Factors affecting the apparent intestinal (small and large) disappearance of dry matter and crude protein from rumen undegradable residues of various feeds determined using the mobile bag technique for cattle

2006 ◽  
Vol 86 (3) ◽  
pp. 419-428 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. M. Loveday ◽  
H. C. Block ◽  
P. A. Thacker ◽  
J. J. McKinnon
Keyword(s):  
Digestive Tract ◽  
Retention Time ◽  
Crude Protein ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Mesh Size ◽  
Barley Straw ◽  
Canola Meal ◽  
Surface Area Ratio ◽  
Factors Affecting ◽  
Pass Through

This study evaluated the effects of retention time in the post-abomasal digestive tract, washing time (15, 50, 75, 100 s), bag size (3.5 × 5.5 vs. 2.5 × 4.0 cm), sample size to surface area ratio (3.9 vs. 7.5 mg cm-2), pepsin treatment (untreated vs. pepsin-HCl) and bag material (nylon vs. polyester) on apparent dry matter (DM) and crude protein (CP) disappearance from rumen undegradable residues (RUDR) of canola meal, soybean meal, barley straw, barley silage and dehydrated alfalfa using the mobile bag technique. RUDR were placed into 44 or 48 µm mesh size bags and inserted into the duodenum of cannulated steers, with bags recovered in feces. Retention time of bags was not influenced by substrate. Small bags took slightly longer (P < 0.05) to pass through the post-abomasal digestive tract. Retention time in the post-abomasal digestive tract did not affect CP disappearance but had a minor impact on DM disappearance (P < 0.05). Interactions (P < 0.05) were noted between bag size, washing time and substrate. Bag material (nylon vs. polyester) influenced (P < 0.05) CP but not DM disappearance. No effects of pepsin HCl pre-incubation or SS:SA ratio were observed. Polyester may be preferred due to the high N content of nylon. Key words: Cattle, mobile bag technique, nutrient disappearance

Validation of the cannulated pig model for determining intestinal nutrient disappearance in cattle

2005 ◽  
Vol 85 (1) ◽  
pp. 85-91
Author(s):  
D. M. Loveday ◽  
P. A. Thacker ◽  
D. G. Wilson ◽  
J. J. McKinnon
Keyword(s):  
Crude Protein ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Distillers Grains ◽  
Pig Model ◽  
Barley Straw ◽  
Canola Meal ◽  
Regression Equations ◽  
Protein Supplements ◽  
Barley Silage ◽  
Feed Samples

The mobile nylon bag technique was used to determine the potential of cannulated pigs to model intestinal dry matter (DM) and crude protein (CP) digestibility of ruminal undegradable residues (RUDR) of various feed samples in cattle. A total of 11 feeds (six protein supplements and five forages) varying in rumen degradability were utilized: canola meal (regular vs. heated); soybean meal (regular vs. heated); distillers’ grains (regular vs. heated ); alfalfa hay (regular vs. dehydrated alfalfa pellets); barley silage (regular vs. heated); and barley straw. Ruminal undegradable residues of each feedstuff were placed into eight polyester bags and inserted into the duodenum of two cannulated Hereford steers (644 ± 14 kg). Another eight bags for each RUDR sample were randomly allocated to six crossbred gilts (Camborough 15 line female × Canabred sire; 50 ± 1.2 kg body weight) and inserted into the pigs’ duodenum via duodenal cannulas. Bags were recovered in the feces from both the cattle and pigs. Regression analysis was used to relate intestinal DM and CP digestibility obtained in pigs with those obtained in steers. Intercepts not different from zero were forced through the zero intercept to obtain a measure of bias and loss of precision resulting from forcing the zero intercept. The non-zero regression equations relating steer estimates to those obtained from pigs were -3.17 + 0.95 X [r2 = 0.98, residual standard deviation (RSD) = 3.84] and 0.35 + 0.96 X (r2 = 0.98, RSD = 6.16) for DM and CP disappearance, respectively. Forcing the non-zero intercept resulted in pigs over predicting intestinal DM disappearance in cattle by 10.6% with a RSD of 4.30. Using the pig model, intestinal CP disappearance of cattle was over predicted by 3.1% with a RSD of 5.85. It was concluded that pigs can be used to model intestinal DM and CP disappearance of ruminal undegraded feed residues in cattle. Key words: Cattle, pigs, mobile nylon bag technique, intestinal nutrient availability

Supplementation of grazing dairy cows with a brewers grains/treated straw mixture

