Variation in chemical composition and nutritional quality among barley cultivars for ruminants. 2. Digestion, ruminal characteristics and in situ disappearance kinetics

1998 ◽  
Vol 78 (3) ◽  
pp. 377-388 ◽  
Author(s):  
K. H. Ovenell-Roy ◽  
M. L. Nelson ◽  
J. A. Froseth ◽  
S. M. Parish
Keyword(s):  
Chemical Composition ◽  
Nutritional Quality ◽  
Block Design ◽  
Latin Square ◽  
Scanning Electron Micrographs ◽  
Ruminal Fermentation ◽  
Hordeum Vulgare L ◽  
Barley Cultivars ◽  
Disappearance Kinetics

Two trials were conducted to compare the effects of feeding six different barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) cultivars on diet digestibility, DE content, and ruminal fermentation characteristics. In Trial 1, four steers (455 ± 1.6 kg) were used in a partially balanced incomplete block design and consumed a diet of 83% barley (Andre, Camelot, Clark, Cougbar, Harrington or Steptoe), 10% bromegrass hay and 7% supplement. Organic matter intake was lower (P < 0.10) for steers fed Clark, and in situ rate of disappearance of Steptoe was slower (P < 0.10) than other barleys. Acetate to propionate ratio was lower (P < 0.10) in ruminal fluid of steers fed Camelot than in that of those fed Andre, NDF digestibility was lower (54.7 vs. 69.2%), and digestion of NDF polymeric monosaccarides was lower (P < 0.10) for Camelot than for Andre. Scanning electron micrographs supported differences observed in chemical composition and in situ disappearance kinetics. In Trial 2, six steers (512 ± 1.8 kg) were used in a 6 × 6 Latin square design and consumed a diet of 83% barley (Boyer, Camelot, Clark, Harrington, Hesk or Steptoe), 10% bromegrass hay and 7% supplement. Steers fed Camelot had greater (P < 0.10) total tract NDF digestibility than steers fed Hesk and Steptoe. Total polymeric monosaccharide digestion was lower (P < 0.10) for Boyer (62.9%) than for any of the other cultivars (73.5%, average) except Hesk. In these two trials, NDF and NDF polymeric monosaccharide digestibilities were the major factors contributing to variability among barley cultivars in nutritional quality for ruminants. Key words: Barley, steers, digestibility, energy

Variation in chemical composition and nutritional quality among barley cultivars for ruminants. 1. Steer finishing performance, diet digestibilities and carcass characteristics

1998 ◽  
Vol 78 (3) ◽  
pp. 369-375 ◽  
Author(s):  
K. H. Ovenell-Roy ◽  
M. L. Nelson ◽  
J. A. Froseth ◽  
S. M. Parish ◽  
E. L. Martin
Keyword(s):  
Chemical Composition ◽  
Nutritional Value ◽  
Block Design ◽  
Carcass Characteristics ◽  
Nutrient Utilization ◽  
Neutral Detergent Fiber ◽  
Beef Steers ◽  
Hordeum Vulgare L ◽  
Barley Cultivars ◽  
Head Morphology

