scholarly journals Differences in leaf area, trichome density, and xylem structure between the two types of Theobroma cacao l. cultivation: With or without shade plants

2020 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Erma Prihastanti ◽  
Yulita Nurchayati
Keyword(s):  
Leaf Area ◽  
Glandular Trichomes ◽  
Xylem Vessel ◽  
Shade Trees ◽  
Trichome Density ◽  
Xylem Structure ◽  
Shade Tree ◽  
Vessel Structure ◽  
Tree Composition ◽  
Shade Plants

This study aimed to analyze the structure and density of non-glandular trichomes and the area of cocoa leaves, and the differences of xylem vessel structures on various shade tree composition. The leaf area and length, and trichomes were observed. The xylem vessel structure was observed from the root system. The result showed the area of cocoa plots without shade tree has more varied leaves size, in which upper canopy was smaller than the bottom. The area with various shade had a relatively equal size between the upper and the lower of the canopy. The three stellate-shaped non-glandular trichomes were found on the leaf venations only with the density in two plots increased with time. The xylem width area to the whole root width area ratio (k) in various shade trees was lower (k= 0.641) than that of without shade trees (k= 0.718). The higher k values indicated xylem structure without the shade tree had more xylem cells, and the pores was smaller compared to the plot with various shade trees.

Characterization of non polar-polar solvent extracts from some tea plantation shade tree leaves with special reference to antioxidant and antibacterial activities

2020 ◽  
pp. 15-21
Author(s):  
Arindam Ghosh ◽  
Soumya Majumder ◽  
Sumedha Saha ◽  
Malay Bhattacharya
Keyword(s):  
Cardiac Glycosides ◽  
Polar Solvent ◽  
Reducing Power ◽  
Scavenging Activity ◽  
Shade Trees ◽  
Crude Fibre ◽  
Shade Tree ◽  
Dpph Scavenging Activity ◽  
Dpph Scavenging

Beneficial properties of shade trees of tea plantations other than their medicinal properties have been extensively studied. This research was initiated to explore the properties of some shade trees with special emphasis on their antioxidant and antibacterial properties. Leaves from shade tree like Dalbergia sissoo (DS), Cassia siamea (CS), Derris robusta (DR), Leucaena leucocephala (LL), Acacia lenticularis (AL) and Melia azedarach (MA) were used for the study. Characterization of shade tree leaves by determination of moisture, crude fibre and ash content and tests of non polar – polar solvent extracts for steroid, tannins, cardiac glycosides and coumarin, free radical scavenging, ferric reducing power, NO scavenging activities, quantification of Flavonoids and antibacterial activity were conducted. The average moisture, crude fibre and ash percentage of shade tree plants were found to be 62.95, 11.28 and 1.86 respectively. Methanol, ethanol, acetone and ethyl acetate respectively proved to be the most potent solvent for various phytochemical extractions as it gave positive results for tests like tannin, steroid, cardiac glycosides and coumarin. AL (91.46%), DR (92.69%), LL (94.32%) and MA (93.34%) leaf extracts showed a high level of DPPH scavenging activity in their water extracts. In DS (88.11%) and CS (83.23%) maximum DPPH scavenging activity was observed in Diethyl ether and Methanol extracts respectively.  Acetone extracts were more active than the water extracts in exhibiting ferric reducing power and NO scavenging activity. Summation of the quantity revealed that DS showed maximum presence of flavonoids and acetone as most potential for isolation of flavonoids. The decreasing order of summative antibacterial activity was recorded in DS, followed by CS, DR, AL, MA and LL. Chloroform showed the highest summative inhibition zone followed by ethanol, ethyl acetate, diethyl ether, acetone, water,  hexane, benzene and methanol. The antioxidant and antibacterial potential of shade trees were established.

scholarly journals Effect of Light Stress on Germination and Growth Parameters of Corchorus olitorius, Celosia argentea,Amaranthus cruentus, Abelmoschus esculentus and Delonix regia

