scholarly journals In vitro Efficacy of Ureteral Catheters Impregnated with Ciprofloxacin, N-acetylcysteine and their Combinations on Microbial Adherence

2009 ◽  
Vol 3 ◽  
pp. CMU.S3367
Author(s):  
Mostafa Said Khalil El-Rehewy ◽  
Mohamed Ali El-Feky ◽  
Mona Amin Hassan ◽  
Hassan A Abolella ◽  
Ahmad Abolyosr ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Antimicrobial Activities ◽  
Inhibitory Effect ◽  
High Efficacy ◽  
Stent Removal ◽  
Viable Cells ◽  
Ureteral Catheters ◽  
Zones Of Inhibition ◽  
Dose Dependent ◽  
Microbial Adherence

Background Ureteral catheters are valuable indispensable devices may readily acquire biofilms on the inner or outer surfaces. This study evaluated the efficacies of ureteral catheters impregnated with ciprofloxacin, N-acetylcysteine each alone and in combination on microbial adherence. Methods Antimicrobial durability of ureteral catheters coated, through instant dip method, with ciprofloxacin were determined using modified Kirby-Bauer method. Ciprofloxacin-coated catheters showed zones of inhibition ranged from 15 to 45 mm in diameter (baseline) against nine clinical strains recently isolated from patients undergoing ureteral stent removal. Segments coated with ciprofloxacin, N-acetylcysteine each alone and in combination, through instant dip method, were incubated with the tested microorganisms, washed, sonicated, cultured and the number of viable cells were determined. Results Ciprofloxacin-coated catheters soaked in urine and incubated at 37 °C, maintained antimicrobial activities and produce zones of inhibition that measured 2–10 mm for at least 8 weeks. Effect of ciprofloxacin and N-acetylcysteine coated catheters on microbial adherence were found to be dose dependent. Catheters impregnated with ciprofloxacin/N-acetylcysteine showed the highest inhibitory effect on microbial adherence when compared with controls (85.5%–100%). Conclusion Catheters impregnated with ciprofloxacin, using instant dip method, were shown to have broad spectrum, prolonged antimicrobial durability and high efficacy. On the other hand, Catheters impregnated with ciprofloxacin/NAC showed the highest inhibitory effect on microbial adherence to stent surfaces.

Small Molecule Factor D Inhibitors Block Complement Activation in Paroxysmal Nocturnal Hemoglobinuria and Atypical Hemolytic Uremic Syndrome

Blood ◽  
2015 ◽  
Vol 126 (23) ◽  
pp. 275-275 ◽  
Author(s):  
Eleni Gavriilaki ◽  
Jane A Thanassi ◽  
Guangwei Yang ◽  
Xuan Yuan ◽  
Mngjun Huang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Atypical Hemolytic Uremic Syndrome ◽  
Inhibitory Effect ◽  
Cell Killing ◽  
Dependent Manner ◽  
Hemolytic Assay ◽  
Complement Inhibitors ◽  
Viable Cells ◽  
Uremic Syndrome ◽  
Dose Dependent

