scholarly journals Role of Magnetic Resonance in Understanding the Pathogenesis of Hepatic Encephalopathy

2008 ◽  
Vol 2 ◽  
pp. MRI.S973 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. Huda ◽  
R.K. Gupta ◽  
N. Rajakumar ◽  
M.A. Thomas
Keyword(s):  
Hepatic Encephalopathy ◽  
Magnetic Resonance ◽  
Diffusion Tensor ◽  
Single Photon ◽  
Imaging Techniques ◽  
Photon Emission ◽  
Short Review ◽  
Current Status ◽  
Emission Computed Tomography ◽  
Positron Emission

A spectrum of neuropsychiatric abnormalities caused by portosystemic venous shunting occurs in hepatic encephalopathy (HE) patients with or without liver dysfunction. It is not completely clear how the astrocyte swelling leads to glial-neuronal dysfunction, and how the symptoms are manifested in HE. A major goal of this work is to review the current status of information available from the existing magnetic resonance (MR) modalities including MR imaging (MRI) and MR Spectroscopy (MRS) as well as other modalities in the understanding the pathogenesis of HE. First, we discuss briefly neuron-histopathology, neurotoxins, neuropsychological and neurophysiological tests. A short review on the progress with single-photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) and positron emission tomography (PET) is then presented. In the remaining part of the manuscript, the following topics pertinent to understanding the pathogenesis of HE are discussed: MRI, diffusion tensor imaging (DTI), one-dimensional MRS based single- and multi-voxel based spectroscopic imaging techniques and two-dimensional MRS.

The Role of Neuroimaging in the Diagnosis and Treatment of Depressive Disorder: A Recent Review

2018 ◽  
Vol 24 (22) ◽  
pp. 2515-2523 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tianbin Song ◽  
Xiaowei Han ◽  
Lei Du ◽  
Jing Che ◽  
Jing Liu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Magnetic Resonance ◽  
Depressive Disorder ◽  
Diffusion Tensor ◽  
Single Photon ◽  
Rapid Development ◽  
Photon Emission ◽  
Clinical Manifestations ◽  
Brain Network ◽  
Emission Computed Tomography ◽  
Resonance Spectroscopy

Depression is a mental disorder with serious negative health outcomes. Its main clinical manifestations are depressed mood, slow thinking, loss of interest, and lack of energy. The rising incidence of depression has a major impact on patients and their families and imposes a substantial burden on society. With the rapid development of imaging technology in recent years, researchers have studied depression from different perspectives, including molecular, functional, and structural imaging. Many studies have revealed changes in structure, function, and metabolism in various brain regions in patients with depressive disorder. In this review, we summarize relevant studies of depression, including investigations using structural magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), functional MRI (task-state fMRI and resting-state fMRI), diffusion tensor imaging (DTI), magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS), brain network and molecular imaging (positron emission tomography [PET] and single photon emission computed tomography [SPECT]), which have contributed to our understanding of the etiology, neuropathology, and pathogenesis of depressive disorder.

scholarly journals Recent applications of nuclear medicine in diagnostics: II part

2013 ◽  
pp. 159-166
Author(s):  
Giorgio Treglia ◽  
Ernesto Cason ◽  
Giorgio Fagioli
Keyword(s):  
Nuclear Medicine ◽  
Single Photon ◽  
Imaging Techniques ◽  
Photon Emission ◽  
Cellular Level ◽  
Accurate Information ◽  
Emission Computed Tomography ◽  
Nuclear Medicine Imaging ◽  
Positron Emission ◽  
Artery Disease

Introduction: Positron-emission tomography (PET) and single photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) are effective diagnostic imaging tools in several clinical settings. The aim of this article (the second of a 2-part series) is to examine some of the more recent applications of nuclear medicine imaging techniques, particularly in the fields of neurology, cardiology, and infection/inflammation. Discussion: A review of the literature reveals that in the field of neurology nuclear medicine techniques are most widely used to investigate cognitive deficits and dementia (particularly those associated with Alzheimer disease), epilepsy, and movement disorders. In cardiology, SPECT and PET also play important roles in the work-up of patients with coronary artery disease, providing accurate information on the state of the myocardium (perfusion, metabolism, and innervation). White blood cell scintigraphy and FDG-PET are widely used to investigate many infectious/inflammatory processes. In each of these areas, the review discusses the use of recently developed radiopharmaceuticals, the growth of tomographic nuclear medicine techniques, and the ways in which these advances are improving molecular imaging of biologic processes at the cellular level.

