Validation of the cannulated pig model for determining intestinal nutrient disappearance in cattle

2005 ◽  
Vol 85 (1) ◽  
pp. 85-91
Author(s):  
D. M. Loveday ◽  
P. A. Thacker ◽  
D. G. Wilson ◽  
J. J. McKinnon
Keyword(s):  
Crude Protein ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Distillers Grains ◽  
Pig Model ◽  
Barley Straw ◽  
Canola Meal ◽  
Regression Equations ◽  
Protein Supplements ◽  
Barley Silage ◽  
Feed Samples

The mobile nylon bag technique was used to determine the potential of cannulated pigs to model intestinal dry matter (DM) and crude protein (CP) digestibility of ruminal undegradable residues (RUDR) of various feed samples in cattle. A total of 11 feeds (six protein supplements and five forages) varying in rumen degradability were utilized: canola meal (regular vs. heated); soybean meal (regular vs. heated); distillers’ grains (regular vs. heated ); alfalfa hay (regular vs. dehydrated alfalfa pellets); barley silage (regular vs. heated); and barley straw. Ruminal undegradable residues of each feedstuff were placed into eight polyester bags and inserted into the duodenum of two cannulated Hereford steers (644 ± 14 kg). Another eight bags for each RUDR sample were randomly allocated to six crossbred gilts (Camborough 15 line female × Canabred sire; 50 ± 1.2 kg body weight) and inserted into the pigs’ duodenum via duodenal cannulas. Bags were recovered in the feces from both the cattle and pigs. Regression analysis was used to relate intestinal DM and CP digestibility obtained in pigs with those obtained in steers. Intercepts not different from zero were forced through the zero intercept to obtain a measure of bias and loss of precision resulting from forcing the zero intercept. The non-zero regression equations relating steer estimates to those obtained from pigs were -3.17 + 0.95 X [r2 = 0.98, residual standard deviation (RSD) = 3.84] and 0.35 + 0.96 X (r2 = 0.98, RSD = 6.16) for DM and CP disappearance, respectively. Forcing the non-zero intercept resulted in pigs over predicting intestinal DM disappearance in cattle by 10.6% with a RSD of 4.30. Using the pig model, intestinal CP disappearance of cattle was over predicted by 3.1% with a RSD of 5.85. It was concluded that pigs can be used to model intestinal DM and CP disappearance of ruminal undegraded feed residues in cattle. Key words: Cattle, pigs, mobile nylon bag technique, intestinal nutrient availability

Factors affecting the apparent intestinal (small and large) disappearance of dry matter and crude protein from rumen undegradable residues of various feeds determined using the mobile bag technique for cattle

2006 ◽  
Vol 86 (3) ◽  
pp. 419-428 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. M. Loveday ◽  
H. C. Block ◽  
P. A. Thacker ◽  
J. J. McKinnon
Keyword(s):  
Digestive Tract ◽  
Retention Time ◽  
Crude Protein ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Mesh Size ◽  
Barley Straw ◽  
Canola Meal ◽  
Surface Area Ratio ◽  
Factors Affecting ◽  
Pass Through

This study evaluated the effects of retention time in the post-abomasal digestive tract, washing time (15, 50, 75, 100 s), bag size (3.5 × 5.5 vs. 2.5 × 4.0 cm), sample size to surface area ratio (3.9 vs. 7.5 mg cm-2), pepsin treatment (untreated vs. pepsin-HCl) and bag material (nylon vs. polyester) on apparent dry matter (DM) and crude protein (CP) disappearance from rumen undegradable residues (RUDR) of canola meal, soybean meal, barley straw, barley silage and dehydrated alfalfa using the mobile bag technique. RUDR were placed into 44 or 48 µm mesh size bags and inserted into the duodenum of cannulated steers, with bags recovered in feces. Retention time of bags was not influenced by substrate. Small bags took slightly longer (P < 0.05) to pass through the post-abomasal digestive tract. Retention time in the post-abomasal digestive tract did not affect CP disappearance but had a minor impact on DM disappearance (P < 0.05). Interactions (P < 0.05) were noted between bag size, washing time and substrate. Bag material (nylon vs. polyester) influenced (P < 0.05) CP but not DM disappearance. No effects of pepsin HCl pre-incubation or SS:SA ratio were observed. Polyester may be preferred due to the high N content of nylon. Key words: Cattle, mobile bag technique, nutrient disappearance