Abstract Introduction: Factor D is a highly specific serine protease that cleaves factor B as its only substrate. It is the rate-limiting step of the alternative pathway of complement (APC). Therefore, factor D is a promising therapeutic target in diseases of excess activation of the APC, such as paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria (PNH) and atypical hemolytic uremic syndrome (aHUS). Terminal complement inhibition by eculizumab is currently the treatment of choice for PNH and aHUS. Eculizumab must be administered intravenously and indefinitely in PNH; moreover, up to 20% of PNH patients treated with eculizumab have symptomatic hemolysis due to extravascular hemolysis. Glycosylphosphatidylinositol (GPI) anchor protein deficient erythrocytes from PNH patients or erythrocytes from animals can be used to test novel complement inhibitors for PNH; however, there are no in vitro assays available to model complement-mediated attack in aHUS. Here, we demonstrate that the modified Ham test (PIGA-null reagent cell line exposed to serum from aHUS patients) is the first reliable in vitro model to test complement inhibition for aHUS. In addition, we demonstrate that small molecule factor D inhibitors specifically block the APC in PNH and aHUS. Method: Three factor D inhibitors (ACH-3856, ACH-4100, ACH-4471) that reversibly bind factor D and are being developed for oral administration were studied. We obtained blood samples from 5 PNH and 4 aHUS patients after written informed consent. Serum and erythrocytes from PNH patients on eculizumab were collected within 60 minutes of eculizumab administration. All 3 compounds were tested in half-log dilutions ranging from 0.001 ìM to 10 ìÌ. The binding affinity to factor D was determined by surface plasmon resonance (Biacore) analysis. The inhibitory effect on factor D protease was evaluated biochemically using a natural substrate consisting of C3b and the complement factor B. The inhibition of APC-mediated hemolysis was first evaluated with rabbit erythrocytes incubated with 8% normal human serum (NHS). The inhibition of APC-mediated C3 fragment deposition was also initially evaluated with rabbit erythrocytes incubated with 20% C5-depleted NHS (to mimic the effect of eculizumab) by flow cytometry. To confirm the observation with rabbit erythrocytes, erythrocytes from PNH patients were also tested in the hemolytic assay (20% acidified NHS). Regarding aHUS, the inhibitory effect of the compounds was evaluated in the recently described modified Ham test. Briefly, PIGA-null TF-1 cells were incubated with 20% of aHUS serum for 30 minutes at 37 o C and complement-mediated cell killing was evaluated using the cell proliferation reagent (WST-1). Absorbance was measured and expressed as a ratio to the heat-inactivated control (% non-viable cells) Results: All 3 small molecules showed high binding affinity to human factor D and effectively inhibited factor D proteolytic activity in a dose-dependent manner (mean IC50 9.8-20 nM). Similarly, we observed a dose-dependent inhibition of hemolysis on rabbit erythrocytes (EC50 9-17 nM). C3 fragment deposition on rabbit erythrocytes after incubation with C5-depleted serum was reduced to undetectable levels with all 3 compounds from concentrations of 0.1 ìÌ and above. Next, we studied samples from 5 PNH patients (2 treatment naïve and 3 on eculizumab) and 4 aHUS patients (1 on eculizumab, 1 in acute phase and on eculizumab and 2 in remission). When tested on the hemolytic assay with erythrocytes from PNH patients and acidified NHS, factor D inhibitors significantly reduced hemolysis in a dose-dependent manner from concentrations as low as 0.01 ìM. Lastly, cell killing was observed as previously reported in the presence of the serum from aHUS patients in the modified Ham test and addition of factor D inhibitors caused significant dose-dependent reduction in the cell killing at concentration as low as 0.01 ìÌ. Mean percentage of non-viable cells before and after addition of compound ACH-4471 is shown in Figure 1. Conclusions: We demonstrate that factor D inhibitors, potentially the first-ever oral complement inhibitors, efficiently block hemolysis of PNH cells in vitro and mitigate the accumulation of C3 fragments. Importantly, our findings indicate that the recently described modified Ham test can be used as a preclinical model to test complement inhibitors in aHUS. Figure 1. Figure 1. Disclosures Thanassi: Achillion Pharmaceuticals: Employment. Yang:Achillion Pharmaceuticals: Employment. Huang:Achillion Pharmaceuticals: Employment. Brodsky:Alexion Pharmaceuticals: Membership on an entity's Board of Directors or advisory committees.

Anticandidal Activity of Cratoxylum formosum Gum and its Cytotoxicity

2014 ◽  
Vol 974 ◽  
pp. 394-397 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sroisiri Thaweboon ◽  
Boonyanit Thaweboon ◽  
Surachai Dechkunakorn ◽  
Passiri Nisalak ◽  
Rattiporn Kaypetch
Keyword(s):  
Antimicrobial Activities ◽  
Inhibitory Effect ◽  
Diffusion Method ◽  
Dilution Method ◽  
Mountainous Area ◽  
Cytotoxicity Test ◽  
Oral Diseases ◽  
Zones Of Inhibition