THE MATHEMATICS OF THE IMAGING TECHNIQUES OF MEG, CT, PET AND SPECT

2006 ◽  
Vol 16 (06) ◽  
pp. 1671-1687 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. S. FOKAS ◽  
V. MARINAKIS
Keyword(s):  
Computed Tomography ◽  
Single Photon ◽  
Imaging Techniques ◽  
Photon Emission ◽  
Real Data ◽  
Emission Computed Tomography ◽  
Single Photon Emission ◽  
Positron Emission ◽  
Single Photon Emission Computed ◽  
Photon Emission Computed Tomography

The imaging techniques of magnetoencephalography (MEG), computed tomography (CT), positron emission tomography (PET) and single photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) are reviewed, and the analytical solutions of the relevant inverse problems are presented. The numerical implementation of the exact formulas yield accurate reconstructions for both realistic phantoms as well as real data.

scholarly journals Advanced imaging improves the diagnosis of infective endocarditis

F1000Research ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 7 ◽  
pp. 674 ◽  
Author(s):  
Daniel Harding ◽  
Bernard Prendergast
Keyword(s):  
Infective Endocarditis ◽  
Single Photon ◽  
Imaging Techniques ◽  
Photon Emission ◽  
Diagnostic Methods ◽  
Emission Computed Tomography ◽  
Cardiac Device ◽  
Duke Criteria ◽  
Positron Emission ◽  
One Year

Infective endocarditis is a heterogeneous condition whose incidence is rising. Despite advances in surgery and diagnostic methods, one-year mortality has not changed and it remains at 30%. Patients with prosthetic valve and intra-cardiac device–related endocarditis are being seen more frequently and this condition is difficult to diagnose with conventional microbiological and imaging techniques. The modified Duke criteria lack sensitivity in this group and should be supplemented with newer imaging techniques, including 18F-fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography (18F-FDG-PET) and single-photon emission computed tomography (SPECT). In this article, we discuss these techniques and their role in the diagnosis of infective endocarditis.

scholarly journals Highly colloidally stable trimodal 125I-radiolabeled PEG-neridronate-coated upconversion/magnetic bioimaging nanoprobes

2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Uliana Kostiv ◽  
Jan Kučka ◽  
Volodymyr Lobaz ◽  
Nikolay Kotov ◽  
Olga Janoušková ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Magnetic Resonance ◽  
Colloidal Stability ◽  
Near Infrared ◽  
Single Photon ◽  
Uv Light ◽  
Imaging Techniques ◽  
Human Fibroblasts ◽  
Photon Emission ◽  
Experimental Medicine ◽  
Emission Computed Tomography

Abstract“All-in-one” multifunctional nanomaterials, which can be visualized simultaneously by several imaging techniques, are required for the efficient diagnosis and treatment of many serious diseases. This report addresses the design and synthesis of upconversion magnetic NaGdF4:Yb3+/Er3+(Tm3+) nanoparticles by an oleic acid-stabilized high-temperature coprecipitation of lanthanide precursors in octadec-1-ene. The nanoparticles, which emit visible or UV light under near-infrared (NIR) irradiation, were modified by in-house synthesized PEG-neridronate to facilitate their dispersibility and colloidal stability in water and bioanalytically relevant phosphate buffered saline (PBS). The cytotoxicity of the nanoparticles was determined using HeLa cells and human fibroblasts (HF). Subsequently, the particles were modified by Bolton-Hunter-neridronate and radiolabeled by 125I to monitor their biodistribution in mice using single-photon emission computed tomography (SPECT). The upconversion and the paramagnetic properties of the NaGdF4:Yb3+/Er3+(Tm3+)@PEG nanoparticles were evaluated by photoluminescence, magnetic resonance (MR) relaxometry, and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) with 1 T and 4.7 T preclinical scanners. MRI data were obtained on phantoms with different particle concentrations and during pilot long-time in vivo observations of a mouse model. The biological and physicochemical properties of the NaGdF4:Yb3+/Er3+(Tm3+)@PEG nanoparticles make them promising as a trimodal optical/MRI/SPECT bioimaging and theranostic nanoprobe for experimental medicine.