Inherent variability in chemical composition and nutritional value exists among barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) cultivars due to year grown, head morphology, growth habit and intended end use. Two trials were conducted to identify causal factors for variability among barley cultivars in animal performance, carcass characteristics, diet digestibility and digestible energy (DE) content. In feedlot trials, 144 large-frame beef steers (380 ± 1.6 kg in Trial 1, 372 ± 0.8 kg in Trial 2) were assigned within three weight blocks, eight to a pen, in a randomized complete block design and pens to treatments. Steers were fed a diet of 83% steam-rolled barley (Andre, Camelot, Clark, Cougbar, Harrington or Steptoe for 123 d in Trial 1; Boyer, Camelot, Clark, Harrington, Hesk or Steptoe for 119 d in Trial 2), 10% silage (wheat in Trial 1, oat in Trial 2), and 7% supplement on a dry matter (DM) basis. In Trial 1, Cougbar neutral detergent fiber (NDF) digestibility was significantly lower than Clark. Digestibility of other nutrients tended to be lowest for steers fed Cougbar and as a result, diet DE was lower (P < 0.05) for Cougbar than for Clark and Camelot. Diet DE and NDF digestibility were correlated (r = 0.69; P < 0.0001). Lower nutrient utilization by steers fed Cougbar resulted in lower performance. In Trial 2, steers fed Hesk had a poorer (P < 0.05) ratio of feed to gain than steers fed Camelot and Harrington and lower (P < 0.05) digestibility than steers fed Steptoe. In summary, data from these trials suggest that Cougbar and Steptoe are of lower nutritional value than other cultivars under the conditions of these studies. In these studies, digestibility of NDF was a major factor contributing to differences among cultivars. Key words: Barley, steers, digestibility, energy

Effects of roughage type on particle separation, rumination, fiber mat characteristics, in situ degradation, and ruminal fermentation parameters in beef steers

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Catherine L Lockard ◽  
Caleb G Lockard ◽  
Wyatt N Smith ◽  
Kendall J Karr ◽  
Ben P Holland ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Dry Matter ◽  
Rumen Fluid ◽  
Fluid Collection ◽  
Latin Square ◽  
Experimental Unit ◽  
Beef Steers ◽  
Ruminal Fermentation ◽  
In Situ Degradation ◽  
Fermentation Parameters

Abstract Six ruminally cannulated steers (average BW = 791 + 71 kg) were used in a replicated 3 × 3 Latin square experiment to determine the effects of roughage type on rumination, fiber mat characteristics, and rumen fermentation variables. Three roughages were included at 7% (DM basis) in a steam flaked corn-based diet; cotton burrs (CB), wheat silage (WS), or corn stalks (CS). Steers were fitted with a sensory collar to record rumination behaviors in 2-h intervals at the beginning of the experiment. Each 30-d period consisted of a 7-d of recovery, 14-d of diet adaptation, 7-d of rumination data collection (daily and bi-hourly average rumination), 1-d of rumen fluid collection, and 1-d of rumen evacuations. In situ degradation of individual roughages was determined for 4-d after period 3 evacuations. During rumen evacuations, ruminal contents were removed; the rumen fiber mat (RF) was separated from the liquid portion with a 2 mm sieve, weighed, and a subsample was dried. Data were analyzed using the MIXED procedure of SAS with steer as the experimental unit and roughage (CB, WS, and CS) as the main effect. Dry matter intake (DMI) was not different for CB and WS (P = 0.25) and greatest for steers consuming CS diet (P  &lt; 0.01). Roughage type did not influence the weight of the RF dry matter (%; DM; P = 0.92), RF weight (P = 0.69), or RF:DMI ratio (P = 0.29). Daily rumination (min/d) did not differ among roughages (P = 0.40), but min of rumination/kg of DMI was greatest for CS (18.0 min), min/kg of NDF was greatest for WS (89.8 min; P = 0.02), and min/kg of peNDF was greatest for CS (132.4 min; P  &lt; 0.01). Wheat silage had the greatest percentage of soluble DM and CB-R and CS-R (P  &lt; 0.01) had the greatest ruminal degraded DM fraction. Rumen fiber mat did not differ for roughages, although rumination min/kg of DMI and peNDF was greatest for steers consuming CS and WS. In situ degradation determined that CB-R and CS-R had the greatest percentage of ruminal degraded DM. Based on the objective of the experiment, roughage type did not influence daily rumination or fiber mat characteristics.

scholarly journals Black oat grown with common vetch improves the chemical composition and degradability rate of forage

2020 ◽  
Vol 42 ◽  
pp. e49951
Author(s):  
Fabiellen Cristina Pereira ◽  
Luiz Carlos Pinheiro Machado Filho ◽  
Daniele Cristina da Silva Kazama ◽  
Roberto Guimarães Júnior
Keyword(s):  
Chemical Composition ◽  
Block Design ◽  
Latin Square ◽  
R Package ◽  
Behavioral Observation ◽  
Forage Production ◽  
Common Vetch ◽  
Positive Effects ◽  
Biting Rate

