scholarly journals Prevalence of mixed Trypanosoma congolense infections in livestock and tsetse in KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa

2010 ◽  
Vol 81 (4) ◽  
Author(s):  
K. Gillingwater ◽  
M.V. Mamabolo ◽  
P.O.A. Majiwa
Keyword(s):  
South Africa ◽  
Trypanosoma Congolense ◽  
Tsetse Flies ◽  
Mixed Infections ◽  
Disease Manifestation ◽  
Blood Samples ◽  
Specific Pcr ◽  
Commercial Farm ◽  
Species Specific ◽  
Pcr Targeting

Trypanosoma congolense causes the most economically important animal trypanosomosis in Africa. In South Africa, a rinderpest pandemic of the 1890s removed many host animals, resulting in the near-eradication of most tsetse species. Further suppression was achieved through spraying with dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT); however, residual populations of Glossina austeni and G. brevipalpis remained in isolated pockets. A total of 506 of these tsetse flies were captured in the Hluhluwe-iMfolozi Park, the St Lucia Wetland Park and Boomerang commercial farm. The polymerase chain reaction (PCR) was used to determine the infection rate and frequency of mixed infections of these flies. Additionally, 473 blood samples were collected from cattle at communal diptanks and a commercial farm in the area and each one examined by the haematocrit centrifugation technique (HCT). Furthermore, buffy coats from these blood samples were spotted onto FTA Elute cards and the DNA extracted from each one tested using 3 separate PCRs. The HCT revealed the presence of trypanosomes in only 6.6 % of the blood samples; by contrast, species-specific PCR detected trypanosome DNA in 50 % of the samples. The species-specific PCR detected trypanosome DNA in 17 % of the tsetse flies, compared with the nested PCR targeting rDNA which detected trypanosome DNA in only 14 % of the samples. Over time, the transmission of Savannah-type T. congolense and Kilifi-type T. congolense as mixed infections could have an impact on disease manifestation in different hosts in the area.

Grouping of trypanosome species in mixed infections in Glossina pallidipes

Parasitology ◽  
2000 ◽  
Vol 120 (6) ◽  
pp. 583-592 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. J. LEHANE ◽  
A. R. MSANGI ◽  
C. J. WHITAKER ◽  
S. M. LEHANE
Keyword(s):  
Glossina Pallidipes ◽  
Trypanosoma Congolense ◽  
Tsetse Flies ◽  
Mixed Infections ◽  
Trypanosome Species ◽  
Infection Rates ◽  
Specific Primers ◽  
Tsetse Population ◽  
Chi Squared ◽  
Species Specific

Trypanosomes in the dissection-positive proboscis of Glossina pallidipes were identified by PCR using species-specific primers. Of the 3741 flies dissected 643 were proboscis positive. PCR was performed on 406 dissection-positive probosces giving positive identifications in 352 (86·7%) and infection rates of 14·8% for congolense-type infections, 2·8% for vivax- type infections and 1·4% for the unidentified group. Of the 352 PCR identified infections 225 were single, 111 were double, 13 were triple infections and there were 3 quadruple infections. Statistical analysis suggests that mixed infections group into 3 largely separate divisions among the tsetse population (i) Trypanosoma congolense savannah and T. congolense Kenya coast, (ii) T. simiae, T. congolense Tsavo and T. godfreyi and (iii) T. vivax. We conclude that either differing feeding patterns among members of the fly population or the ability of the trypanosomes in each of the infection categories to significantly influence the maturation of trypanosomes in the other categories are the most likely causes of the groupings noted. Chi-squared analysis of dissection and PCR methods of trypanosome identification revealed profound differences (χ = 19·1; D.F. = 1; P > 0·05). If confirmed in other studies these findings have serious implications for our understanding of trypanosome epidemiology in tsetse flies, much of which is founded on data from dissection-based trypanosome identifications.