Advanced Neuroimaging for Modern Epilepsy Surgery

2011 ◽  
Vol 6 (4) ◽  
pp. 257
Author(s):  
Doris D Wang ◽  
Carlos Santos-Sanchez ◽  
Paul A Garcia ◽  
Edward F Chang ◽  
◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Epilepsy Surgery ◽  
Single Photon ◽  
Imaging Techniques ◽  
Photon Emission ◽  
Emission Computed Tomography ◽  
Positron Emission ◽  
Neurological Morbidity ◽  
Surgical Evaluation ◽  
Single Photon Emission Computed ◽  
Photon Emission Computed Tomography

Localising the onset of seizures to guide epilepsy surgery can be notoriously difficult. Modern neuroimaging has revolutionised the field by improving the diagnosis and treatment of epilepsy. In order to ameliorate seizures without causing new neurological morbidity, many imaging tools have been developed to guide safe and effective resective surgery. In this article, we discuss recent advances in structural imaging using ultrahigh-field magnetic resonance imaging, metabolic functional imaging techniques of positron emission tomography and single photon emission computed tomography and electrophysiological imaging using magnetoencephalography. Our goal is to provide an overview of these state-of-the-art imaging modalities, their role in guiding surgery, and how they are incorporated into the pre-surgical evaluation of epilepsy.

scholarly journals MODERN METHODS OF DIAGNOSTIC IMAGING OF GLIOMAS

2019 ◽  
pp. 15-23
Author(s):  
N. A. Kostenikov ◽  
A. V. Pozdnyakov ◽  
V. F. Dubrovskaya ◽  
O. Yu. Mirolyubova ◽  
Yu. R. Ilyushchenko ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Computed Tomography ◽  
Magnetic Resonance ◽  
Diagnostic Imaging ◽  
Single Photon ◽  
Malignant Tumors ◽  
Photon Emission ◽  
Pathological Process ◽  
Emission Computed Tomography ◽  
Resonance Spectroscopy ◽  
Positron Emission

The review presents an analysis of the literature on the diagnosis of gliomas and the study of their structural and biological features based on implementation of new techniques in clinical practice of diagnostic imaging. These techniques include perfusion technologies for multislice spiral computed tomography (MSCT), magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), functional MRI, proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS), single photon emission computed tomography (SPECT), and positron emission tomography (PET) with various radiopharmaceuticals (RPHs), first and foremost, labeled amino acids, such as11C-L-methionine and18F-Fluoroethyltyrosine. There is presented that with the application of these two methods (MRI and PET), the most important biochemical processes underlying oncogenesis of malignant tumors might be studied by non-invasive way. The obtained data can be crucial for an early detection of tumor lesions, staging the pathological process, rationale for therapeutic tactics, personalization of treatment, evaluation of the efficiency of therapy at early stages and prognosis of the disease result.

scholarly journals Advanced methods for perfusion analysis in echocardiography

2010 ◽  
pp. S33-S41
Author(s):  
R Kolář ◽  
R Jiřík ◽  
V Harabiš ◽  
M Mézl ◽  
M Bartoš
Keyword(s):  
Single Photon ◽  
Imaging Techniques ◽  
Contrast Echocardiography ◽  
Photon Emission ◽  
Ultrasound Contrast Agents ◽  
Physical Models ◽  
Emission Computed Tomography ◽  
Positron Emission ◽  
Quantitative Myocardial Perfusion ◽  
Magnetic Resonance Imaging Contrast

It has been shown that besides positron emission tomography, single photon emission computed tomography and magnetic resonance imaging; contrast echocardiography can be used for qualitative and quantitative myocardial perfusion assessment. In this review, the properties of ultrasound contrast agents, imaging techniques and acquisition methods are shortly described and the possibilities of perfusion echocardiography are summarized. The main focus is put on the description of three perfusion models: mathematical models, physical models assuming an ideal inflow and physical models including inflow measurement.

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