2013 ◽  
Vol 5 (4) ◽  
pp. 468-475 ◽  
Author(s):  
Akinbode Foluso OLOGUNDUDU ◽  
Adekunle Ajayi ADELUSI ◽  
Kehinde Peter ADEKOYA
Keyword(s):  
Leaf Area ◽  
Growth Parameters ◽  
Light Stress ◽  
Abelmoschus Esculentus ◽  
Corchorus Olitorius ◽  
Direct Sunlight ◽  
Amaranthus Cruentus ◽  
Delonix Regia ◽  
Celosia Argentea ◽  
Shade Plants

Seeds of Abelmoschus esculentus, Amaranthus cruentus, Celosia argentea, Corchorus olitorius and Delonix regia were germinated under light and dark conditions. The germination parameters revealed that germination was higher in seeds of A. cruentus and C. olitorus under light while the seeds of D. regia germinated more in the dark. However, no major difference was observed in the germination of C. argentea and A. esculentus in light and darkness. The above findings point out that germination is species dependent. It also indicated that Amaranthus cruentus and C. olitorius adapt better to light while D. regia adapt better to dark condition. The shade plants of A. esculentus and D. regia were found to be taller than those under direct sunlight. However, seedlings of A. cruentus, C. olitorius and C. argentea were found to be taller those under direct sunlight than in the shade regimes. This could suggest that these plants have higher tolerance of heat with respect to A. esculentus and D. regia. Shade plants of A. esculentus, C. argentea, C. olitorius and D. regia exhibited lower leaf area which is an adaptation to maximize light interception. Higher leaf area was observed in the shade plant of A. cruentus may be an adaptation to maximize the little light available to the plant under shade. These findings revealed plants adaptation to cope with stress in the environment.

scholarly journals Inheritance of Biochemical and Morphological Characters Associated with Two-spotted Spider Mite Resistance in Pelargonium ×hortorum

1997 ◽  
Vol 122 (3) ◽  
pp. 373-379 ◽  
Author(s):  
Richard Grazzini ◽  
Donald Walters ◽  
Jody Harmon ◽  
David J. Hesk ◽  
Diana Cox-Foster ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Spider Mite ◽  
Genetic Model ◽  
Glandular Trichomes ◽  
Glandular Trichome ◽  
Morphological Characters ◽  
Spider Mites ◽  
Trichome Density ◽  
Anacardic Acids ◽  
High Concentrations ◽  
Two Spotted Spider Mite

Diploid zonal geraniums (Pelargonium ×hortorum) are able to resist attack by small arthropod pests such as the two-spotted spider mite (Tetranychus urticae Koch) when exudate produced by tall glandular trichomes contains a high percentage of ω5-unsaturated anacardic acids. Trichomes of susceptible plants exude primarily saturated anacardic acids. Inbred mite-resistant and -susceptible geraniums were reciprocally crossed and the F1, F2, and backcross generations were examined for anacardic acid composition and trichome density. Selected F2 plants were bioassayed for resistance to two-spotted spider mites. High concentrations of ω5-unsaturated anacardic acids in resistant plants are conditioned by a single dominant allele. We propose that inheritance of tall glandular trichome density can be controlled by a small number of loci (possibly as few as one) exhibiting codominance. F2, with low densities of tall glandular trichomes and producing ω5-unsaturated anacardic acids, displayed effective resistance to two-spotted spider mites as measured by mite mortality and fecundity. A genetic model for the biosynthesis of anacardic acids is proposed.

scholarly journals Impact of Exogenous Elicitors on Artemisinin Production and Trichome Density in Artemisia annua L. under Subtropical Conditions

2014 ◽  
Vol 6 (3) ◽  
pp. 349-353 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alka Jagdish DANGASH ◽  
Neeta PANDYA ◽  
Ashish BHARILLYA ◽  
Ashween JHALA ◽  
Dharamchand JAIN
Keyword(s):  
Salicylic Acid ◽  
Gibberellic Acid ◽  
Indole Acetic Acid ◽  
Artemisia Annua ◽  
Glandular Trichomes ◽  
Acetyl Salicylic Acid ◽  
Trichome Density ◽  
Factors Affecting ◽  
Medicinal Properties ◽  
Artemisinin Content