Natural infection of cattle and tsetse flies in South Africa with two genotypic groups of Trypanosoma congolense

Parasitology ◽  
2009 ◽  
Vol 136 (4) ◽  
pp. 425-431 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. V. MAMABOLO ◽  
L. NTANTISO ◽  
A. LATIF ◽  
P. A. O. MAJIWA
Keyword(s):  
South Africa ◽  
Natural Infection ◽  
Trypanosoma Congolense ◽  
Tsetse Flies ◽  
Mixed Infections ◽  
Wild Animals ◽  
Chain Reaction ◽  
Kwazulu Natal ◽  
Game Reserve ◽  
Polymerase Chain

SUMMARYThe polymerase chain reaction was used to detect trypanosomes in samples collected from cattle, wild animals and tsetse flies in KwaZulu-Natal Province, South Africa. A total of 673 samples from cattle and 266 from tsetse flies in the study area located near the Hluhluwe-Umfolozi Game Reserve were analysed. Both Trypanosoma congolense and T. vivax were found as single or mixed infections in cattle and tsetse flies. Moreover, the T. congolense in the infections were found to comprise 2 genotypic groups: the Savannah-type and the Kilifi-type, which were present either as single or mixed infections in cattle and in tsetse flies.

scholarly journals Molecular epidemiology of Animal African Trypanosomosis in southwest Burkina Faso

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robert Eustache Hounyèmè ◽  
Jacques Kaboré ◽  
Geoffrey Gimonneau ◽  
Martin Bienvenu Somda ◽  
Ernest Salou ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Burkina Faso ◽  
Buffy Coat ◽  
Control Measures ◽  
Tsetse Flies ◽  
Specific Pcr ◽  
High Prevalence ◽  
Sizable Proportion ◽  
Socio Economic Impact ◽  
Species Specific ◽  
Trypanosoma Species

Background: Animal African Trypanosomosis (AAT) is a parasitic disease of livestock that has a major socio-economic impact in the affected areas. It is caused by several species of uniflagellate extracellular protists of the genus Trypanosoma mainly transmitted by tsetse flies: T. congolense, T. vivax and T. brucei brucei . In Burkina Faso, AAT hampers the proper economic development of the southwestern part of the country, which is yet the best watered area particularly conducive to agriculture and animal production. It was therefore important to investigate the extend of the infection in order to better control the disease. The objective of the present study was to assess the prevalence of trypanosome infections and collect data on the presence of tsetse flies. Methods: Buffy coat, Trypanosoma species-specific PCR, Indirect ELISA Trypanosoma sp and trypanolysis techniques were used on 1898 samples collected. An entomological survey was also carried out. Results: The parasitological prevalence of AAT was 1.1%, and all observed parasites were T. vivax . In contrast, the molecular prevalence was 23%, of which T. vivax was predominant (89%) followed by T. congolense (12%) and T. brucei s.l. (7.3%) with a sizable proportion as mixed infections (9.1%). T. brucei gambiense, responsible of sleeping sickness in humans, was not detected. The serological prevalence reached 49%. Once again T. vivax predominated (86.2%), but followed by T. brucei (9.6%) and T. congolense (4.2%), while 34.6% of positive samples tested positive for at least two trypanosome species. Seven samples, from six cattle and one pig, were found positive by trypanolysis. The density per trap of Glossina tachinoides and G. palpalis gambiensis was about three flies. Conclusions/Significance: Overall, our study showed a high prevalence of trypanosome infection in the area, pointing out an ongoing inadequacy of control measures.

scholarly journals Vector competence of Glossina austeni and Glossina brevipalpis for Trypanosoma congolense in KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa

2012 ◽  
Vol 79 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Makhosazana Motloang ◽  
Justin Masumu ◽  
Barend Mans ◽  
Peter Van den Bossche ◽  
Abdalla Latif
Keyword(s):  
South Africa ◽  
Vector Competence ◽  
Trypanosoma Congolense ◽  
Control Measures ◽  
Tsetse Flies ◽  
Recent Past ◽  
Infection Rates ◽  
Glossina Austeni ◽  
Kwazulu Natal ◽  
Glossina Brevipalpis

