Nutritive value of peas for lactating dairy cattle

2001 ◽  
Vol 81 (4) ◽  
pp. 541-551 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. R. Khorasani ◽  
E. K. Okine ◽  
R. R. Corbett ◽  
J. J. Kennelly
Keyword(s):  
Dairy Cows ◽  
Nutritive Value ◽  
Starch Content ◽  
Latin Square ◽  
Barley Grain ◽  
Linear Increase ◽  
Ruminal Fermentation ◽  
Total N ◽  
Ad Libitum Intake ◽  
Dietary Treatments

The objective of this study was to determine the nutritive value for lactating dairy cows of peas relative to soybean meal (SBM) and barley. Four Holstein cows (200 ± 23 d in milk), fitted with rumen and duodenal cannulae were assigned to four dietary treatments in an experiment designed as a 4 × 4 Latin square with 21 d in each of the four periods. Cows were fed a diet for ad libitum intake with a 50:50 forage:concentrate ratio (DM basis). Peas replaced SBM at the levels of 0, 33.3, 66.7%, and 100% of the concentrate portion in the four test diets. In the 100% pea-based diet, barley was replaced (at 72.35%) to obtain a similar starch content as the SBM-based concentrate. The forage components of the diets consisted of 25% alfalfa silage and 25% bromegrass silage. Dry matter intake (21.6 ± 0.4 kg d–1) and milk yield were not affected by substitution of peas for SBM and barley. Mean rumen pH decreased linearly (P < 0.01) with increasing level of peas in the diet. Substitution of peas for SBM and barley resulted in a linear increase in the concentration of rumen acetate, butyrate, isovalerate, and valerate (P < 0.01), and had a quadratic effect on caproate. Rumen bacterial yield and duodenal flow of total N were not affected by treatment. Ruminal fermentation characteristics and digestibility of nutrients suggest that the substitution of SBM and barley grain with peas may alter the site and end-products of digestion; however, the substitution had no significant effects on production parameters. Key words: Peas, digestion, rumen fermentation, dairy cows

scholarly journals Effects of rumen-protected arginine supplementation and arginine-HCl injection on site and extent of digestion and small intestinal amino acid disappearance in forage-fed steers1

2018 ◽  
Vol 2 (2) ◽  
pp. 205-215 ◽  
Author(s):  
Allison M Meyer ◽  
Sharnae I Klein ◽  
Marsha Kapphahn ◽  
Dan V Dhuyvetter ◽  
Robert E Musser ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Latin Square ◽  
Ruminal Fermentation ◽  
Total N ◽  
Intestinal Delivery ◽  
Treatment Dose ◽  
Microbial Efficiency ◽  
Effect Of Treatment ◽  
Collection Period ◽  
Small Intestinal ◽  
Ad Libitum Intake

Abstract Four ruminally and intestinally cannulated steers were used in a 4 × 4 Latin square to evaluate effects of rumen-protected Arg supplementation or intravenous Arg injection on small intestinal delivery of AA, site and extent of digestion, and ruminal fermentation. Steers were fed grass hay (7.2% CP, 67.6% NDF, 0.29% Arg) for ad libitum intake with no additional Arg (CON), 54-mg L-Arg/kg BW injected intravenously (Arg-INJ), 180-mg rumen-protected L-Arg/kg BW daily (Arg-RP180), or 360-mg rumen-protected L-Arg/kg BW daily (Arg-RP360). Half of each treatment dose was administered twice daily. Each period had a 7-d washout of hay only followed by a 14-d treatment and collection period. Ruminal disappearance (%) of Arg was greater (P &lt; 0.001) for both Arg-RP treatments than CON and Arg-INJ, although the amount of Arg disappearing was greatest in Arg-RP360, followed by Arg-RP180, and least in CON and Arg-INJ (P &lt; 0.001). Duodenal flow and small intestinal disappearance (g/d) of Arg was greatest in Arg-RP360, followed by Arg-RP180, and least in CON and Arg-INJ (P &lt; 0.004). Ileal flow of Arg was greatest in Arg-RP360, intermediate in Arg-RP180, and least in CON (P = 0.01) because the proportional small intestinal disappearance of Arg was not different (P = 0.96). Steers fed Arg-RP360 had greater (P = 0.01) ileal flow of Orn and tended to have greater (P = 0.09) ileal flow of Glu than all other treatments. There were no differences in hay or total DMI, microbial efficiency, or OM, NDF, or ADF digestibility (P ≥ 0.10). Total N intake and duodenal N flow were greater in Arg-RP360 than all other treatments (P ≤ 0.02). Total tract N digestibility was greatest in Arg-RP360, followed by Arg-RP180, and least in CON and Arg-INJ (P = 0.003). Ruminal ammonia was greater (P = 0.004) in Arg-RP360 compared with CON and Arg-INJ and greater (P = 0.06) in Arg-RP180 than CON. There was no effect of treatment (P ≥ 0.37) on total VFA, acetate, propionate, or butyrate concentrations. Results indicate that feeding rumen-protected Arg increases small intestinal Arg flow with minimal effects on ruminal fermentation and total tract digestibility of OM and fiber.