Effects of concentrate proportion and protein supplementation on performance of growing and finishing crossbred bulls fed a whole-crop barley silage-based diet

2014 ◽  
Vol 54 (9) ◽  
pp. 1399 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Pesonen ◽  
E. Joki-Tokola ◽  
A. Huuskonen
Keyword(s):  
Energy Intake ◽  
Crude Protein ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Rapeseed Meal ◽  
Protein Supplementation ◽  
Protein Supplements ◽  
Carcass Conformation ◽  
Fat Score ◽  
Dietary Treatments ◽  
Barley Silage

A 2 × 3 factorial design was used to study the effects of concentrate proportion and protein supplementation on performance of growing and finishing bulls fed a whole-crop barley silage (WCBS)-based diet. A feeding experiment comprised 30 crossbred bulls with average initial liveweight of 315 kg. The bulls were offered WCBS ad libitum. The two concentrate proportions were 200 and 400 g/kg diet dry matter (DM). The concentrate used was (1) rolled barley, (2) rolled barley plus rapeseed meal or (3) rolled barley plus urea-based supplement. The crude protein (CP) content of rolled barley was 119 g/kg DM and both protein supplements were given so that the CP content of the concentrate was raised to 170 g/kg DM. The final liveweight of the bulls was 669 kg, on average, and it was not affected by dietary treatments. The dietary treatments had no effects on total DM intake of the bulls (8.91 kg/day). However, the increasing concentrate proportion increased energy intake (P < 0.05), carcass gain (P < 0.01) and dressing proportion (P < 0.05) and improved carcass conformation (P < 0.05). Protein supplementation had no effects on energy intake, carcass gain, dressing proportion or carcass conformation but it tended to increase carcass fat score (P = 0.06) compared to the bulls fed without protein supplementation. Overall, the results indicate that there is no reason to use protein supplementation for growing and finishing bulls more than 300-kg liveweight when they are fed with good quality whole-crop barley silage and barley-based concentrate.

Supplementation of grazing dairy cows with a brewers grains/treated straw mixture

1990 ◽  
Vol 1990 ◽  
pp. 46-46 ◽  
Author(s):  
J.D. Leaver ◽  
R.C. Campling
Keyword(s):  
Dairy Cows ◽  
Crude Protein ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Barley Straw ◽  
Severe Drought ◽  
Grass Silage ◽  
Metabolisable Energy ◽  
Grazing Dairy Cows ◽  
Similar Cost ◽  
Friesian Cows

Supplementary feeding of grazing dairy cows is often uneconomic, and whilst supplementation with silage (buffer feeding) can be worthwhile, this often leads to a depletion of winter forage stores. In this study, a mixture of brewers grains and treated straw was used as a supplement. Offered as a 1:1 mixture in the dry matter (DM), it is a purchased substitute for grass silage, having a similar cost, and similar metabolisable energy (ME) and crude protein (CP) contents. The high seasonality adjustments to milk price in mid-late season make supplementation potentially worthwhile.Experiments were carried out from April to September in 1988 and 1989, which had moderate and very low rainfall respectively. Each year 20 British Friesian cows which calved December to March (1988 experiment) and February-April (1989) were allocated at random to either treatment B or C. In B, the cows were offered a 1:1 mixture (DM basis) of brewers grains and NaOH treated chopped barley straw for 60 minutes after morning milking. In C, the cows received no supplement. Both groups were fed 1.0 kg/day of concentrates in the milking parlour. Due to the severe drought in 1989, concentrate feeding was increased to 5.0 kg/day for all cows during the last 4 weeks of the experiment. Also, urea-treated whole crop wheat was fed at a level of 2.5 kg DM/day during the last 7 days.

scholarly journals Replacing grass silage with pea-barley intercrop silage in the feeding of the dairy cow

2008 ◽  
Vol 15 (3) ◽  
pp. 235 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. PURSIAINEN ◽  
M. TUORI
Keyword(s):  
Crude Protein ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Protein Concentration ◽  
Milk Protein ◽  
Latin Square ◽  
Crude Protein Content ◽  
Grass Silage ◽  
Ad Libitum ◽  
Ad Libitum Intake ◽  
Barley Silage