Cratoxylumformosumis a plant widely distributed in mountainous area of various Asian countries. The extract prepared from the burnt bark has been used among the local people as a varnish to prevent tooth decay and other oral diseases. The aim of this study was to examine antifungal activity ofC. formosumgum againstCandidaalbicansand to evaluate its cytotoxicity. The gum prepared from the extract ofC.formosumwas investigated for antimicrobial activity against 3 strains ofC.albicans. Inhibition of microbial growth was primarily tested by agar diffusion method. A two-fold broth dilution method was then used to determine the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of the gum. Based on the MIC value, cytotoxicity test was performed on mouse fibroblasts (ATCC clone 929) using agar overlay technique. Inhibitory effect of the gum was seen againstC. albicanswith zones of inhibition ranging from 8.0 to 9.3 mm. MIC values were between 0.50 and 1.25 mg/mL. In term of cytotoxicity,C. formosumgum at the concentration of 20 MIC (25 mg/mL) was classified as grade 3 (moderate cytotoxicity) whereas those of 10 MIC and 1 MIC were grade 1 (slight cytotoxicity). In conclusion, the gum prepared fromC. formosumextract exhibited antimicrobial activities against all the test strains ofC. albicans. From the present study, it can be suggested that this plant can be used as a novel antifungal agent, effective againstC.albicansinfections, due to its inhibitory effects onC. albicansand acceptable biocompatibility. Furtherin vitro/in vivostudies should be conducted to understand the mechanisms of action and to establish the safe profile of this gum for clinical usage.

scholarly journals The Antimicrobial Activities of Psidium guajava and Juglans regia Leaf Extracts to Acne-Developing Organisms

2005 ◽  
Vol 33 (02) ◽  
pp. 197-204 ◽  
Author(s):  
Fadi Qa'dan ◽  
Abdul-Jalil Thewaini ◽  
Dalia A. Ali ◽  
Rana Afifi ◽  
Abdalla Elkhawad ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Juglans Regia ◽  
Psidium Guajava ◽  
Antimicrobial Activities ◽  
Inhibitory Effect ◽  
Diffusion Method ◽  
Leaf Extracts ◽  
Disk Diffusion Method ◽  
Tea Tree ◽  
Zones Of Inhibition

This study aims to present the in vitro inhibitory effect of Psidium guajava and Juglans regia leaf extracts on the main developer of acne lesions, Propionibacterium acnes (P. acnes), and other organisms that are isolated from acne lesions. Thirty-eight subjects (males and females) who had various types of acne were enrolled in the study. The contents of the acne lesions were cultured and the frequency of P. acnes (alone and with Staphylococci spp.) was 47%, whereas the frequencies for Staphylococcus aureus and Staphylococcus epidermidis were 13% and 24%, respectively. The antimicrobial activities of Psidium guajava and Juglans regia leaf extracts, determined by disk diffusion method (zone of inhibition), were compared to tea tree oil (TTO), doxycycline and clindamycin antibiotics. The zones of inhibition due to the Psidium guajava and Juglans regia leaf extracts ranged from 15.8–17.6 mm against P. acnes, 11.3–15.7 mm against S. aureus and 12.9–15.5 mm against S. epidermidis, respectively. These zones of inhibition were significantly higher than those of TTO and equivalent in case of Staphylococci spp., but less in case of P. acnes, to those obtained from doxycycline or clindamycin. It can be concluded that Psidium guajava and Juglans regia leaf extracts may be beneficial in treating acne especially when they are known to have anti-inflammatory activities.

scholarly journals In Vitro Effects of Doxycycline on Replication of Feline Coronavirus

Pathogens ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (3) ◽  
pp. 312
Author(s):  
Magdalena Dunowska ◽  
Sayani Ghosh
Keyword(s):  
Inhibitory Concentration ◽  
Infectious Virus ◽  
Treatment Options ◽  
Inhibitory Effect ◽  
Virus Titration ◽  
Reverse Transcription Quantitative Pcr ◽  
In Vitro Effects ◽  
Dose Dependent ◽  
Feline Coronavirus

Feline infectious peritonitis (FIP) is a sporadic fatal disease of cats caused by a virulent variant of feline coronavirus (FCoV), referred to as FIP virus (FIPV). Treatment options are limited, and most of the affected cats die or are euthanized. Anecdotally, doxycycline has been used to treat FIP-affected cats, but there are currently no data to support or discourage such treatment. The aim of this study was to establish whether doxycycline inhibits replication of FIPV in vitro. The virus was cultured in Crandell-Rees feline kidney cells with various concentrations of doxycycline (0 to 50 µg/mL). The level of FIPV in cultures was determined by virus titration and FCoV-specific reverse-transcription quantitative PCR. Cell viability was also monitored. There was no difference in the level of infectious virus or viral RNA between doxycycline-treated and untreated cultures at 3, 12- and 18-hours post-infection. However, at 24 h, the growth of FIPV was inhibited by approximately two logs in cultures with >10 µg/mL doxycycline. This inhibition was dose-dependent, with inhibitory concentration 50% (IC50) 4.1 µg/mL and IC90 5.4 µg/mL. Our data suggest that doxycycline has some inhibitory effect on FIPV replication in vitro, which supports future clinical trials of its use for the treatment of FIP-affected cats.