Precision processing barley grain did not affect productivity of lactating dairy cows

2013 ◽  
Vol 93 (2) ◽  
pp. 261-268 ◽  
Author(s):  
N. Schlau ◽  
L. Duineveld ◽  
W. Z. Yang ◽  
T. A. McAllister ◽  
M. Oba
Keyword(s):  
Dairy Cows ◽  
Milk Fat ◽  
Nitrogen Concentration ◽  
Latin Square ◽  
Barley Grain ◽  
Nutrient Digestibility ◽  
Ruminal Fermentation ◽  
Kernel Size ◽  
Lactating Dairy Cows ◽  
Barley Silage

Schlau, N., Duineveld, L., Yang, W. Z., McAllister, T. A. and Oba, M. 2013. Precision processing barley grain did not affect productivity of lactating dairy cows. Can. J. Anim. Sci. 93: 261–268. This study evaluated the effects of precision processing (PP; processing based on kernel size) barley grain on ruminal fermentation and productivity of lactating dairy cows. Twenty multiparous Holstein cows, including eight ruminally cannulated cows, were used in a replicated 4×4 Latin square design with 21-d periods. Diets contained light barley grain processed precisely using a narrow roller setting (LB), heavy barley processed precisely using a wide roller setting (HB), processed HB and LB mixed at equal proportions (PP), or equal parts of light and heavy barley grain processed at a single narrow roller setting (CON). All diets consisted of 40% barley grain, 40% barley silage, and 20% of a supplement premix. Comparisons were made between LB and HB to evaluate the effect of barley quality, and between PP and CON to evaluate the effect of precision processing. Dry matter intake, sorting index, ruminal fermentation characteristics, and nutrient digestibility were not affected by diet. In addition, milk yield and concentrations of milk fat, protein, and lactose were not different, although milk urea nitrogen concentration was greater for PP vs. CON and for LB vs. HB. These results suggest that precision processing barley grain based on kernel size may not drastically affect ruminal fermentation and milk production in lactating dairy cows.

scholarly journals Metabolic and Productive Response and Grazing Behavior of Lactating Dairy Cows Supplemented with High Moisture Maize or Cracked Wheat Grazing at Two Herbage Allowances in Spring

Animals ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (4) ◽  
pp. 919
Author(s):  
Verónica M. Merino ◽  
Lorena Leichtle ◽  
Oscar A. Balocchi ◽  
Francisco Lanuza ◽  
Julián Parga ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Dairy Cows ◽  
Milk Production ◽  
Milk Fat ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Body Condition Score ◽  
Latin Square ◽  
Ruminal Fermentation ◽  
High Moisture ◽  
Plasma Urea ◽  
Grazing Behavior

The aim was to determine the effect of the herbage allowance (HA) and supplement type (ST) on dry matter intake (DMI), milk production and composition, grazing behavior, rumen function, and blood metabolites of grazing dairy cows in the spring season. Experiment I: 64 Holstein Friesian dairy cows were distributed in a factorial design that tested two levels of daily HA (20 and 30 kg of dry matter (DM) per cow) and two ST (high moisture maize (HMM) and cracked wheat (CW)) distributed in two daily rations (3.5 kg DM/cow/day). Experiment II: four mid-lactation rumen cannulated cows, supplemented with either HMM or CW and managed with the two HAs, were distributed in a Latin square design of 4 × 4, for four 14-d periods to assess ruminal fermentation parameters. HA had no effect on milk production (averaging 23.6 kg/day) or milk fat and protein production (823 g/day and 800 g/day, respectively). Cows supplemented with CW had greater protein concentration (+1.2 g/kg). Herbage DMI averaged 14.17 kg DM/cow.day and total DMI averaged 17.67 kg DM/cow.day and did not differ between treatments. Grazing behavior activities (grazing, rumination, and idling times) and body condition score (BCS) were not affected by HA or ST. Milk and plasma urea concentration increased under the high HA (+0.68 mmol/L and +0.90 mmol/L, respectively). Cows supplemented with HMM had lower milk and plasma urea concentrations (0.72 mmol/L and 0.76 mmol/L less, respectively) and tended (p = 0.054) to have higher plasma β-hydroxybutyrate. Ruminal parameters did not differ between treatments.

