementation ◽  
Feeding Strategies ◽  
Concentrate Supplementation ◽  
Longissimus Dorsi Muscle ◽  
Ad Libitum

This study aimed at evaluating carcass traits and meat quality of Nellore steers on pasture submitted to different dietary supplementation strategies. The 32 Nellore animals tested (8 ± 0.6 months) were raised under rotational grazing on Brachiaria brizantha cv. Piatã (syn. Urochloa brizantha cv. Piatã) pasture and distributed in four treatments: supply of mineral salt ad libitum in the growth and finishing phases (MSGF); concentrate supplementation only during the growth phase (CG); concentrate supplementation only during the finishing phase (CF) and concentrate supplementation the growth and finishing phases (CGF). The concentrated supplement was supplied at 0.5% of body weight and mineral ad libitum. The steers were slaughtered when more than 50% of the lot of each treatment reached 450 kg body weight. The mean the hot and cold carcass weight and subcutaneous fat thickness did not differ between treatments (P > 0.05). The calves the treatment CF and CGF showed a larger rib-eye area and higher ether extract levels in the Longissimus dorsi muscle than in MSGF and CG (P < 0.05). Mean shearing force was similar between treatments (P > 0.05). The use of feeding strategies on pasture with concentrate supplementation in the growth and finishing phases of Nellore cattle anticipates slaughter in 92 days and produces carcasses and meat with satisfactory traits.

scholarly journals Energy and protein requirements during the growing phase of indigenous goats

2018 ◽  
Vol 39 (1) ◽  
pp. 241 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kléber Tomás Resende ◽  
Silvio Doria de Almeida Ribeiro ◽  
Amélia Katiane de Almeida ◽  
Marcelo Teixeira Rodrigues ◽  
José Américo Garcia ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Energy Requirement ◽  
Allometric Equation ◽  
Metabolizable Energy ◽  
Energy Utilization ◽  
Net Energy ◽  
Protein Requirements ◽  
Ad Libitum ◽  
Indigenous Goats ◽  
The Difference

The objective of this study was to investigate both energy and protein requirements for the maintenance and growth of indigenous goats, based on data from two separate studies. Goats were weaned at 79 ± 4.4 days of age, with milk and solid diet intake recorded daily. To determine energy maintenance requirements, 32 kids of 4.90 ± 0.302 kg initial body weight (BW) were used. Ten kids were slaughtered at 5.40 ± 0.484 kg BW to estimate initial body composition, with the remaining kids randomly assigned to one of two DM intake levels: ad libitum and restricted-fed (1.2-times maintenance level). Heat production (HP) was calculated as the difference between ingested metabolizable energy (MEI) and retained energy. Net energy requirement for maintenance (NEm) was estimated as the ?0 parameter of the relationship between HP and MEI [HP = ?0 × exp (?1 × MEI)]. Metabolizable energy required for maintenance (MEm) was calculated iteratively, as HP = MEI. Efficiency of energy utilization for maintenance (km) was calculated as NEm/MEm. The intercept of the linear regression of retained CP on CP intake was used to calculate net protein requirements for maintenance (NPm). Net energy and protein requirement for gain (NEg and NPg, respectively) were obtained using 26 kids fed ad libitum and randomly slaughtered at 5.40 ± 0.484 kg BW (n = 10), 15.8 ± 0.655 kg BW (n = 10), and 26.3 ± 1.27 kg BW (n = 6). The first derivative of the allometric equation (used to calculate energy and protein contents in empty body weight (EBW)) with respect to EBW yielded estimates of NEg and NPg. A Monte Carlo-based method was employed to simulate variation in MEm, NEg, and NPg. This study indicated that the net energy required for maintenance is 310.1 ± 36.7 kJ kg-0.75 EBW, with MEm estimated at 499.1 ± 52.1 kJ kg-0.75 EBW and km equal to 0.62. This study indicated that 1.246 g CP kg-0.75 EBW is required by indigenous kids weighing from 5 to 25 kg BW to meet their NPm. In addition, indigenous goats require between 186.6 ± 2.97 and 214.3 ± 12.9 g CP, and between 5.39 ± 1.49 and 9.74 ± 2.57 MJ to gain one kilogram of EBW. This study may contribute to future adjustments in feeding system energy and protein recommendations for indigenous kids.

Long-term melatonin treatment attenuates body weight gain with aging in female mice.

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Isao Tamura ◽  
Hiroshi Tamura ◽  
Mai Kawamoto-Jozaki ◽  
Yumiko Doi-tanaka ◽  
Haruka Takagi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Weight Gain ◽  
Body Weight Gain ◽  
Subcutaneous Fat ◽  
Abdominal Fat ◽  
Fat Deposition ◽  
Melatonin Treatment ◽  
Female Mice ◽  
Abdominal Fat Deposition

Women usually experience body weight gain with aging, which can put them at risk for many chronic diseases. Previous studies indicated that melatonin treatment attenuates body weight gain and abdominal fat deposition in several male animals. However, it is unclear whether melatonin affects female animals in the same way. This study investigated whether long-term melatonin treatment can attenuate body weight gain with aging and, if it does, what the mechanism is. Ten-week-old female ICR mice were given melatonin-containing water (100 μg/mL) or water only until 43 weeks. Melatonin treatment significantly attenuated body weight gain at 23 weeks (control; 57.2±2.0 g vs. melatonin; 44.4±3.1 g), 33 weeks (control; 65.4±2.6 g vs. melatonin; 52.2±4.2 g) and 43 weeks (control; 66.1±3.2 g vs. melatonin; 54.4±2.5 g) without decreasing the amount of food intake. Micro-CT analyses showed that melatonin significantly decreased the deposition of visceral and subcutaneous fat. These results suggested that melatonin attenuates body weight gain by inhibiting abdominal fat deposition. Metabolome analysis of the liver revealed that melatonin treatment induced a drastic change in the metabolome with the down-regulation of 149 metabolites, including the metabolites of glucose and amino acids. Citrate, which serves as a source of de novo lipogenesis, was one of the down-regulated metabolites. These results show that long-term melatonin treatment induces drastic changes of metabolism and attenuates body weight gain and fat deposition with aging in female mice.