1990 ◽  
Vol 1990 ◽  
pp. 46-46 ◽  
Author(s):  
J.D. Leaver ◽  
R.C. Campling
Keyword(s):  
Dairy Cows ◽  
Crude Protein ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Barley Straw ◽  
Severe Drought ◽  
Grass Silage ◽  
Metabolisable Energy ◽  
Grazing Dairy Cows ◽  
Similar Cost ◽  
Friesian Cows

Supplementary feeding of grazing dairy cows is often uneconomic, and whilst supplementation with silage (buffer feeding) can be worthwhile, this often leads to a depletion of winter forage stores. In this study, a mixture of brewers grains and treated straw was used as a supplement. Offered as a 1:1 mixture in the dry matter (DM), it is a purchased substitute for grass silage, having a similar cost, and similar metabolisable energy (ME) and crude protein (CP) contents. The high seasonality adjustments to milk price in mid-late season make supplementation potentially worthwhile.Experiments were carried out from April to September in 1988 and 1989, which had moderate and very low rainfall respectively. Each year 20 British Friesian cows which calved December to March (1988 experiment) and February-April (1989) were allocated at random to either treatment B or C. In B, the cows were offered a 1:1 mixture (DM basis) of brewers grains and NaOH treated chopped barley straw for 60 minutes after morning milking. In C, the cows received no supplement. Both groups were fed 1.0 kg/day of concentrates in the milking parlour. Due to the severe drought in 1989, concentrate feeding was increased to 5.0 kg/day for all cows during the last 4 weeks of the experiment. Also, urea-treated whole crop wheat was fed at a level of 2.5 kg DM/day during the last 7 days.

Impact of feed supplements on in vitro degradability of barley straw and grass nuts

2002 ◽  
Vol 2002 ◽  
pp. 169-169 ◽  
Author(s):  
A.S. Chaudhry ◽  
P. Rowlinson ◽  
C.J. Lister
Keyword(s):  
Crude Protein ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Forage Quality ◽  
Barley Straw ◽  
Feed Supplements ◽  
And Performance ◽  
The Uk ◽  
Cattle Health

Grass is the main energy feed for cattle but it declines in digestibility and intake during the summer months and loses about 20% nutrients during ensiling and feeding in winter. Grass is also low in minerals and this has implications for cattle health and performance. It is thus essential to use supplements to boost digestibility and intake of grass and subsequently the performance of cattle. This study compared the effect of two supplements which are marketed as molasses based feed blocks (Booster with 12% crude protein or CP and HIPRO with 28%: CRYSTALYX) on the in vitro dry matter (DM) degradation of barley straw (Straw) and grass nuts (Grass). These blocks contained same energy (13MJ ME/kg DM) but different amounts of sugars (33-35%), oil (6-8%) and minerals (20 to 28%) and thus were considered appropriate for use as feed supplements to compensate for the deficits of nutrients that the cattle can face when consuming grass or straw. These forages represent a range of forage quality that can be found in the UK.

scholarly journals The voluntary intake and digestibility, in sheep, of chopped and pelleted Digitaria decumbens (pangola grass) following a late application of fertilizer nitrogen

1967 ◽  
Vol 21 (3) ◽  
pp. 587-597 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. J. Minson
Keyword(s):  
Organic Matter ◽  
Protein Content ◽  
Retention Time ◽  
Crude Protein ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Nitrogen Retention ◽  
Fertilizer Nitrogen ◽  
Food Digestibility ◽  
Voluntary Intake ◽  
Chopped Grass

1. Experiments were conducted with wether sheep in 1964 and 1965 fed pelleted or chopped mature Digitaria decubemes Stent (pangola grass) bay containing different crude protein contents. The voluntary intake of food, digestibility of dry matter and nitrogen, nitrogen retention and apparent time of retention of feed organic matter in the reticulo-rumen were measured. The different crude protein contents of the grass were obtained by applications of urea to the sward 14 and 28 days before cutting for hay in 1964 and 1965 respectively. This treatment increased the crude protein content of the dry matter from 4.9% to 8.7% in 1964 and from 3.7% to 7.2% in 1965. The size of the particles of the ground hay before pelleting is given.2. The mean voluntary intake of chopped fertilized grass was 10% and 54% greater than that of the unfertilized; the voluntary intake of pellets made from fertilized grass was 35% and 75% greater than of those made from the unfertilized grass in 1964 and 1965 respectively.3. The voluntary intake of pellets of unfertilized grass was 7% and 14% greater than that 30% greater than that of chopped fertilized grass in 1964 and 1965 respectively.4. The digestibility of the pellets was less than that of the chopped grass.5. The apparent digestibility of the feed nitrogen was increased by the fertilizer nitrogen, but grinding and pelleting had no consistent effect. Sheep eating chopped or pelleted fertilized hay were in positive nitrogen balance.6. The apparent retention time of organic matter in the reticulo-rumen was longer when the sheep were eating chopped hay than when they were eating pellets. In 1964 the apparent retention time of organic matter in the reticulo-rumen was shorter for chopped and pelleted unfertilized grass than for chopped and pelleted fertilized grass, but in 1965 the order was reversed.7. The relationship between voluntary intake, apparent retention time of organic matter in the rumen and the protein content of the food is discussed.