Tsetse-transmitted trypanosomosis (nagana) has been the cause of stock losses in the recent past and still presents a major problem to livestock owners in certain areas of KwaZulu- Natal, South Africa. Over 10 000 cattle mortalities were reported in the 1990 nagana outbreak. Although information on the distribution and abundance of the tsetse flies Glossina brevipalpis and Glossina austeni in KwaZulu-Natal exists, data on their vector competence are lacking. This study aimed to determine the rate of natural Trypanosoma congolense infection by field-collected as well as colony-reared flies of these species. A total of 442 field-collected G. brevipalpis and 40 G. austeni flies were dissected immediately after collection to determine their infection rates, whilst 699 G. brevipalpis and 49 G. austeni flies were fed on susceptible animals in 10 and four batches, respectively, for use in xenodiagnosis experiments. Teneral colony flies were fed on infected animals and dissected 21 days post infection to confirm their infectivity testing. Glossina austeni harboured 8% immature and mature infections. In G. brevipalpis, the infection with the immature stages was lower (1%) and no mature infections were observed. Although all four batches of G. austeni transmitted T. congolense to four susceptible animals, no transmission resulted from 10 batches of G. brevipalpis fed on susceptible cattle. Colony-derived G. austeni (534) and G. brevipalpis (882) were fed on four bovines infected with different T. congolense isolates. Both G. austeni and G. brevipalpis acquired trypanosome infection from the bovines, with immature infection ranges of 20% – 33% and 1% – 4%, respectively. Parasites, however, only matured in G. austeni (average = 4%). Glossina austeni plays a larger role in the epidemiology of animal trypanosomosis in KwaZulu-Natal than G. brevipalpis and therefore more focus should be aimed at the former when control measures are implemented.

Phenotypic characteristics and population genetics ofEnterococcus faecaliscultured from patients in Tehran during 2000–2001

2003 ◽  
Vol 49 (10) ◽  
pp. 645-649 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mohammad Mehdi Feizabadi ◽  
Atusa Aliahmadi ◽  
Fatemeh Mobasheri ◽  
Ahmad Asgharzadeh ◽  
Soroor Asadi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Population Genetics ◽  
Enterococcus Faecalis ◽  
Enzyme Electrophoresis ◽  
Bacterial Isolates ◽  
Phenotypic Characteristics ◽  
Considerable Heterogeneity ◽  
Specific Pcr ◽  
Species Specific ◽  
High Level ◽  
Pcr Targeting

Conventional bacteriology techniques were used to identify enterococci isolates cultured from patients at different hospitals in Tehran during 2000–2001. The identification was confirmed using species-specific PCR targeting the D-alanyl-D-alanine ligase gene. A total of 59 isolates of Enterococcus faecalis were identified. The rates of resistance to different antibiotics were in the following order: penicillin 84%, ciprofloxacin 42%, high-level gentamicin 30%, nitrofurantoin 14%, imipenem 4%, and chloramphenicol 2%. Resistance to ampicillin was found to be rare among the Iranian isolates of E. faecalis. Multi-locus enzyme electrophoresis was then used to analyze the strains. Forty-five electrophoretic types were obtained when 10 enzyme loci were screened. Although the collection of bacterial isolates was limited in time and location, considerable heterogeneity was found. Analysis of strains for linkage disequilibrium demonstrated that the studied population is not clonal, since the index of association was not significantly different from zero (Ia= 0.0296). Enterococcus faecalis isolates recovered from patients in Tehran were genetically diverse and seemed to possess a high potential for genetic recombinations, though none were resistant to vancomycin.Key words: Enterococcus faecalis, population genetics, MEE analysis, nosocomial infections.

scholarly journals The Role of Birds of the Family Corvidae in Transmitting Sarcocystis Protozoan Parasites

Animals ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (11) ◽  
pp. 3258
Author(s):  
Evelina Juozaitytė-Ngugu ◽  
Saulius Švažas ◽  
Donatas Šneideris ◽  
Eglė Rudaitytė-Lukošienė ◽  
Dalius Butkauskas ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Light Microscope ◽  
Sarcocystis Species ◽  
Protozoan Parasites ◽  
Intermediate Hosts ◽  
Specific Pcr ◽  
Sarcocystis Spp ◽  
The Family ◽  
Species Specific ◽  
Pcr Targeting