The effect of replacing wilted grass silage (GS) with pea-barley intercrop silage (PBS) on feed intake, diet digestibility and milk production was studied with 8 multiparous Ayrshire-cows in a replicated 4 × 4 Latin square experiment. Proportion of PBS was 0 (PBS0), 33 (PBS33), 67 (PBS67) or 100 (PBS100) % of silage dry matter (DM). The DM content was 559 and 255 g kg-1 for GS and PBS. Crude protein content was 131 and 170 g kg-1 DM, respectively. Pea-barley silage was more extensively fermented than GS with total fermentation acid content of 120 vs. 12 g kg-1 DM. Silage was fed for ad libitum intake and supplemented with on the average 13 kg concentrate per day. Silage DM intake was 9.2 (PBS0), 9.7 (PBS33), 9.0 (PBS67) and 7.1 (PBS100) kg per day (Pquadr. < 0.05). The energy corrected milk yield [30.3 (PBS0), 29.8 (PBS33), 30.3 (PBS67), 31.3 (PBS100) kg per day] was not significantly affected by the treatment. Milk protein concentration decreased linearly (P < 0.05) in response to feeding PBS. It is concluded that PBS can replace up to two thirds of wilted, moderate quality GS in the feeding of dairy cows because in this experiment pure pea-barley silage reduced silage intake.

A note on supplemental protein and monensin for steers wintered on dormant native range

1982 ◽  
Vol 34 (1) ◽  
pp. 103-105
Author(s):  
G. W. Horn ◽  
S. L. Armbruster ◽  
P. L. Sims
Keyword(s):  
Crude Protein ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Block Design ◽  
Native Range ◽  
Protein Supplements ◽  
Low Protein ◽  
Weight Gains ◽  
Four Blocks ◽  
Supplemental Protein ◽  
Total Trial

ABSTRACTNinety-six Hereford steer calves that weighed 249(s.e.4·7)kg were allocated randomly to four treatments of 24 steers each in a randomized complete block design with four blocks. The steers grazed dormant native range forage that contained 41 to 60 g of crude protein per kg dry matter during the 120-day wintering trial and were given 0·91 kg of supplement per head per day. The supplements used contained 175 or 350 g crude protein per kg dry matter and 0 or 165 mg monensin per kg supplement; a factorial arrangement of treatments was used in allocating the supplements. Weight gains of steers given the high-protein supplements were greater than those on the low-protein supplements during periods 1(0 to 61 days) and 2 (62 to 120 days), and over the total trial (P < 0·01). Monensin increased weight gains during period 1 and the total trial (P < 0·01). The protein level × monensin interaction was not significant for either period or the total trial (P > 0·15). The results indicate that inclusion of monensin in protein supplements for growing cattle grazed on low-quality dormant native forage may allow some reduction in protein content of the supplement.

Impact of feed supplements on in vitro degradability of barley straw and grass nuts

2002 ◽  
Vol 2002 ◽  
pp. 169-169 ◽  
Author(s):  
A.S. Chaudhry ◽  
P. Rowlinson ◽  
C.J. Lister
Keyword(s):  
Crude Protein ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Forage Quality ◽  
Barley Straw ◽  
Feed Supplements ◽  
And Performance ◽  
The Uk ◽  
Cattle Health

Grass is the main energy feed for cattle but it declines in digestibility and intake during the summer months and loses about 20% nutrients during ensiling and feeding in winter. Grass is also low in minerals and this has implications for cattle health and performance. It is thus essential to use supplements to boost digestibility and intake of grass and subsequently the performance of cattle. This study compared the effect of two supplements which are marketed as molasses based feed blocks (Booster with 12% crude protein or CP and HIPRO with 28%: CRYSTALYX) on the in vitro dry matter (DM) degradation of barley straw (Straw) and grass nuts (Grass). These blocks contained same energy (13MJ ME/kg DM) but different amounts of sugars (33-35%), oil (6-8%) and minerals (20 to 28%) and thus were considered appropriate for use as feed supplements to compensate for the deficits of nutrients that the cattle can face when consuming grass or straw. These forages represent a range of forage quality that can be found in the UK.