scholarly journals In vitro study on the effect of cornin on the activity of cytochrome P450 enzymes

2021 ◽  
Vol 21 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Qun Zhang ◽  
Zengqiang Qu ◽  
Yanqing Zhou ◽  
Jin Zhou ◽  
Junwei Yang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cytochrome P450 ◽  
Drug Interaction ◽  
Liver Microsomes ◽  
In Vitro Study ◽  
Inhibitory Effect ◽  
Dependent Manner ◽  
Cytochrome P450 Enzymes ◽  
Drug Drug Interaction ◽  
Dose Dependent

Abstract Background Cornin is a commonly used herb in cardiology for its cardioprotective effect. The effect of herbs on the activity of cytochrome P450 enzymes (CYP450s) can induce adverse drug-drug interaction even treatment failure. Therefore, it is necessary to investigate the effect of cornin on the activity of CYP450s, which can provide more guidance for the clinical application of cornin. Methods Cornin (100 μM) was incubated with eight isoforms of CYP450s, including CYP1A2, 2A6, 3A4, 2C8, 2C9, 2C19, 2D6, and 2E1, in pooled human liver microsomes. The inhibition model and corresponding parameters were also investigated. Results Cornin exerted significant inhibitory effect on the activity of CYP3A4, 2C9, and 2E1 in a dose-dependent manner with the IC50 values of 9.20, 22.91, and 14.28 μM, respectively (p < 0.05). Cornin inhibited the activity of CYP3A4 non-competitively with the Ki value of 4.69 μM, while the inhibition of CYP2C9 and 2E1 by cornin was competitive with the Ki value of 11.31 and 6.54 μM, respectively. Additionally, the inhibition of CYP3A4 by cornin was found to be time-dependent with the KI/Kinact value of 6.40/0.055 min− 1·μM− 1. Conclusions The inhibitory effect of cornin on the activity of CYP3A4, 2C9, and 2E1 indicated the potential drug-drug interaction between cornin and drugs metabolized by these CYP450s, which needs further investigation and validation.

Immunomodulatory activities of whey fractions in efferent prefemoral lymph of sheep

1996 ◽  
Vol 63 (2) ◽  
pp. 257-267 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chun W. Wong ◽  
Geoffrey O. Regester ◽  
Geoffrey L. Francis ◽  
Dennis L. Watson
Keyword(s):  
Immune Responses ◽  
Bovine Milk ◽  
Inhibitory Effect ◽  
Dependent Manner ◽  
Milk Whey ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Lymphocyte Phenotypes ◽  
Dose Dependent

SummaryStudies on the immunomodulatory activities of ruminant milk and colostral whey fractions were undertaken. By comparing with boiled colostral whey in a preliminary experiment, a putative heat-labile immunostimulatory factor for antibody responses was found to be present in ovine colostral whey. Studies were then undertaken in sheep in which the efferent prefemoral lymphatic ducts were cannulated bilaterally, and immune responses in the node were measured following subcutaneous injection in the flank fold of whey protein preparations of various purities. A significant sustained decline of efferent lymphocyte output was observed following injection with autologous crude milk whey or colostral whey preparations, but no changes were observed in interferon-gamma levels in lymph plasma. Two bovine milk whey fractions (lactoperoxidase and lactoferrin) of high purity were compared in bilaterally cannulated sheep. A transient decline over the first 6 h was seen in the efferent lymphocyte output and lymph flow rate after injection of both fractions. A significant difference was seen between the two fractions in interferongamma levels in lymph at 6 h after injection. However, no significant changes in the proportion of the various efferent lymphocyte phenotypes were seen following either treatment. Whereas both fractions showed a significant inhibitory effect in a dose-dependent manner on the proliferative response of T lymphocytes, but not B lymphocytes, to mitogenic stimulation in vitro, no similar changes were seen following in vivo stimulation with these two fractions.