Effects of vegetable oil and yeast fermented cassava pulp (YFCP) supplementation on feed intake, nutrient digestibility and rumen fermentation in Thai Friesian dairy cows

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
N. Suphrap ◽  
C. Wachirapakorn ◽  
C. Thamrongyoswittayakul and C. Wongnen
Keyword(s):  
Dairy Cows ◽  
Vegetable Oil ◽  
Feed Intake ◽  
Latin Square ◽  
Rumen Fermentation ◽  
Nutrient Digestibility ◽  
Optimum Level ◽  
Cassava Pulp ◽  
Four Levels ◽  
Dietary Treatments

This study was conducted to investigate the effect of vegetable oil and yeast fermented cassava pulp (YFCP) supplementation on feed intake, nutrient digestibility and rumen fermentation in Thai Friesian dairy cows (Thai native x Holstein Friesian). Eight Thai Friesian dairy cows (447±44 kg.BW) were assigned to 4×4 double latin square design (DLSD) with two sources of oil i.e. palm oil (PO) or soybean oil (SBO) and four levels of YFCP (0, 5, 10 and 20%DM) in the dietary treatments. All cows received total mixed ration (TMR) comprised of rice straw to concentrate at a ratio of 40:60. The results showed that supplementation of SBO had lowered feed intake, nutrients digestibility, metabolize energy intake (MEI), total digestible nutrient (TDN) and methane emission than PO treatment. However, cows received SBO had greater total volatile fatty acid (TVFA), propionic acid (C3), butyric acid (C4) than cows received on PO (P less than 0.05). In addition, supplementation of YFCP at 10%DM in the diet as an optimum level in dairy cow diets (P greater than 0.05). Finally, the interaction between the addition of SBO and YFCP at 10%DM (SBO+YFCP) had a positive effect on enhancing ether extract intake (EEI) in dairy cows.

The preservation of a Nandi Setaria silage and its feeding value for dairy cows

1978 ◽  
Vol 18 (90) ◽  
pp. 16 ◽  
Author(s):  
RI Hamilton ◽  
VR Catchpole ◽  
LJ Lambourne ◽  
JD Korr
Keyword(s):  
Dairy Cows ◽  
Milk Production ◽  
Nutritive Value ◽  
Soluble Carbohydrates ◽  
Protein Supplement ◽  
Total N ◽  
Structural Rigidity ◽  
Energy Plus ◽  
Feeding Value ◽  
Sorghum Grain

The process of vacuum ensilage of Setaria Sphacelata (cv. Nandi) (33 per cent DM ; 7 per cent soluble carbohydrates; 1.36 per cent M) was studied, and the resultant silage was evaluated chemically, in milk production trials with dairy cows and in digestion trials with dry cows. The silage was well preserved in a chemical sense (pH 4.5; lactic acid 1.7 per cent, volatile acids 1.2 per cent DM ; volatile bases 9.8 per cent total N) but, because of the structural rigidity of the harvested grass, air could not be completely excluded even from the polythene-covered vacuum stack. The temperature reached 43�C in the first week of storage and considerable surface wastage occurred. The silage (DM digestibility 42 per cent, voluntary DM intake 81 g/kg0.75) was of poorer quality than the grass harvested (DM digestibility 54 per cent, voluntary DM intake 84 g/kg0.75) and, even by feeding concentrates, only a low level of milk production could be sustained in (mainly Jersey) cows in the 5th-9th months of lactation. In silage-fed cows given a protein supplement (cottonseed meal) milk production was lower (3.8 kg day-1) but fat content higher (5.4 per cent) than in those given an energy supplement (sorghum grain) or energy plus protein (4.7 kg day-1 and 4.9 per cent fat). When fed lucerne hay and given the same energy plus protein supplement, cows gave significantly more milk (5.7 kg day-1 and 4.6 per cent fat). The poor nutritive value of the silage is attributed to the nature and composition of the material ensiled rather than to any defect in the ensilage process itself, and may be a feature of most silage made from tropical grasses.