This study aimed to evaluate the effect of cultivating a combination of common vetch (Vicia sativa L.) with black oats (Avena strigosa Schreb.) on the chemical composition of forage and the grazing behavior of heifers. To accomplish this, two paddocks 2500m2 each from a Voisin Rational Grazing management system were divided into three blocks each and then into thirds (278m²) characterizing a randomized block design. Three different forage compositions were distributed into these thirds: oats grown alone, vetch grown alone, and oats grown with vetch. Forage samples were collected after 65 days through the square method. Right after collection, three groups of four heifers each grazed the plots for two hours in a 3x3 double Latin Square design for behavioral observation, grazing simulation through the hand-plucking method, and biting rate determination. Forage samples collected either by hand-plucking or the square method, were analyzed for chemical composition and “in vitro” degradability.  Statistical analyses were performed using the R package lme4. Data were evaluated with linear mixed-effects models. The inclusion of common vetch significantly increased forage production and oat protein content, but decreased the fiber content, which promoted better “in vitro” degradability. Grazing frequency was higher in pasture where oats were grown with vetch, but the biting rate was similar in all the three forage compositions evaluated. Forage collected by the square method did not differ from forage consumed by the heifers, probably meaning low herbage selectivity by heifers.  Furthermore, no interaction of investigated variables occurred between forage compositions and the method of collection. The inclusion of common vetch with black oats increased forage chemical composition, “in vitro” degradability, and forage production, thus having positive effects on the time cows spent grazing.

Variation in starch, protein, and fibre of Canadian barley cultivars

1995 ◽  
Vol 75 (4) ◽  
pp. 865-870 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. Kong ◽  
T. M. Choo ◽  
P. Narasimhalu ◽  
P. Jui ◽  
T. Ferguson ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Chemical Composition ◽  
Hordeum Vulgare ◽  
Protein Concentration ◽  
Environment Interaction ◽  
Hordeum Vulgare L ◽  
Eastern Canada ◽  
Barley Cultivars ◽  
Cultivar Development ◽  
Key Words Barley ◽  
Acid Detergent Fibre

Barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) is a major feed in the Maritime region of Canada, but information on the chemical composition of barley cultivars grown in the Maritimes is lacking. Therefore, a study was undertaken to determine if starch, protein, neutral-detergent fibre (NDF), and acid-detergent fibre (ADF) of barley vary from region to region in Canada and to determine if barley cultivars that originated from Eastern Canada exhibit different chemical composition than those that originated from Western Canada. The chemical composition of two-row and six-row, covered and hulless, and feed and malting cultivars were also compared. Seventy-five cultivars were tested in eight environments (i.e. Charlottetown, Ottawa, Brandon, and Bentley in 1991 and 1992). These cultivars were classified into eight classes in four comparisons: eastern vs. western, two-row vs. six-row, hulless vs. covered, and feed vs. malting. Charlottetown grains were relatively low in protein, high in starch, and intermediate in NDF and ADF in comparison with grains produced at the other three locations. This suggests that more research in cultivar development and crop management is needed to increase the protein concentration of barley in the Maritimes. On average, two-row cultivars contained more starch and less fibre than six-row cultivars. Eastern two-row cultivars contained more protein than western two-row cultivars. As expected, hulless barleys contained more starch and protein, but less fibre than covered barleys. Canadian barley cultivars exhibited considerable variation in chemical composition. The cultivar x environment interaction was much smaller than the cultivar effect. Therefore, it is important to identify barley cultivars with high nutritional quality for use in commercial production. Key words: Barley, Hordeum vulgare L., cultivars, starch, protein, fibre

scholarly journals Milk fatty acid composition in Holstein x Gyr dairy cows fed chopped elephantgrass-based diets containing two types of sunflower oil associated with two methods of concentrate feeding