The effects of lighting program, ingredient particle size and feed form on the performance of broiler turkeys

1997 ◽  
Vol 77 (3) ◽  
pp. 503-508 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. M. G. Hamilton ◽  
J. Kennie
Keyword(s):  
Particle Size ◽  
Body Weight ◽  
Dark Period ◽  
Experimental Period ◽  
Hammer Mill ◽  
Economic Returns ◽  
Weight Gains ◽  
Feed Form ◽  
Ad Libitum ◽  
The Difference

Two experiments were done to examine the effects of lighting program, ingredient particle size and feed form on the performance of female and male medium White turkey broilers. The poults (1200 initially of each sex) were randomly assigned, within sexes, among 48 floor pens (4.83 × 2.95 m; initially 50 birds each) located in a light-tight house. The treatments were distributed among the pens according to a 3 × 2 × 4 factorial arrangement that contained three lighting programs (four cycles daily of 4L:2D [INT]; 6L:18D at 3 d gradually increasing to 22L:2D at 77 d [INC]; and INC with a 1-h light at the mid-point of the dark period [INC + 1]) and four feed forms (fine mash [FM], FM pelleted [FMP]; course mash [CM]; and CM pelleted [CMP]). The FM was produced by grinding the dietary corn and wheat through hammer mills that contained 3.2- and 4.0-mm screens, respectively, and the CM by grinding the corn in a hammer mill (5.6-mm screen) and passing the wheat through a roller mill in which the spacing between the rollers was about 1.6 mm. All poults received 24L:0D for the first 72 h after housing. Feed and water were provided ad libitum over the 84-d experimental period. During the starter period, the pelleted feeds (FMP and CMP) were crumbled.Turkeys subjected to the INT lighting program had higher body weight gains (P < 0.001), feed intakes (P < 0.001 − 0.05) and mortality (P > 0.05) than the birds under the INC and INC + 1 schedules, but the feed conversions were similar (P > 0.05) for the birds under the three lighting programs. Economic returns from the turkeys subjected to the INC program were higher (P < 0.05) than from those under the other two programs. Body weight gains and feed intakes were higher (P < 0.001 − 0.05) for the birds given the mash feed (FM and CM) than for those fed pellets (FMP and CMP), even though feed conversions were better (P < 0.001) for the turkeys receiving the pelleted feeds. Economic returns were highest for the turkeys fed the CM feeds and lowest for those given the FM feeds; the difference was 3.3%. In conclusion, both lighting program and feed form influenced the economics obtained for broiler turkeys, but fineness of grind had little effect. Key words: Particle size, feed form, lighting program, turkeys, performance

Involvement of epidermal growth factor in inducing adiposity of aged female mice

1995 ◽  
Vol 146 (3) ◽  
pp. 381-393 ◽  
Author(s):  
H Adachi ◽  
H Kurachi ◽  
H Homma ◽  
K Adachi ◽  
T Imai ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Growth Factor ◽  
Food Intake ◽  
Epidermal Growth Factor ◽  
Subcutaneous Fat ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Surgical Removal ◽  
Mrna Levels ◽  
Female Mice ◽  
Epidermal Growth

Abstract Aged mice exhibit an increase in their body weight (BW), which is associated with fat deposit increase. Epidermal growth factor (EGF) concentration in the submandibular gland also increases with aging. We examined the effects of elevated EGF on the adiposity of aged female mice. Studies were started in two groups of animals consisting of sham-operated (n=10) and sialoadenectomized (n=10, Sx; surgical removal of the submandibular glands) mice at 8 weeks of age. Body weight gain and food intake were measured throughout 78 weeks of age in these two groups. Body weight was significantly less in the Sx group throughout 78 weeks, while food intake was not changed by Sx after 12 weeks of age. To examine further if EGF plays a role in the induction of adiposity in aged female mice, sham-operated animals were given 100 μl anti-EGF rabbit antiserum (anti-EGF group, n=5) or normal rabbit serum (control group, n=5) every 3 days, and Sx animals were given 5 μg/day EGF (Sx+EGF group, n=5) or saline (Sx group, n=5) from 78 weeks of age for 3 weeks. At 81 weeks of age, all animals of these four groups were killed, and carcass fat deposition and fat cell sizes were measured. Although the relative weights (weight ratio to BW) of the liver and kidney were not changed by Sx and anti-EGF treatment, the relative weights of mesenteric and subcutaneous fat tissues and adipocyte weights were significantly decreased in Sx and anti-EGF groups compared with the control group. Moreover, both acyl-CoA synthetase (ACS) and lipoprotein lipase (LPL) mRNA levels were significantly decreased by Sx or anti-EGF administration in mesenteric and subcutaneous fat tissues. On the other hand, EGF administration to Sx animals had no effect on BW, fat tissues and adipocyte weights, and ACS and LPL mRNA levels. The results, however, were consistent with the fact that adipose tissue EGF receptors were down regulated in Sx mice. These findings suggest that EGF may play a role in the induction of adiposity in aged female mice. Journal of Endocrinology (1995) 146, 381–393

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