Treatment of barley straw with urea or anhydrous ammonia for growing cattle

1983 ◽  
Vol 36 (2) ◽  
pp. 271-275
Author(s):  
J. J. F. Mira ◽  
M. Kay ◽  
E. A. Hunter
Keyword(s):  
Crude Protein ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
Barley Straw ◽  
Crude Protein Content ◽  
Ammonia Treatment ◽  
Continuous Growth ◽  
Anhydrous Ammonia ◽  
Cast Doubt ◽  
Growth Trial

ABSTRACTIn experiment 1, nine Hereford × Friesian steers weighing 325 kg were used in a changeover design and offered long barley straw that had been treated with 30 g anhydrous ammonia per kg for 8 weeks, a solution providing 25 g urea per kg straw dry matter or a solution providing 23 g urea and 3 g ammonium sulphate per kg straw dry matter. In addition they were offered 3 kg/day of mineralized rolled barley. In experiment 2, 30 Hereford × Friesian steers weighing 380 kg were used in a continuous growth trial of 10 weeks duration. They were allocated to one of the following barley straw treatments, straw that had been exposed to 30 g anhydrous ammonia per kg for 4 weeks, untreated straw with a urea supplement in the barley or untreated straw. The straw was fed ad libitum with either 2·8 or 4·4 kg rolled barley daily.The barley straw contained 43 and 27 g crude protein per kg dry matter in experiment 1 and 2 respectively. In both experiments, ammonia treatment increased the crude protein content of the straw and resulted in improved straw intakes and higher live-weight gains. The results of experiment 2 cast doubt on the practice of providing supplementary nitrogen with food based on long barley straw and barley when steers weighing about 400 kg are used.

Feeding value of peas for backgrounding beef heifers

2003 ◽  
Vol 83 (4) ◽  
pp. 779-786 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. -Q. Chen ◽  
E. K. Okine ◽  
M. A. Price ◽  
G. R. Khorasani
Keyword(s):  
Dry Matter ◽  
Barley Grain ◽  
Barley Straw ◽  
Canola Meal ◽  
Limiting Factor ◽  
Feed Conversion ◽  
Beef Heifers ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Rumen Undegradable Protein ◽  
Feed Costs

Four diets in which peas progressively replaced barley [0% (0P), 30% (30P), 50% (50P), and 100% peas (100P)] and one in which canola meal (CM) replaced 10% of the barley, were fed to 90 beef heifers (initial weight 215.8 ± 13.8 kg). The heifers achieved average daily gains (ADGs) of 0.72, 0.80, 0.79, 0.83, and 0.76 kg d-1 on the five diets, respectively, with the difference between the 0P group and the 100P group being significant (P = 0.028). The total feed costs of gain were $0.786, 0.779, 0.799, 0.860, and 0.817 kg-1 for the five groups, respectively, with the cost of gain being significantly greater (P < 0.05) for the 100P group than for the 0P, 30P or 50P groups. The latter three were not significantly different from each other. Three rumen-cannulated steers (575 ± 56.3 kg) were used to estimate the degradability of the dry matter (DM) and N in the barley straw (BS), CM, barley grain (BG) and peas used in the feeding trial. The rumen undegradable protein (RUP) levels supplied by the five diets were 17.5, 19.0, 19.9, 21.5, and 22.5%, respectively, and all of them met the requirements of these cattle. The RUP content of peas ground through a 1-mm screen was lower than that of peas ground through 2- or 4-mm screens (P < 0.01), which were themselves not significantly different from each other (P = 0.67). The low RUP content of peas was not a limiting factor for growth in backgrounding cattle. Key words: Cattle, field peas, dry matter intake, feed conversion efficiency, rumen me