Artemisinin is a sesquiterpene lactone found in Artemisia annua having many medicinal properties. Therefore the factors affecting trichome initiation are important. In the present study, several strategies have been adapted to increase artemisinin production by treating them with nutrients, hormones and elicitors. Abscisic acid, Gibberellic acid (GA3), a combination of GA3+IAA (Gibberellic acid+indole acetic acid), Chitosan, Methyl jasmonate, Acetyl salicylic acid, Lead acetate, sodium chloride, and Nanozime were sprayed on plant at regular intervals. The glandular trichomes of leaves from Artemisia annua (Asteraceae) were examined by light and scanning electron microscopy and the percentage artemisnin content was analyzed by HPTLC. Maximum artemisinin content % and trichome index (0.128) was found when methy jasmonate was applied and minimum artemisinin content % and trichome index was reported in NaCl & acetyl salicylic acid.

scholarly journals Flexibility of coffee agroforestry with diversified shade tree composition: A case study in Panama

Tropics ◽  
2012 ◽  
Vol 21 (2) ◽  
pp. 33-46 ◽  
Author(s):  
Natsuho Fujisawa ◽  
Motomu Tanaka ◽  
Makoto Inoue
Keyword(s):  
Coffee Agroforestry ◽  
Shade Tree ◽  
Tree Composition

Host preference by the twig borer Xylosandrus compactus (Coleoptera: Scolytidae) and simulated influence of shade trees on its populations

2017 ◽  
Vol 37 (03) ◽  
pp. 183-188
Author(s):  
James Peter Egonyu ◽  
John Baguma ◽  
Isaac Ogari ◽  
Gladys Ahumuza ◽  
Gerald Ddumba
Keyword(s):  
Tree Species ◽  
Host Preference ◽  
Coffea Canephora ◽  
Real Field ◽  
Shade Trees ◽  
Alternate Host ◽  
Shade Tree ◽  
Field Situation ◽  
Generalized Linear Modelling

Abstract Xylosandrus compactus (Eichhoff) is a serious pest of Coffea canephora and Theobroma cacao in Uganda and also attacks several common shade tree species often associated with these crops. Seedlings of 10 common hosts of X. compactus were screened for preferential infestation by X. compactus, with a view to analysing the potential role of the shade trees in escalating incidence and damage by the pest. The experiment was conducted for 8 weeks in a garden of mature C. canephora infested by X. compactus that served as a natural source of infestation for the seedlings. The seedlings that became infested by X. compactus were counted weekly and the counts subjected to generalized linear modelling. Results show marked host preference by X. compactus, with T. cacao and C. canephora being the most preferred, while Eucalyptus sp. and Albizia chinensis being the least preferred. Four simulated scenarios of incidence and damage by X. compactus on a preferred crop such as C. canephora are discussed. It is suggested that it is most unlikely for unpreferred alternate host shade tree species to markedly increase populations of X. compactus on shaded preferred host plants. However, these simulations, which are based on results from potted seedlings, need to be validated in a real field situation, taking into account other ecological parameters that are likely to influence pest populations.

Invasion by Pittosporum undulatum of the Forests of Central Victoria. III. Effects of Temperature and Light on Growth and Drought Resistance

1982 ◽  
Vol 30 (3) ◽  
pp. 347 ◽  
Author(s):  
RM Gleadow ◽  
KS Rowan
Keyword(s):  
Leaf Area ◽  
Photon Flux ◽  
First Year ◽  
Low Light ◽  
Relative Growth ◽  
Relative Growth Rates ◽  
Drought Tolerant ◽  
Deep Shade ◽  
Net Assimilation ◽  
Shade Plants

The clumping of invading seedlings of Pittosporum undulatum Vent. around the butts of established trees is due partly to the site-dependent survival of seedlings. particularly during summer. P. undulatum seedlings were very drought-tolerant when grown at moderately low temperatures (21.4°C day/17.8°C night compared with 27.4°C day/23.9°C night) and in deep shade. Plants droughted at 5°C higher temperatures and higher photon flux densities stopped transpiring and wilted 10-13 days earlier than those droughted under cooler, densely shaded conditions. Well watered seedlings had higher relative growth rates and net assimilation rates when grown under higher temperatures and photon flux densities. Control seedlings were more leafy when grown under low light. as reflected by the specific leaf area, leaf area ratio and root/shoot ratios. The adverse effects of higher photon flux densities and temperatures on the drought tolerance of P. undulatum seedlings support the hypothesis that survlval of invading seedlings in their first year is dependent on the microclimate.