In vitro ruminal fermentation of ground and dry-rolled barley grain differing in starch content

2015 ◽  
Vol 203 ◽  
pp. 88-94 ◽  
Author(s):  
U.Y. Anele ◽  
B. Refat ◽  
M.-L. Swift ◽  
Y.L. Zhao ◽  
C. Doublier ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Starch Content ◽  
Barley Grain ◽  
Ruminal Fermentation

scholarly journals EFFECTS OF ENSILING UPON FREE AMINO ACIDS AND AMINES IN WHOLE-PLANT CORN, AND ON ITS SUBSEQUENT NUTRITIVE VALUE FOR LAMBS

1982 ◽  
Vol 62 (1) ◽  
pp. 259-267 ◽  
Author(s):  
L. E. PHILLIP ◽  
J. G. BUCHANAN-SMITH
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Nutritive Value ◽  
Latin Square ◽  
N Balance ◽  
Nonprotein Nitrogen ◽  
Total N ◽  
Whole Plant ◽  
N Utilization ◽  
Voluntary Intake

In a replicated 2 × 2 double latin square, 16 lambs were fed whole-plant corn harvested at 26% or 38% dry matter (DM) and either ensiled or frozen. Corn was supplemented with urea (1.25%, DM basis). Voluntary intake was measured during a 17-day period of ad libitum feeding, after which the lambs were restricted on feed (65 g DM/Wkg0.75) for 14 days for the determination of nitrogen (N) balance and digestibility. Ensiling resulted in an increase in nonprotein nitrogen (NPN), mainly as amino acid-N, from 21% to 48% of the total N in the low DM corn, and from 25% to 43% in the high DM corn. Basic and acidic amino acids were selectively degraded during ensilage. Amine-N accounted for less than 5% of total N in the silages. Voluntary intake (g DM/Wkg0.75) of ensiled corn was not significantly different from that of frozen corn (77.3 vs. 81.7) but was higher (P < 0.05) for the low DM than the high DM corn (85.1 vs. 73.9). Estimates of N balance and digestibility of DM and organic matter were not affected (P < 0.05) by ensiling or by stage of harvest. There appears to be no adverse effect of ensiling whole-plant corn on its voluntary intake and N utilization by ruminants, provided the silage is supplemented with urea. Key words: corn, ensiling, intake, Digestibility, ruminants, nonprotein nitrogen

Effect of supplementation with different proportions of barley grain or citrus pulp on the digestive utilization of ammonia-treated straw by sheep

2003 ◽  
Vol 76 (2) ◽  
pp. 309-317 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. Barrios-Urdanetat ◽  
M. Fondevila ◽  
C. Castrillo
Keyword(s):  
Volatile Fatty Acids ◽  
Latin Square ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
Ammonia Concentration ◽  
Barley Grain ◽  
Barley Straw ◽  
Faecal Excretion ◽  
Citrus Pulp ◽  
Soya Bean Meal ◽  
Dietary Treatments

AbstractThe effect of carbohydrate supplementation on rumen utilization of ammonia-treated straw was studied in four rumen-cannulated ewes (42•0 (s.e. 2•80) kg live weight) in a Latin-square design. Diets were a 50: 50 mixture of ammoniated barley straw and a concentrate made up with different ratios of barley grain and citrus pulp, namely M1 (100: 0), M2 (66: 33), M3 (33: 66) and M4 (0: 100). Concentrates also included soya-bean meal and urea to make diets isonitrogenous. Diets were given in one meal in the morning at 0•8 kg/day. There were no significant differences among treatments in daily weighted means of rumen pH and concentration of volatile fatty acids. Acetate, propionate and butyrate molar proportions were not different among treatments, but proportions of isobutyrate (P < 0•05) and isovalerate (P < 0•10) were higher for M1 and M2. Ammonia concentration immediately before feeding was lower (P < 0•05) for M3 and M4 (72•1 and 51•3 mg/l) than for M1 and M2 (97•0 and 107•9 mg/ l). Total rumen bacterial concentration was higher (P < 0•05) with the highest barley proportion, whereas enzymatic activity against structural carbohydrates of particle-associated bacteria did not differ significantly among treatments. Digestibility of neutral-detergent fibre increased (P < 0•05) with the increase in the proportion of citrus pulp in the concentrate (0•647, 0•674, 0•684 and 0•693 for M1, M2, M3 and M4; s.e. = 0•0086). Urinary excretion of purine derivatives decreased linearly (P < 0•05) as the proportion of citrus pulp in the diet increased, while faecal excretion of purine bases was not significantly affected by dietary treatments.