2020 ◽  
Vol 41 (6) ◽  
pp. 2759-2778
Author(s):  
Fernando César Ferraz Lopes ◽  
◽  
Carlos Gustavo Santos Ribeiro ◽  
Norberto Mario Rodriguez ◽  
Marco Antônio Sundfeld da Gama ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Linoleic Acid ◽  
Palmitic Acid ◽  
Sunflower Oil ◽  
Milk Fat ◽  
Nutrient Intake ◽  
Block Design ◽  
Latin Square ◽  
Rumen Fermentation ◽  
Ruminal Fermentation ◽  
High Oleic

wo experiments were carried out in a 2 x 2 factorial arrangement with the objective of evaluating two methods of concentrate feeding for Holstein x Gyr cows fed 600 g kg-1 chopped elephantgrass-based diets supplemented at 45 g kg-1 DM with two types of sunflower oil (SO). The types of SO differed in the levels of oleic and linoleic fatty acids (FAs): high oleic/low linoleic acid – HO (73 and 10 g 100 g-1 FA, respectively) and medium oleic/medium linoleic acid – MO (43 and 34 g 100 g-1 FA, respectively). The concentrates containing HO SO or MO SO were supplied separately from the forage twice a day after the two milkings (TAD) or as part of a total mixed ration (TMR). In Experiment 1, a 4 x 4 Latin square design was used to evaluate the ruminal fermentation and degradation parameters in four rumen-cannulated cows (430±39 kg; 79±20 days in milk; 16.4±3.1 kg day-1 of milk). In Experiment 2, a randomized block design was used to evaluate the nutrient intake, plasma contents of metabolites and FAs, milk yield and composition, and FA profile of milk fat in 32 cows (444±84 kg; 75±31 days in milk; 15.4±4.8 kg day-1 of milk). The results were analyzed by mixed models (P ? 0.05). The TMR diets promoted higher nutrient intake and rumen fermentation (higher ammonia N, acetate, propionate and total volatile FA contents) without affecting milk, fat, protein and lactose yields. TAD-fed cows presented higher feed efficiency and produced milk fat with a more nutritionally desirable FA composition, with higher vaccenic and rumenic acid contents and lower trans-10 C18:1 and palmitic acid contents. The DM intake, parameters of rumen fermentation and milk, fat, protein and lactose yields were similar for the HO SO and MO SO diets. The most nutritionally positive characteristics for human health in the milk fat of HO SO-fed cows were the higher eicosapentaenoic (+34%) and oleic acid (+11%) contents and lower palmitic acid content (-10%). Higher contents of vaccenic (+71%) and rumenic (+74%) acids and lower trans-10 C18:1 (-10%), elaidic (-32%), lauric (-14%) and myristic (-11%) acid contents were the most positive aspects of the milk fat of MO SO-fed cows. Considering the magnitudes of the differences in the levels of these FAs, it is concluded that the milk fat of cows fed MO SO showed a healthier milk FA profile.

scholarly journals Effects of lucerne particle size and source of dietary carbohydrates on in situ degradation and ruminal variables in sheep

2009 ◽  
Vol 54 (No. 6) ◽  
pp. 277-285 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. Asadi Alamouti ◽  
G.R. Ghorbani ◽  
M. Alikhani ◽  
H.R. Rahmani ◽  
A. Teimouri Yansari ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Particle Size ◽  
Latin Square ◽  
Dietary Carbohydrates ◽  
Ruminal Fermentation ◽  
Ruminal Ph ◽  
Degradation Rate Constant ◽  
Beet Pulp ◽  
Feeding Diets ◽  
Kinetics Of