scholarly journals In vitro inhibitory effect of obtusofolin on the activity of CYP3A4, 2C9, and 2E1

2021 ◽  
Vol 21 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Na Liu ◽  
Ping Chen ◽  
Xiaojun Du ◽  
Junxia Sun ◽  
Shasha Han
Keyword(s):  
Human Liver ◽  
Competitive Inhibition ◽  
Liver Microsomes ◽  
Inhibitory Effect ◽  
Dependent Manner ◽  
Cytochrome P450 Enzymes ◽  
Inhibition Model ◽  
Dose Dependent

Abstract Background Obtusofolin is the major active ingredient of Catsia tora L., which possesses the activity of improving eyesight and protecting the optic nerve. Investigation on the interaction of obtusofolin with cytochrome P450 enzymes (CYP450s) could provide a reference for the clinical application of obtusofolin. Methods The effect of obtusofolin on the activity of CYP450s was investigated in the presence of 100 μM obtusofolin in pooled human liver microsomes (HLMs) and fitted with the Lineweaver–Burk plots to characterize the specific inhibition model and kinetic parameters. Results Obtusofolin was found to significantly inhibited the activity of CYP3A4, 2C9, and 2E1. In the presence of 0, 2.5, 5, 10, 25, 50, and 100 μM obtusofolin, the inhibition of these CYP450s showed a dose-dependent manner with the IC50 values of 17.1 ± 0.25, 10.8 ± 0.13, and 15.5 ± 0.16 μM, respectively. The inhibition of CYP3A4 was best fitted with the non-competitive inhibition model with the Ki value of 8.82 μM. While the inhibition of CYP2C9 and 2E1 was competitive with the Ki values of 5.54 and 7.79 μM, respectively. After incubating for 0, 5, 10, 15, and 30 min, the inhibition of CYP3A4 was revealed to be time-dependent with the KI value of 4.87 μM− 1 and the Kinact value of 0.0515 min− 1. Conclusions The in vitro inhibitory effect of obtusofolin implying the potential drug-drug interaction between obtusofolin and corresponding substrates, which needs further in vivo validations.

Antinociceptive properties of shikonin: in vitro and in vivo studies

2016 ◽  
Vol 94 (7) ◽  
pp. 788-796 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bhawana Gupta ◽  
Sabyasachi Chakraborty ◽  
Soumya Saha ◽  
Sunita Gulabsingh Chandel ◽  
Atul Kumar Baranwal ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Sodium Channel ◽  
Inhibitory Effect ◽  
Pain Modulation ◽  
In Vivo Studies ◽  
Channel Modulation ◽  
Pain Models ◽  
A Cell ◽  
Dose Dependent

Shikonin possess a diverse spectrum of pharmacological properties in multiple therapeutic areas. However, the nociceptive effect of shikonin is not largely known. To investigate the antinociceptive potential of shikonin, panel of GPCRs, ion channels, and enzymes involved in pain pathogenesis were studied. To evaluate the translation of shikonin efficacy in vivo, it was tested in 3 established rat pain models. Our study reveals that shikonin has significant inhibitory effect on pan sodium channel/N1E115 and NaV1.7 channel with half maximal inhibitory concentration (IC50) value of 7.6 μmol/L and 6.4 μmol/L, respectively, in a cell-based assay. Shikonin exerted significant dose dependent antinociceptive activity at doses of 0.08%, 0.05%, and 0.02% w/v in pinch pain model. In mechanical hyperalgesia model, dose of 10 and 3 mg/kg (intraperitoneal) produced dose-dependent analgesia and showed 67% and 35% reversal of hyperalgesia respectively at 0.5 h. Following oral administration, it showed 39% reversal at 30 mg/kg dose. When tested in first phase of formalin induced pain, shikonin at 10 mg/kg dose inhibited paw flinching by ∼71%. In all studied preclinical models, analgesic effect was similar or better than standard analgesic drugs. The present study unveils the mechanistic role of shikonin on pain modulation, predominantly via sodium channel modulation, suggesting that shikonin could be developed as a potential pain blocker.

scholarly journals In Vitro Effect of Local Anesthetics onCandida albicansGerm Tube Formation