Maize gluten and rapeseed meal as protein supplements to barley or wheat for intensively finished Charolais-cross bulls

1995 ◽  
Vol 60 (1) ◽  
pp. 49-54 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. Pullar
Keyword(s):  
Crude Protein ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
Rapeseed Meal ◽  
Metabolizable Energy ◽  
Live Animal ◽  
Protein Supplements ◽  
Finishing Diets ◽  
Ad Libitum ◽  
Weight Gain Percentage

AbstractFour diets, barley/proprietary protein concentrate (B/PC), barley/maize gluten (B/MG), barley/rapeseed meal (B/RSM) and wheat/'rapeseed meal (W/RSM) were formulated to contain 165 g crude protein and 13·0 MJ metabolizable energy per kg dry matter. In experiment 1, all four diets were offered ad libitum to Charolais × Friesian bulls from 187 kg live weight to slaughter at about 488 kg live weight. In experiment 2, the B/PC and B/RSM were offered ad libitum to Charolais × (Hereford × Friesian) bulls from 222 kg live weight to slaughter at about 491 kg live weight. There were no significant differences between treatments in daily live-weight gain, percentage fat and lean in the live animal, slaughter weight or days on experiment in either experiment. In experiment 1, the carcasses from bulls given B/PC were 14 kg heavier than carcasses from bulls given W/RSM (P<0·05), but only 10 and 7 kg heavier than from bulls given B/MG and B/RSM respectively (P<0·05). The killing-out proportion of bulls given B/PC was significantly greater (P<0·05) than bulls given B/RSM. In experiment 2, carcass weights were similar but the killing-out proportion of bulls given B/PC were again greater (P < 0·001). It is concluded that B/MG and B/RSM were as effective as B/PC as finishing diets and that wheat can be successfully substituted for barley, when offered with rapeseed meal.

Nutritional evaluation of very low glucosinolate canola meal

1991 ◽  
Vol 71 (2) ◽  
pp. 497-506 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. M. Bell ◽  
M. O. Keith ◽  
D. S. Hutcheson
Keyword(s):  
Key Words ◽  
Soybean Meal ◽  
Crude Protein ◽  
Canola Meal ◽  
Apparent Digestibility ◽  
Nutritional Evaluation ◽  
Protein Supplements ◽  
Feeding Value ◽  
Ad Libitum

Two very low glucosinolate (VLG) canola meals from crop years 1987 and 1988 (CM; 1.66 and 0.53 μmol g−1) and two Tobin CM (B. campestris) (10.71 and 15.62 μmol g−1) were evaluated in experiments with pigs. In exp. 1, 1987 Tobin CM, VLG-CM and soybean meal (SBM) were compared in individually fed meal and pelleted diets. Daily gains from 23 to 57 kg were similar for the CMs (VLG-CM 662 g, Tobin CM 645 g) but lower than those obtained with SBM (730 g; P < 0.01). Daily feed intakes of pigs fed CM were lower than for those fed SBM (P < 0.05). Plasma thyroxine (T4) levels were similar for SBM and VLG-CM and were above those from pigs fed Tobin (P < 0.05) CM. Triiodothyronine (T3) levels were lower for VLG-CM than for SBM (P < 0.05) and the T3 value for Tobin CM was intermediate. Pelleting enhanced T3 (0.70 vs 0.94 ng mL−1) and T4 (50 vs. 60 ng mL−1) levels with all protein supplements (P < 0.01). In exp. 2, similar diets were fed ad libitum. Daily gains for SBM were greater than for Tobin CM (803 vs. 744, P < 0.05) and gains for pigs fed VLG-CM was 774 g. Daily feed intakes were similar (2.01, 1.99 and 1.92 kg). In exp. 3 energy digestibility of 1987 VLG-CM was greater (P < 0.01) than for Tobin CM (75.0 vs 67.4% for 30-kg pigs). Apparent digestibility coefficients of crude protein (CP) were 71.9, 71.2 and 71.6 in 16% CP diets. In exp. 4 Tobin and VLG-CMs from 1987 and 1988 crops were compared with SBM and commercial CM using 96 pigs (48M, 48F). Daily gains and feed intakes were similar for the CMs but T3 and T4 values were below those of SBM (P < 0.05). Key words: Canola meal, very low glucosinolate, digestibility, feeding value, pigs

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