Importance of shade trees (Grevillea robusta) in the dispersal of forest tree species in managed tea plantations of southern Western Ghats, India

2012 ◽  
Vol 28 (2) ◽  
pp. 187-197 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. C. Chetana ◽  
T. Ganesh
Keyword(s):  
Species Richness ◽  
Forest Tree ◽  
Forest Edge ◽  
Shade Trees ◽  
Grevillea Robusta ◽  
Ecological Processes ◽  
Species Dominance ◽  
Shade Tree ◽  
Tea Plantations ◽  
Southern Western Ghats

Abstract:Abandoned plantations of coffee, tea and other commercial crops offer opportunities for understanding ecological processes in modified forest ecosystems. Unlike tree plantations tea is maintained as a shrub with a continuous dense short canopy that precludes large-frugivore activity thereby limiting dispersal of forest species to such areas. In this study we determine how location and density of Grevillea robusta a shade tree in tea plantations and proximity of plantations to forests influences seed arrival from forests into the plantations. We also estimate the importance of dispersal modes in the colonization processes. We laid 10 × 10-m plots at three distance intervals from the forest edge in three different plantation types with varying shade tree densities. Within the plots we laid four 1× 1-m subplots at the corners of the plot. We estimated species richness, abundance and categorized the seeds into dispersal modes in these plots. Grevillea robusta increased species richness of seeds by three times and abundance of seeds by 3–30 times compared with plantations without them. Higher density of G. robusta increased seed input changed species composition and altered species dominance in the plantations. Distance to forests influenced seed arrival in plantations without G. robusta trees and plots 95 m from the forest did not have any seeds in them. No such effect was seen in plantations with G. robusta trees. Seeds dispersed by birds or a combination of birds and mammals contribute 30% of the seeds reaching the plantations with G. robusta and this was not influenced by distance from the forest. In plantations without G. robusta bird dispersal is restricted to 25 m from the forest edge. In general density of shade trees has a strong influence on seed arrival which can negate the forest proximity effect and enhance natural forest colonization.

scholarly journals Isolasi Mikroorganisme Penambat Nitrogen Simbiotik dari Tanaman Pelindung Sementara pada Perkebunan Teh Dataran Tinggi

Jurnal Agro ◽  
10.15575/440 ◽  
2015 ◽  
Vol 2 (2) ◽  
pp. 22-29
Author(s):  
Eko Pranoto
Keyword(s):  
Plant Growth ◽  
Sea Level ◽  
Tea Plant ◽  
Shade Trees ◽  
Material Source ◽  
Tea Plantation ◽  
High Productivity ◽  
Shade Tree ◽  
Efficiency And Effectiveness ◽  
Rhizobium Sp

