scholarly journals The extent of acaricide resistance in 1-, 2- and 3-host ticks on communally grazed cattle in the eastern region of the Eastern Cape Province, South Africa

2008 ◽  
Vol 79 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Z. Ntondini ◽  
E.M.S.P. Van Dalen ◽  
I.G. Horak
Keyword(s):  
South Africa ◽  
Immersion Test ◽  
Rhipicephalus Appendiculatus ◽  
Egg Laying ◽  
Boophilus Microplus ◽  
Eastern Region ◽  
Eastern Cape Province ◽  
Acaricide Resistance ◽  
Eastern Cape ◽  
Rhipicephalus Evertsi Evertsi

In order to determine the extent of acaricide resistance in the eastern region of the Eastern Cape Province 1-, 2- and 3-host ticks were collected from cattle at 59 dip-tanks over a period of 2 years. These ticks were tested for resistance against 3 compounds, namely amitraz, cypermethrin and chlorfenvinphos. The Shaw Larval Immersion Test detected emerging resistance to amitraz in Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplus at 2 dip-tanks and resistance at a 3rd. It also revealed resistance in this tick to cypermethrin at 1 dip-tank and emerging resistance to chlorfenvinphos at 8 dip-tanks and resistance at 2. Rhipicephalus evertsi evertsi was susceptible to amitraz and cypermethrin at all dip-tanks, but showed emerging resistance to chlorfenvinphos at 7 dip-tanks and resistance at 4. Rhipicephalus appendiculatus was susceptible to amitraz and chlorfenvinphos at all dip-tanks and demonstrated emerging resistance to cypermethrin at 1. With the exception of R. (B.) microplus, in which emerging resistance to amitraz was detected at 1 dip-tank by the Reproductive Estimate Test, all 3 tick species at all dip-tanks at which sufficient numbers of ticks had been collected were susceptible to the 3 acaracides in both the Egg Laying Test and the Reproductive Estimate Test. The localities at which acaricide resistance was recorded were mapped.

scholarly journals Comparison of 3 tests to detect acaricide resistance in Boophilus decoloratus on dairy farms in the Eastern Cape Province, South Africa

2003 ◽  
Vol 74 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
S. Mekonnen ◽  
N.R. Bryson ◽  
L.J. Fourie ◽  
R.J. Peter ◽  
A.M. Spickett ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
South Africa ◽  
Dairy Farms ◽  
Immersion Test ◽  
Egg Laying ◽  
Eastern Cape Province ◽  
Acaricide Resistance ◽  
Eastern Cape ◽  
Boophilus Decoloratus

The susceptibility of the larval offspring of engorged female Boophilus decoloratus, and of the engorged females, collected from cattle on the dairy farms Brycedale, Sunny Grove and Welgevind in the Eastern Cape Province, South Africa, was tested against the acaricides amitraz, chlorfenvinphos and cypermethrin. Resistance was determined by means of the Shaw Larval Immersion Test (SLIT) for larvae and the Reproductive Estimate Test (RET) and Egg Laying Test (ELT) for adults. At Brycedale the tests all indicated resistance to chlorfenvinphos, and RET and ELT indicated resistance to amitraz and emerging resistance to cypermethrin. At Sunny Grove, B. decoloratus was resistant to cypermethrin using SLIT and exhibited emerging resistance to chlorfenvinphos with SLIT and to cypermethrin with both RET and ELT. At Welgevind, resistance was recorded against chlorfenvinphos (SLIT) and against cypermethrin (ELT), and emerging resistance against permethrin (RET). The results obtained with RET and ELT were generally comparable, but often differed from those obtained with SLIT. Resistance could be detected within 7 days with ELT compared to 42 days with RET and 60 days with SLIT.

scholarly journals Species composition and geographic distribution of ticks infesting cattle, goats and dogs in a temperate and in a subtropical region of south-east Africa

2009 ◽  
Vol 76 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
I.G. Horak ◽  
N. Nyangiwe ◽  
C. De Matos ◽  
L. Neves
Keyword(s):  
Rhipicephalus Appendiculatus ◽  
Boophilus Microplus ◽  
Eastern Region ◽  
Eastern Cape Province ◽  
Eastern Cape ◽  
Amblyomma Hebraeum ◽  
Boophilus Decoloratus ◽  
Major Species ◽  
Haemaphysalis Elliptica ◽  
Rhipicephalus Evertsi Evertsi

The species and distribution of ticks infesting cattle, goats and dogs in the eastern region of the Eastern Cape Province, South Africa and Maputo Province, Mozambique were determined from collections made from these animals at 72 localities in the former region and 30 in the latter. Eleven ixodid and one argasid species were recovered in the Eastern Cape Province and 15 ixodid species in Maputo Province. The most common ticks infesting cattle and goats in both provinces were Amblyomma hebraeum, Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplus, Rhipicephalus appendiculatus and Rhipicephalus evertsi evertsi. The dominant species on dogs were Haemaphysalis elliptica and Rhipicephalus simus. The geographic distributions of the major species and some of the minor species in both regions were plotted. The partial or complete displacement of the indigenous tick Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) decoloratus by the introduced species R. (B.) microplus was a major feature of both surveys.