Dietary lupins (Lupinus angustifolius and Lupinus albus) can increase digesta retention in the gastrointestinal tract of pigs

2001 ◽  
Vol 52 (5) ◽  
pp. 593 ◽  
Author(s):  
F. R. Dunshea ◽  
N. J. Gannon ◽  
R. J. van Barneveld ◽  
B. P. Mullan ◽  
R. G. Campbell ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Digestive Tract ◽  
Feed Intake ◽  
Retention Time ◽  
Lupinus Albus ◽  
Physical Treatment ◽  
Gross Energy ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Pass Through ◽  
Protein Cell ◽  
Daily Gain

Lupins are high in crude protein, cell wall materials, and gross energy but uncertainty about the bioavailability of nutrients and adverse effects on feed intake limit their use in the pig industry. Three experiments were conducted to determine the effect of lupins on retention time in the digestive tract by determining the average time it took for ingested polyethylene beads to pass through the digestive tract of pigs fed wheat-based diets containing various lupin species and fractions. In Expt 1, pigs were restrictively fed (1.8 kg/day) diets containing either predominantly wheat or predominantly wheat plus 400 g/kg peas or L. angustifolius seeds or kernels. The retention times of diets containing 400 g/kg of L. angustifolius seeds or kernels were significantly greater than those containing wheat alone (66.4 and 64.3 v. 48.8 h, P < 0.05, s.e.d. = 7.7 h), while that for the diet containing 400 g/kg peas was intermediate (55.8 h). In Expt 2 and 3, pigs were fed 1 of 6 wheat-based diets balanced for digestible energy (DE) and amino acid composition and containing either animal protein or 350 g/kg of peas, and L. angustifolius seeds or kernels, or L. albus seeds and kernels. Pigs were restrictively fed (1.5 kg/day) for Expt 2 or fed ad libitum for Expt 3. The mean retention time of the L. albus diets was greater than the other diets in both experiments. Feed intake and daily gain were reduced in pigs fed diets containing L. albus. Despite having lower feed intakes, pigs fed diets containing L. albus had more digesta in the stomach and small intestine at slaughter than the pigs consuming the diets not containing lupins. Appropriate physical treatment or enzymatic supplementation of L. albus diets may alleviate some of the feed intake problems.

scholarly journals Factors affecting in sacco degradation of dry matter and crude protein in grass silage

1985 ◽  
Vol 57 (3) ◽  
pp. 139-146
Author(s):  
Jouko Setälä ◽  
Alem Tesfa ◽  
Aino Rauramaa
Keyword(s):  
Crude Protein ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Chemical Components ◽  
Crude Fibre ◽  
Total N ◽  
Factors Affecting ◽  
Grass Silage ◽  
Silage Fermentation ◽  
Dry Matter Degradation ◽  
Ruminal Digestion

The degradability of dry matter and crude protein was studied in 96 grass silages, which were collected from practical farms in different parts of Finland. The degradabilities were determined by the nylonbag technique in sheep on a grass silage and hay (50 : 50 on DM basis) -based diet. Among chemical components the N-free extracts increased, and the crude fibre decreased the dry matter degradation in the rumen. The correlation between the end-products from silage fermentation and the dry matter degradability was generally negative. The level of the crude protein degradability was significantly increased when the crude protein content in the silage DM was increased. The amount of NO3 in the silage DM had a similar effect. The rate of crude protein degradation was regulated mainly by the proteolysis in the silage, e.g. the amounts of NH, and especially watersoluble N in the total N of silage. Crude fibre tended to protect crude protein against ruminal digestion.

The digestion of lucerne chaff by cape barren geese, Cereopsis novaehollandiae Latham

1970 ◽  
Vol 18 (3) ◽  
pp. 257 ◽  
Author(s):  
RW Marriott ◽  
DK Forbes
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Retention Time ◽  
Crude Protein ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Dry Matter Intake ◽  
Rapid Rate ◽  
Mean Retention Time

The digestibility of lucerne chaff by Cape Barren geese was investigated by means of digestibility trials with six birds caged individually. The geese were found to have large intakes (mean daily dry matter intake 113.9 g/kg of metabolic body weight) but had a very rapid rate of passage (mean retention time 1.3 hr) and digested only 25.8% of the dry matter of the lucerne. Crude protein was well digested (76.4%) but fibre was not significantly digested (0.8% digestibility).

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