Members of the family Corvidae are ecologically flexible omnivorous birds, particularly adaptive to urban habitats, and living in proximity to humans; these birds may serve as definitive hosts (DH) for Sarcocystis spp., but research about this is lacking. In the present study, intestinal samples from 91 corvids collected in Lithuania were molecularly tested by species-specific PCR targeting the ITS1 and cox1 genes and subsequently sequenced for the presence of Sarcocystis spp. Under a light microscope, oocysts of Sarcocystis spp. were observed in 43 samples (47.3%), while molecular methods, detected Sarcocystis spp. in 77 birds (84.6%). Eleven Sarcocystis spp. (S. columbae, S. cornixi, potentially pathogenic S. halieti, S. kutkienae, S. lari, S. turdusi, S. wobeseri, S. arctica, S. lutrae, S. ovalis, and S. oviformis) were identified in the intestinal samples from six corvid species from Lithuania. Infections with multiple Sarcocystis spp. were detected in 79.2% of the infected corvid birds. Three of the identified Sarcocystis spp. use corvids as intermediate hosts (IH); therefore, corvids may serve as IH and DH of the same Sarcocystis species. Based on molecular results and on corvid diet, omnivorous corvids may play an important role in transmitting Sarcocystis spp.

scholarly journals Detection And Molecular Characterization of Theileria Ovis in Sheep And Goats with Clinical The Ileriosis in Kurdistan, Iraq

2020 ◽  
Vol 23 (2) ◽  
pp. 69-78
Author(s):  
Zuber Ismael Hassen ◽  
Azad Abdullah Meerkhan
Keyword(s):  
Disease Transmission ◽  
Clinical Signs ◽  
Kurdistan Region ◽  
Single Test ◽  
Molecular Method ◽  
Blood Samples ◽  
Sheep And Goats ◽  
Specific Pcr ◽  
Species Specific

This study was carried out to detect Theileria infection in sheep and goats in Kurdistan region, Iraq from June 2019 to April 2020. Molecular method was used to identify Theileria species. Sixty- seven blood samples were taken from 45 sheep and 22 goats based on clinical signs of theileriosis during tick activating season. The 67 samples were PCR edm and as a result, 20 species-specific PCR were positives (26.67% (12/20) were Theileria ovis in sheep and 36.36% (8/20) were from goats). The results of the gene analysis in the current study were registered in NCBI under four accession numbers (MN889986, MN889987, MN889988 and MN889989), which shows that sheep and goats can be infected with Theileria ovis. This is the first report of Theileria species in goats with clinical theileriosis in Kurdistan, so the gene flow and disease transmission between sheep and goats is most expected. PCR is a useful diagnostic tool to detect ovine theileriosis with a single test and suggested that T. ovis is the dominant piroplasmid agent in Erbil. In addition, it revealed that sheep is very susceptible to theileriosis than goats

Multilocus genotyping of Cryptosporidium and Giardia in non-outbreak related cases of diarrhoea in human patients in Belgium

Parasitology ◽  
2009 ◽  
Vol 136 (10) ◽  
pp. 1161-1168 ◽  
Author(s):  
T. GEURDEN ◽  
B. LEVECKE ◽  
S. M. CACCIÓ ◽  
A. VISSER ◽  
G. DE GROOTE ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Abdominal Pain ◽  
Heat Shock ◽  
Novel Species ◽  
Mixed Infections ◽  
Specific Pcr ◽  
Stool Samples ◽  
Species Specific ◽  
High Degree ◽  
Degree Of Heterogeneity ◽  
Assemblage B