The effects of altering forage particle size and source of rapidly degradable carbohydrates on <I>in situ</I> degradation and ruminal variables were studied in four Iranian male sheep. The study was designed as a Latin square with a 2 × 2 factorial arrangement of treatments including two carbohydrate sources (pelleted beet pulp vs. maize- and barley-based concentrate) and two lucerne particle sizes (2.38 vs. 0.94 mm). Kinetics of disappearance of lucerne, concentrates and mixed samples was studied <I>in situ</I>. Among feed samples, the degradation rate constant of lucerne dry matter was higher (<I>P</I> < 0.02) and disappearance of lucerne neutral detergent fibre (NDF) in 4 h of incubation was lower (<I>P</I> = 0.06) in diets with reduced particle size. The rapidly degradable fraction of lucerne samples was also affected by treatments. Other degradability components were not affected. The mean ruminal pH was lower in diets containing short hay than in those containing long hay (5.76 vs. 5.86, <I>P</I> < 0.006) and pH values were consistently lower immediately after feeding diets with short lucerne hay. The form of carbohydrates did not affect ruminal pH, however, altering the source of carbohydrates changed the pattern of pH over time. Total volatile fatty acid (VFA) concentration and proportions of individual VFA were similar but numerical differences indicated a lower acetate to propionate ratio in diets with short hay. Most of the affected variables were influenced by the particle size of forage to a larger extent than by the source of rapidly degradable carbohydrates or the interaction between them. So, when sheep diets contain no more than 250 g/kg starch, the source of dietary carbohydrates may not interact with forage particle size to affect DM degradability and ruminal fermentation.

scholarly journals Physiologic Quality and Biochemical Characters of Barley Seeds Produced Under Nitrogen Doses and Growing Environments

2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (12) ◽  
pp. 65
Author(s):  
Lanes B. A. Jaques ◽  
Ivan R. Carvalho ◽  
Vinícius J. Szareski ◽  
Henrique E. Rodrigues ◽  
Ítala T. P. Dubal ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Block Design ◽  
Accelerated Aging ◽  
Dry Mass ◽  
Human Consumption ◽  
Limiting Factor ◽  
Hordeum Vulgare L ◽  
Barley Cultivars ◽  
Randomized Block Design ◽  
Physiological Quality

Barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) is considered one of the most important cereals, such as maize, rice and wheat, due to its multiplicity of usage, as much for human consumption as for feed. The Nitrogen is one of the main nutrients that influences the quality and productivity of barley seeds because it participates in numerous metabolic routes. It is a limiting factor of the production, the lack or the excess can bring consequence to the culture. In this manner, the present study aims to evaluate the influence of different nitrogen doses on the physiologic quality and biochemical characters of brewing barley seeds produced in two growing environments. The experiment was conducted in the 2017 crop season, in a randomized block design, organized in a factorial scheme, being 2 cultivation environment &times; 2 brewing barley cultivars &times; 4 nitrogen doses, disposed in four replicates. The physiological quality of the seeds was evaluated by germination, first counting of germination, accelerated aging, field emergence, shoot and root length, dry mass of shoot and root of seedlings, electrical conductivity (3, 6 and 24 hours) and isoenzymes. The growing environment promotes differences in the barley seeds physiologic quality. The nitrogen fertilizing, at dose of 120 kg ha-1, results in superiority in the physiologic quality of seeds. The cultivar BRS Cau&ecirc; in both environments presented higher vigor. The nitrogen fertilizing alters the isoenzymatic expression of barley seedlings, creating variation in the bands intensity, at different nitrogen doses.

scholarly journals An assessment of nutritional quality of hybryd maize grain based on chemical composition

Genetika ◽  
2012 ◽  
Vol 44 (3) ◽  
pp. 571-582
Author(s):  
Milan Stevanovic ◽  
Snezana Mladenovic-Drinic ◽  
Vesna Dragicevic ◽  
Zoran Camdzija ◽  
Milomir Filipovic ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Chemical Composition ◽  
Nutritional Quality ◽  
Block Design ◽  
Inorganic Phosphorus ◽  
Soluble Proteins ◽  
Total Proteins ◽  
High Positive Correlation ◽  
Maize Hybrids ◽  
Soluble Phenolics ◽  
Phytate Content