1994 ◽  
Vol 1 (4) ◽  
pp. 193-197 ◽  
Author(s):  
Acácio Rodrigues ◽  
Cidália Pina Vaz ◽  
A. Freitas Fonseca ◽  
J. Martinez de Oliveira ◽  
Henrique Barros
Keyword(s):  
Germ Tube ◽  
Inhibitory Effect ◽  
Tube Formation ◽  
Vaginal Candidiasis ◽  
Sabouraud Agar ◽  
Colony Forming Units ◽  
Vitro Effect ◽  
Phosphate Buffered Saline ◽  
Dose Dependent

Objective:This study was planned to clarify the in vitro effect of lidocaine and bupivacaine on germ tube formation byCandida albicansisolates from cases of clinical vaginal candidiasis.Methods:FourteenC. albicansstrains (clinical vaginal isolates) were grown on Sabouraud agar for 24 h at 37℃ and tested as follows: 100 μl of a yeast suspension [105colony forming units (CFU)/ml of phosphate buffered saline (PBS)] was added to 500 μl of fresh human serum with lidocaine or bupivacaine (pure salts) in serial concentrations. The test was run in duplicate. Controls were prepared for each strain. After 4 h of incubation at 37℃, samples were taken from each vial and 200 yeasts were counted in a counting chamber. The pH of each suspension was measured.Results:The results are given as the mean of the 2 readings and are expressed as the percentage of blastoconidia with germ tubes/total blastoconidia.Conclusions:Our experiments show that both lidocaine and bupivacaine have a dose-dependent inhibitory effect, pH-independent, on germ tube formation byC. albicansand that both drugs seem to be promising in the treatment of genital candidiasis due to the combination of anesthetic and antifungal properties.

Kaempferol Induces DNA Damage and Inhibits DNA Repair Associated Protein Expressions in Human Promyelocytic Leukemia HL-60 Cells

2015 ◽  
Vol 43 (02) ◽  
pp. 365-382 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lung-Yuan Wu ◽  
Hsu-Feng Lu ◽  
Yu-Cheng Chou ◽  
Yung-Luen Shih ◽  
Da-Tian Bau ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Dna Damage ◽  
Dna Repair ◽  
Protein Expression ◽  
Ataxia Telangiectasia ◽  
Repair System ◽  
Dapi Staining ◽  
Viable Cells ◽  
Protein Expressions ◽  
Dose Dependent

Numerous evidences have shown that plant flavonoids (naturally occurring substances) have been reported to have chemopreventive activities and protect against experimental carcinogenesis. Kaempferol, one of the flavonoids, is widely distributed in fruits and vegetables, and may have cancer chemopreventive properties. However, the precise underlying mechanism regarding induced DNA damage and suppressed DNA repair system are poorly understood. In this study, we investigated whether kaempferol induced DNA damage and affected DNA repair associated protein expression in human leukemia HL-60 cells in vitro. Percentages of viable cells were measured via a flow cytometry assay. DNA damage was examined by Comet assay and DAPI staining. DNA fragmentation (ladder) was examined by DNA gel electrophoresis. The changes of protein levels associated with DNA repair were examined by Western blotting. Results showed that kaempferol dose-dependently decreased the viable cells. Comet assay indicated that kaempferol induced DNA damage (Comet tail) in a dose-dependent manner and DAPI staining also showed increased doses of kaempferol which led to increased DNA condensation, these effects are all of dose-dependent manners. Western blotting indicated that kaempferol-decreased protein expression associated with DNA repair system, such as phosphate-ataxia-telangiectasia mutated (p-ATM), phosphate-ataxia-telangiectasia and Rad3-related (p-ATR), 14-3-3 proteins sigma (14-3-3σ), DNA-dependent serine/threonine protein kinase (DNA-PK), O6-methylguanine-DNA methyltransferase (MGMT), p53 and MDC1 protein expressions, but increased the protein expression of p-p53 and p-H2AX. Protein translocation was examined by confocal laser microscopy, and we found that kaempferol increased the levels of p-H2AX and p-p53 in HL-60 cells. Taken together, in the present study, we found that kaempferol induced DNA damage and suppressed DNA repair and inhibited DNA repair associated protein expression in HL-60 cells, which may be the factors for kaempferol induced cell death in vitro.

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