SUMMARYStool samples from Belgian patients suffering from abdominal pain and/or diarrhoea were examined for Cryptosporidium and Giardia. Cryptosporidium-positive samples were genotyped using the 70 kDa heat shock protein and the 60 kDa glycoprotein (GP60) genes: C. hominis was identified in 54·2% and C. parvum in 45·8% of the samples. Sequencing at the GP60 locus indicated that subgenotype IbA10G2 of C. hominis and subgenotype IIaA15G2R1 of C. parvum were the most prevalent, although several other subgenotypes were identified. For Giardia, sequencing at the β-giardin, triose phosphate isomerase (TPI) and glutamate dehydrogenase (GDH) genes revealed assemblage B as the most prevalent (74·4%) in human patients. A high degree of heterogeneity was found, especially on the β-giardin gene, and to a lesser extent on the GDH gene. Furthermore, using a novel species-specific PCR based on the TPI gene, mixed infections with both assemblage A and B were detected in a large number (32·4%) of human patients, which might have important epidemiological implications.

Multiplex PCR for differential diagnosis of emerging typhoidal pathogens directly from blood samples

2008 ◽  
Vol 137 (1) ◽  
pp. 102-107 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. ALI ◽  
ABDUL HAQUE ◽  
ASMA HAQUE ◽  
Y. SARWAR ◽  
M. MOHSIN ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Developing Countries ◽  
Differential Diagnosis ◽  
Blood Culture ◽  
Multiplex Pcr ◽  
Mixed Infection ◽  
Major Health Problem ◽  
Major Health ◽  
Blood Samples ◽  
Specific Pcr ◽  
Pcr Targeting

SUMMARYClassicallySalmonella entericaserovar Typhi (S. Typhi) is associated with typhoid, a major health problem in developing countries. However, in recent yearsS. Paratyphi A and Vi-negative variants ofS. Typhi have emerged rapidly. We have developed a nested multiplex PCR targeting five different genes for differential diagnosis of typhoidal pathogens which has been optimized to be directly applicable on clinical blood samples. Of 42 multiplex PCR-positive blood samples, 26, nine, and two were Vi-positiveS. Typhi, Vi-negativeS. Typhi andS. Paratyphi A, respectively, and five patients were found to have mixed infection. Seventeen patients grewSalmonellafrom blood culture and the remaining 25 were positive in theSalmonella-specific PCR. Tests with several common pathogens confirmed the specificity of the assay. We conclude that the proposed multiplex PCR is rapid, sensitive and specific for the diagnosis of typhoidal pathogens directly from blood samples.

scholarly journals The Role of Mustelids in the Transmission of Sarcocystis spp. Using Cattle as Intermediate Hosts

Animals ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (3) ◽  
pp. 822
Author(s):  
Petras Prakas ◽  
Linas Balčiauskas ◽  
Evelina Juozaitytė-Ngugu ◽  
Dalius Butkauskas
Keyword(s):  
American Mink ◽  
Single Species ◽  
Meles Meles ◽  
Cox1 Gene ◽  
Intermediate Hosts ◽  
Specific Pcr ◽  
Sarcocystis Spp ◽  
Species Specific ◽  
Pcr Targeting

There is a lack of research on the role of mustelids in the transmission of various Sarcocystis spp. In the present study we tested the hypothesis that widespread mustelids in Lithuania could be involved in the transmission of Sarcocystis spp. using cattle as intermediate hosts. In 2016–2020, intestinal samples of 84 mustelids were examined. Sarcocystis spp. were identified by species-specific PCR targeting the cox1 gene and subsequent sequencing. Under a light microscope, oocysts/sporocysts of Sarcocystis spp. were observed in 40 samples (47.6%), while using molecular methods, they were detected in 75 animals (89.3%). Four Sarcocystis spp. were identified in the intestinal samples of American mink (Neovisonvison), Beech marten (Martes foina), European pine marten (Martes martes), European badger (Meles meles) and European polecat (Mustela putorius). The prevalence of predominant Sarcocystis spp., S. bovifelis (89.3%) and S. cruzi (73.8%) was significantly higher than that of S. hirsuta (3.6%) and S. hominis (1.2%). In an individual sample, most frequently two Sarcocystis spp. were identified (69.0%), then a single species (15.5%) and three species (4.8%). The present study provides strong evidence that mustelids serve as definitive hosts for Sarcocystis spp. using cattle as intermediate hosts.

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