The aim of this study was to investigate chemical composition of grain of 20 maize hybrids, from different maturity groups, to define their nutritional quality from the point of main grain constituents: starch, total proteins, soluble proteins, oil, phytate, inorganic phosphorus, and soluble phenolics, as well as mass of 1.000 grains. A set of 20 ZP hybrids, FAO 400-800, were grown in a randomized complete block design (RCBD) at Zemun Polje (Serbia), during the summer of 2009. Average content of proteins, oil and starch of analyzed maize hybrids was 10.5%, 4.7% and 80.8%, respectively. Hybrids from FAO maturity group 600 had highest grain mass (in average 419.5 g). Genetic variability in seed phytate content was observed, with values ranging from 2.64 to 3.75, averaged 3.44 g kg-1. Inorganic phosphorus (Pi) concentrations were between 0.120 ? g g-1 (ZP 805) to 0.415 ? g g-1 (ZP 588ex), averaged 0.24 ? g g-1. Content of soluble proteins varied from 54.33 to 78.74 mg g-1. The high positive correlation was observed between total proteins and oil content in hybrids, as well as between starch and phenolics content. Phytate content was positively correlated with proteins, but this correlation was not significant, while the correlation between phytate and mass of 1,000 grains was positive and significant. A negative correlation occurred between phytate and starch.

Effects of barley cultivar on energy and nitrogen metabolism of lambs

1998 ◽  
Vol 78 (3) ◽  
pp. 389-397 ◽  
Author(s):  
K. H. Ovenell-Roy ◽  
M. L. Nelson ◽  
H. H. Westburg ◽  
J. A. Froseth
Keyword(s):  
Nitrogen Metabolism ◽  
Methane Production ◽  
Block Design ◽  
Nitrogen Retention ◽  
Metabolizable Energy ◽  
Barley Cultivar ◽  
Hordeum Vulgare L ◽  
Factors Affecting ◽  
Barley Cultivars ◽  
Major Factors

The aim of this research was to compare energy values, nitrogen metabolism and diet digestibility of four barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) cultivars grown in two different years, to identify the most important factors affecting variation. Six wether lambs (39.4 ± 1.6 kg) were assigned within period in a randomized complete block design to barley cultivar (1990 Camelot, 1990 Cougbar, 1990 Steptoe, 1991 Boyer, 1991 Camelot and 1991 Steptoe) and consumed a diet of 83% barley, 10% alfalfa pellets and 7% supplement on a DM basis. During each 14-d period, feed, orts, fecal and urine samples were collected during the last 7 d and methane emissions were quantified. Digestibility of NDF polymeric monosaccharides was lower (P < 0.10) for weathers fed 1990 Steptoe than all cultivars other than 1991 Boyer and was positively correlated to methane production (r = 0.52). Barley DE was not different among cultivars but, because methane production was greater (P < 0.10) for lambs fed 1991 Boyer (38 L d−1) than for those fed 1990 Steptoe (21 L d−1) and 1990 Camelot (26 L d−1), barley ME content of 1991 Boyer (12.3 MJ kg−1 OM) was lower (P < 0.10) than for 1990 Steptoe (13.4 MJ kg−1 OM). Nitrogen digestibility in lambs fed Camelot grown both years was greater (P < 0.05) than for most cultivars. Absorbed nitrogen was greatest (P < 0.10) in lambs fed 1991 Camelot and nitrogen retention (g d−1) tended to be greater than 1990 Cougbar (P = 0.14) and 1990 Camelot (P = 0.16) fed lambs. Cougbar, Boyer and 1991 Steptoe had lower feeding quality for ruminants because of lower energy and/or nitrogen metabolism, while both years of Camelot and 1990 Steptoe had greater ME values. Methane production, digestibility of NDF polymeric monosaccharides and nitrogen metabolism were major factors contributing to variability among barley cultivars within and between years. Key words: Barley, lambs, methane, metabolizable energy

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