scholarly journals Range expansion of the economically important Asiatic blue tick, Rhipicephalus microplus, in South Africa

2017 ◽  
Vol 88 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nkululeko Nyangiwe ◽  
Ivan G. Horak ◽  
Luther Van der Mescht ◽  
Sonja Matthee
Keyword(s):  
South Africa ◽  
Rhipicephalus Microplus ◽  
Free State ◽  
Detailed Knowledge ◽  
Western Region ◽  
Eastern Region ◽  
Western Cape ◽  
Eastern Cape Province ◽  
Eastern Cape ◽  
Northern Cape

The Asiatic blue tick, Rhipicephalus microplus, a known vector of bovine babesiosis and bovine anaplasmosis, is of great concern in the cattle industry. For this reason, detailed knowledge of the distribution of R. microplus is vital. Currently, R. microplus is believed to be associated mainly with the northern and eastern Savanna and Grassland vegetation in South Africa. The objective of the study was to record the distribution of R. microplus, and the related endemic Rhipicephalus decoloratus, in the central-western region of South Africa that comprises Albany Thicket, Fynbos and Savanna vegetation. In this survey, ticks were collected from 415 cattle in four provinces (Eastern Cape, Northern Cape and Western Cape and Free State provinces) and from the vegetation in the Eastern Cape province of South Africa between October 2013 and September 2015. More than 8000 ticks were collected from cattle at 80 localities of which R. microplus was present at 64 localities and R. decoloratus at 47 localities. A total of 7969 tick larvae were recorded from the vegetation at 20 localities of which 6593 were R. microplus and 1131 were R. decoloratus. Rhipicephalus microplus was recorded in each of the regions that were sampled. Rhipicephalus microplus is now present throughout the coastal region of the Eastern Cape province and at multiple localities in the north-eastern region of the Northern Cape province. It was also recorded in the western region of the Western Cape province and one record was made for the Free State province. The observed range changes may be facilitated by the combined effects of environmental adaptability by the tick and the movement of host animals.

scholarly journals Ticks on pastures and on two breeds of cattle in the Eastern Cape province, South Africa

2011 ◽  
Vol 78 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Nkululeko Nyangiwe ◽  
Sindisile Goni ◽  
Louis P. Hervé-Claude ◽  
Inga Ruddat ◽  
Ivan G. Horak
Keyword(s):  
South Africa ◽  
Population Dynamics ◽  
Agricultural Development ◽  
Tick Infestation ◽  
Rhipicephalus Appendiculatus ◽  
Ixodid Ticks ◽  
Eastern Cape Province ◽  
Eastern Cape ◽  
Nguni Cattle ◽  
Questing Ticks

Many studies on the population dynamics of questing ticks on pastures and of parasitic ticks on cattle have been conducted. Few, however, have attempted to link the two in a single study. This study aimed to assess the population dynamics of questing ixodid ticks on pastures and of adult ticks on two breeds of cattle with different levels of susceptibility to tick infestation on the same pastures. Between January 2005 and December 2009 questing ixodid ticks were collected monthly from natural pastures at the Döhne Agricultural Development Institute and at the adjacent Campagna Production System in the Amahlathi District, Eastern Cape province, South Africa. Between February 2007 and January 2010 adult ticks were collected monthly from Bonsmara and Nguni cattle grazing these pastures. Ten tick species were collected from the pastures and 12 from the cattle. Significantly more questing larvae of Rhipicephalus appendiculatus, Rhipicephalus decoloratus, Rhipicephalus evertsi evertsi and Rhipicephalus microplus were recovered from the pastures grazed by Bonsmara cattle than from those grazed by Nguni cattle (p ≤ 0.05). Significantly more adult Hyalomma rufipes, Rhipicephalus follis, R. appendiculatus, R. decoloratus, R. evertsi evertsi and R. microplus were collected from the Bonsmara cattle than from the Nguni cattle (p ≤ 0.05). The study showed that Nguni cattle are less susceptible to tick infestation than are Bonsmara cattle and fewer questing ticks are collected from pastures grazed by Nguni cattle than by Bonsmara cattle.

scholarly journals Goats as alternative hosts of cattle ticks

2007 ◽  
Vol 74 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
N. Nyangiwe ◽  
I.G. Horak
Keyword(s):  
Rhipicephalus Appendiculatus ◽  
Tick Control ◽  
Control Programme ◽  
Boophilus Microplus ◽  
Eastern Region ◽  
Eastern Cape ◽  
Chi Square ◽  
Exact Probability ◽  
Cattle Ticks ◽  
Chi Square Test