Canola screenings as a fiber source in barley-based feedlot diets: effects on rumen fermentation and performance of steers

2000 ◽  
Vol 80 (1) ◽  
pp. 161-168 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. J. Pylot ◽  
J. J. McKinnon ◽  
T. A. McAllister ◽  
A. F. Mustafa ◽  
J. Popp ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Control Diet ◽  
Latin Square ◽  
Dietary Treatment ◽  
Barley Grain ◽  
Feedlot Cattle ◽  
Beef Steers ◽  
Ruminal Fermentation ◽  
Finishing Diets ◽  
And Performance ◽  
Barley Silage

Two experiments were conducted to determine the feeding value of canola screenings in combination with barley grain for beef steers. Four dietary treatments were used. These included canola screenings:barley grain ratios of 100:0; 75:25, 50:50, and 25:75 (as-fed basis). In a metabolic trial, the effects of dietary treatment on ruminal fermentation parameters were determined in a 4 × 4 Latin square design experiment using four ruminally fistulated steers. In a production trial, 66 individually fed steers were used in an 83-d finishing trial to determine the performance and carcass characteristics of feedlot cattle fed different levels of canola screenings. A barley grain/barley silage-based control diet was also fed for comparison purposes. Ruminal pH decreased (P < 0.05) while total volatile fatty acid concentrations increased (P < 0.05) as the level of barley grain in the diet increased. Ruminal NH3–N followed a pattern (P < 0.05) similar to that of pH. Inclusion level of canola screenings had no effect on DM intake. However, ADG and feed efficiency increased (P < 0.05) as the level of barley grain in the diet increased. Increasing the level of barley grain in the finishing diet decreased (P < 0.05) lean meat yield and increased (P < 0.05) carcass fat. It was concluded that canola screenings can be included as a source of fiber in barley-based diets. However, levels in excess of 500 g kg−1 reduced the performance of feedlot steers. Performance and cost of gain with 250 and 500 g kg−1 canola screenings in barley-based finishing diets were comparable with those fed an 800 g kg−1 barley grain and 200 g kg−1 barley silage diet. Key words: Canola screenings, ruminal fermentation, feedlot steer performance

scholarly journals Levels and degradability of crude protein in digestive metabolism and performance of dairy cows

2020 ◽  
Vol 57 (3) ◽  
pp. e168157
Author(s):  
Bruna Gomes Alves ◽  
Cristian Marlon de Magalhães Rodrigues Martins ◽  
Dannylo de Oliveira Sousa ◽  
Marcos André Arcari ◽  
Francisco Palma Rennó ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Dairy Cows ◽  
Milk Yield ◽  
Crude Protein ◽  
Linear Increase ◽  
Neutral Detergent Fiber ◽  
Nitrogen Excretion ◽  
Productive Performance ◽  
Ruminal Fermentation ◽  
Daily Production ◽  
N Concentration

Two experiments were conducted to evaluate the effect of the level and degradability of crude protein (CP) on the digestive metabolism and productive performance of dairy cows. In both experiments, 15 Holstein cows with 585 ± 40 kg of body weight were distributed in a Latin square design with five contemporary squares, three periods of 21 days and three treatments. In experiment 1, treatments consisted of three CP levels (130, 160 or 180 g CP/kg DM), while in experiment 2, the treatments consisted of three levels of rumen degradable protein (RDP; 80, 100 or 120 g RDP/kg DM) in diets with average of 163 g CP/kg DM. Variables evaluated in both experiments were dry matter intake (DMI), total apparent digestibility, milk yield (MY) and composition, ruminal fermentation and N balance. In experiment 1, the increase of CP from 130 to 180 linearly increased the organic matter, CP, neutral detergent fiber (NDF) and acid detergent fiber (ADF) intake (kg) and the apparent total digestibility coefficient of DM and CP. In addition, a linear increase of MY, fat corrected milk (FCM) and daily production of fat, protein, lactose, casein and total solids was observed. A linear increase in ruminal ammoniacal nitrogen (NH3-N) concentration and nitrogen excretion in milk, feces and urine was also observed. However, there was no observed effect on SCFA concentration. In experiment 2, the increase of the RDP from 80 to 120 increased the DMI, MY, FCM, milk protein content and digestibility coefficient of the NDF, ADF and ethereal extract. Additionally, there was an increase in NH3-N concentration and milk nitrogen excretion. The studies indicated that the increase of CP content up to 100 g RDP/kg DM increased the DMI and the productive performance of the cows, but also increased urine N. Thus, it is desirable that the increase of the CP through the increase of the RDP is carried out up to 100 g of RDP/kg DM, since there is elimination of nitrogen, decrease of milk yield and decrease of propionic acid in values above that level.

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