Pemupukan merupakan salah satu input faktor pada perkebunan teh yang terus mengalami pening­katan harga. Penurunan biaya pokok dapat diupayakan melalui peningkatan efisiensi dan efektivitas pemupukan. Tanaman teh dapat tumbuh dan berproduksi dengan baik pada ketinggian minimal 700 meter di atas permukaan laut. Seiring pertumbuhannya, tanaman teh juga mem­butuhkan ta­naman pelindung untuk membantu dalam pengurangan evaporasi, mengurangi froze, sebagai wind brea­ker, dan juga sebagai sumber bahan organik. Pada masa Tanaman Belum Menghasilkan (TBM), tanaman pelindung yang dipakai adalah tanaman pelindung sementara yang merupa­kan tanaman Legu­minosa dan bersimbiosis dengan Rhizobium sp. yang dapat memfiksasi nitrogen dari udara dan menghasilkan fitohormon IAA sebagai biokatalisator yang dapat memper­cepat pertumbuhan tanaman. Setiap tanaman Leguminosa bersimbiosis dengan Rhizo­bium sp. yang spesifik dan berbeda-beda pada satu jenis tanaman dan ketinggian tempatnya. Oleh karena itu, perlu dilakukan penggalian potensi alam lokal yang terdapat pada daerah tanaman teh dataran tinggi, khususnya Rhizobium sp. dari tanaman Leguminosa yang merupakan pohon pelindung tanaman teh. Tujuannya adalah agar diperoleh karakter spesies Rhizobium sp. dataran tinggi yang pada tahap penelitian selanjutnya dapat dimanfaatkan untuk meningkatkan kesuburan tanah, meningkatkan produktivitas tanaman, dan akhirnya dapat mengop­timalkan biaya pemupukan pada perkebunan teh. Dari penelitian diperoleh enam spesies Rhizobium sp. dari perkebunan teh dataran tinggi yang diberi kode YA, YB, YC, YD, YE, dan YF. Secara makroskopis terdapat perbedaan pertumbuhan Rhizobium sp. tersebut dengan pertumbuhan tercepat adalah Rhizobium sp. dari tanaman pelindung sementara Tephrosia sp. dan Seisbania sp. pada perkebunan teh. Fertilization is one of input factors on tea plantation that is increasing on the price. The decreasing of the main cost can be done by increasing the efficiency and effectiveness of fertilizing. Tea plant can be grown with high productivity at least at 700 m above sea level. Along with the growth, tea plant need shade tree to eliminate evaporation and froze, and act as a wind breaker and organic material source. Leguminose plants used on young tea is a symbiotic plant with Rhizo­bium sp. This microorganism can fix Nitrogen from the air, and produce fitohormone such IAA functioning as bio-catalist to accelerate the plant growth. Every Leguminose plant has specific symbiosis with Rhizo­bium sp. depending on plant species and elevation. Furthermore, there is a need of exploration of the indigenous Rhizobium sp. from Leguminose shade tree at highland tea plantation. The aim was to get species characteristic of Rhizobium sp. that can be used for the next research to increase soil fertility, plant productivity, and opti­mize the fertilizer cost on tea plantation. The result found six species of Rhizobium sp. with code YA, YB, YC, YD, YE, and YF. Macroscopically, there were differences on the characteristic among them. The highest rate of growth were found for Rhizobium sp. from Tephrosia sp. and Seisbania sp. temporary shade trees on tea plantation.

scholarly journals Broad Mite on Primocane-fruiting Blackberry in Organic Production in Arkansas

2010 ◽  
Vol 20 (4) ◽  
pp. 718-723 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christopher I. Vincent ◽  
M. Elena García ◽  
Donn T. Johnson ◽  
Curt R. Rom
Keyword(s):  
Leaf Area ◽  
Organic Production ◽  
Temperate Climate ◽  
Trichome Density ◽  
Ambient Conditions ◽  
Polyphagotarsonemus Latus ◽  
High Tunnels ◽  
Broad Mite ◽  
Spring Harvest ◽  
Genotype Effects

The broad mite (Polyphagotarsonemus latus) was found in association with leaf-curling symptoms on primocane-fruiting blackberry (Rubus rubus) in Arkansas in 2007–2009. Broad mite had not been previously reported on blackberry. The plots sampled in this study were part of a study comparing harvesting in the fall versus harvest in spring and fall, high tunnels versus ambient conditions, and three genotypes, all under organic production. Leaves were sampled, broad mites per leaf counted, and leaf area and trichome density measured. Results indicated that broad mite is capable of overwintering in a moderate temperate climate and that it reduces leaf area of primocane-fruiting blackberry. The fall-only harvest system had fewer broad mites than fall and spring harvest. There were a range of genotype effects on broad mite populations, including one genotype, ‘Prime-Jan®’, on which broad mite populations remained low, and one genotype, APF-46, on which mite populations grew significantly. Observations indicate that the broad mite may be a pest of ‘Prime-Ark® 45’, another primocane-fruiting cultivar.

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