The objective of this study was to compare the presence on goats and cattle of adult ticks that usually infest cattle. To this end ticks collected from sets of five goats were compared with those collected from sets of five cattle at 72 communal dip-tanks in the eastern region of the Eastern Cape Province. Amblyomma hebraeum was present on goats at 25 and on cattle at 39 dip-tanks, and a total of 61 goats and 138 cattle were infested. Adult Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplus was present on goats at 48 and on cattle at 69 dip-tanks, and a total of 113 goats and 242 cattle were infested. The lengths of 84 of 148 female R. (Boophilus) microplus collected from the goats exceeded 5 mm or more, indicating that they could successfully engorge on these animals. The differences between the proportions of dip-tanks at which A. hebraeum or R. (Boophilus) microplus was present on goats and cattle and also between the proportions of goats and cattle that were infested were significant (Chi square test, P < 0.01). Adult Rhipicephalus appendiculatus was present on goats at 70 and on cattle at 67 dip-tanks, and a total of 296 goats and 271 cattle were infested. The proportion of dip-tanks at which cattle were infested did not differ significantly from the proportion of tanks at which goats were infested (Fischer's exact probability test, P = 0.44), but the proportion of infested cattle was significantly lower than the proportion of infested goats (Chi-square test, P < 0.05). Adult Rhipicephalus evertsi evertsi was present on goats and cattle at all 72 sampling localities, and a total of 334 goats and 316 cattle were infested. The proportion of infested cattle was significantly lower than the proportion of infested goats (Chi-square test, P < 0.05). These results underscore the necessity of including goats in any tick control programme designed for cattle at the same locality.

In search of the Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplus in the western-central regions of the Eastern Cape Province, South Africa

2019 ◽  
Vol 10 (3) ◽  
pp. 564-567 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Yawa ◽  
N. Nyangiwe ◽  
C.T. Kadzere ◽  
V. Muchenje ◽  
T.C Mpendulo ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
South Africa ◽  
Boophilus Microplus ◽  
Eastern Cape Province ◽  
Eastern Cape ◽  
Central Regions

scholarly journals The prevalence and distribution of Argas walkerae (Acari: Argasidae) in the eastern region of the Eastern Cape Province, South Africa : research communications

2008 ◽  
Vol 75 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
N. Nyangiwe ◽  
B. Gummow ◽  
I.G. Horak
Keyword(s):  
South Africa ◽  
Geographic Distribution ◽  
Sampling Method ◽  
Eastern Region ◽  
Eastern Cape Province ◽  
Eastern Cape ◽  
Coastal Regions ◽  
North East ◽  
The North ◽  
The Indian Ocean

The prevalence and geographic distribution of the fowl tampan, Argas walkerae Kaiser & Hoogstraal, 1969 was determined in the eastern region of the Eastern Cape Province, South Africa by inspecting two fowl houses in the vicinity of each of 72 randomly selected communal cattle dip-tanks. Tampans were collected from 102 (70.8 %) of the 144 fowl houses in the neighbourhood of 57 (79.2 %) of the 72 selected dip-tanks, and the localities of the collections were mapped. Argas walkerae was present in fowl houses from the warm coastal regions of the Indian Ocean in the south to the cold and mountainous Drakensberg in the north-east of the Province. Taking into account the probable sensitivity of the sampling method, it is estimated that A. walkerae is likely to be present in fowl houses belonging to between 74 and 84 % of communities making use of cattle dip-tanks in the eastern region of the Eastern Cape Province, and that when it is present, between 64 and 75 % of fowl houses will be infested. The geographic distribution of A. walkerae seemed to be more strongly associated with the presence of fowls and fowl houses containing raw or processed wood in their structure than with climate.

scholarly journals Tick communities at the expanding wildlife / cattle interface in the Eastern Cape Province, South Africa : implications for Corridor disease

2010 ◽  
Vol 81 (4) ◽  
Author(s):  
E.R. Smith ◽  
D.M. Parker
Keyword(s):  
South Africa ◽  
Crucial Role ◽  
Disease Outbreak ◽  
Rhipicephalus Appendiculatus ◽  
Eastern Cape Province ◽  
Eastern Cape ◽  
Ear Tick ◽  
Abundance And Distribution ◽  
Interface Treatment

Corridor disease, transmitted by the brown ear tick (Rhipicephalus appendiculatus), is one of Africa's most pathogenic tick-borne diseases for cattle. With a focus on this species, we investigated the community parameters (richness, diversity and abundance) of ticks in the Eastern Cape, South Africa, and how this may be linked to the increasing wildlife / cattle interface in the region. There were significantly more ticks of a greater diversity and richness at sites positioned at the wildlife / cattle interface ('treatment sites') compared to sites where wildlife was absent (controls). Significantly, R. appendiculatus was only found at the treatment sites. Therefore, it is believed that the wildlife / cattle interface may be playing a crucial role in increasing the occurrence, abundance and distribution of R. appendiculatus in the Eastern Cape. The implications of a Corridor disease outbreak in the region are discussed.

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