scholarly journals Isolasi Mikroorganisme Penambat Nitrogen Simbiotik dari Tanaman Pelindung Sementara pada Perkebunan Teh Dataran Tinggi

Jurnal Agro ◽  
10.15575/440 ◽  
2015 ◽  
Vol 2 (2) ◽  
pp. 22-29
Author(s):  
Eko Pranoto
Keyword(s):  
Plant Growth ◽  
Sea Level ◽  
Tea Plant ◽  
Shade Trees ◽  
Material Source ◽  
Tea Plantation ◽  
High Productivity ◽  
Shade Tree ◽  
Efficiency And Effectiveness ◽  
Rhizobium Sp

Pemupukan merupakan salah satu input faktor pada perkebunan teh yang terus mengalami pening­katan harga. Penurunan biaya pokok dapat diupayakan melalui peningkatan efisiensi dan efektivitas pemupukan. Tanaman teh dapat tumbuh dan berproduksi dengan baik pada ketinggian minimal 700 meter di atas permukaan laut. Seiring pertumbuhannya, tanaman teh juga mem­butuhkan ta­naman pelindung untuk membantu dalam pengurangan evaporasi, mengurangi froze, sebagai wind brea­ker, dan juga sebagai sumber bahan organik. Pada masa Tanaman Belum Menghasilkan (TBM), tanaman pelindung yang dipakai adalah tanaman pelindung sementara yang merupa­kan tanaman Legu­minosa dan bersimbiosis dengan Rhizobium sp. yang dapat memfiksasi nitrogen dari udara dan menghasilkan fitohormon IAA sebagai biokatalisator yang dapat memper­cepat pertumbuhan tanaman. Setiap tanaman Leguminosa bersimbiosis dengan Rhizo­bium sp. yang spesifik dan berbeda-beda pada satu jenis tanaman dan ketinggian tempatnya. Oleh karena itu, perlu dilakukan penggalian potensi alam lokal yang terdapat pada daerah tanaman teh dataran tinggi, khususnya Rhizobium sp. dari tanaman Leguminosa yang merupakan pohon pelindung tanaman teh. Tujuannya adalah agar diperoleh karakter spesies Rhizobium sp. dataran tinggi yang pada tahap penelitian selanjutnya dapat dimanfaatkan untuk meningkatkan kesuburan tanah, meningkatkan produktivitas tanaman, dan akhirnya dapat mengop­timalkan biaya pemupukan pada perkebunan teh. Dari penelitian diperoleh enam spesies Rhizobium sp. dari perkebunan teh dataran tinggi yang diberi kode YA, YB, YC, YD, YE, dan YF. Secara makroskopis terdapat perbedaan pertumbuhan Rhizobium sp. tersebut dengan pertumbuhan tercepat adalah Rhizobium sp. dari tanaman pelindung sementara Tephrosia sp. dan Seisbania sp. pada perkebunan teh. Fertilization is one of input factors on tea plantation that is increasing on the price. The decreasing of the main cost can be done by increasing the efficiency and effectiveness of fertilizing. Tea plant can be grown with high productivity at least at 700 m above sea level. Along with the growth, tea plant need shade tree to eliminate evaporation and froze, and act as a wind breaker and organic material source. Leguminose plants used on young tea is a symbiotic plant with Rhizo­bium sp. This microorganism can fix Nitrogen from the air, and produce fitohormone such IAA functioning as bio-catalist to accelerate the plant growth. Every Leguminose plant has specific symbiosis with Rhizo­bium sp. depending on plant species and elevation. Furthermore, there is a need of exploration of the indigenous Rhizobium sp. from Leguminose shade tree at highland tea plantation. The aim was to get species characteristic of Rhizobium sp. that can be used for the next research to increase soil fertility, plant productivity, and opti­mize the fertilizer cost on tea plantation. The result found six species of Rhizobium sp. with code YA, YB, YC, YD, YE, and YF. Macroscopically, there were differences on the characteristic among them. The highest rate of growth were found for Rhizobium sp. from Tephrosia sp. and Seisbania sp. temporary shade trees on tea plantation.

SISTEM OTOMASI PENYIRAMAN TANAMAN BERBASIS TELEGRAM

SIGMA TEKNIKA ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
pp. 81
Author(s):  
Muhammad Irsyam
Keyword(s):  
Soil Moisture ◽  
Plant Growth ◽  
Water Intake ◽  
Smart Phone ◽  
Growth Failure ◽  
Automation System ◽  
Notification System ◽  
Efficiency And Effectiveness ◽  
Plant Automation

ABSTRAK           Faktor yang menentukan kegagalan pertumbuhan suatu tanaman hampir dipengaruhi oleh teknik atau cara penyiraman tanaman yang salah. Hal ini disebabkan oleh teknik penyiraman yang dilakukan secara manual sehingga tidak semua tanaman mendapatkan asupan air yang merata untuk menghidari tanaman menjadi layu. Faktor lain yang menyebabkan kegagalan pertumbuhan tanaman adalah kelembaban tanah.          Oleh karena itu, untuk mengurangi permasalahan tersebut dirancanglah “Sistem Otomasi Penyiraman Tanaman Berbasis Telegram”. Adapun sistem ini meliputi penyiraman tanaman secara otomatis berdasarkan kadar kelembaban tanah dengan sistem pemberitahuan atau notifikasi yang akan dikirimkan kepada petani dengan menggunakan aplikasi smart phone Telegram.          Sistem ini telah mampu mengontrol penyiraman sesuai dengan kondisi yang diinginkan. Dengan adanya sistem otomasi penyiraman tanaman berbasis telegram maka dapat meningkatkan efesiensi dan efektivitas petani sehingga kualitas tanaman dapat terjaga dengan baik.Kata kunci -- Penyiraman Tanaman, Penyiraman Secara Otomatis, Telegram.ABSTRACT                Factors that determine the failure of a plant's growth of almost are influenced by incorrect cropping techniques or methods. This is caused by the technique of watering is done manually so that not all plants get a uniform water intake to avoid crops withered. Another factor that causes plant growth failure is soil moisture.          Therefore, to reduce the problem was designed "Telegram Based Water Planting Automation System". The system includes automatic watering of plants based on moisture level of the soil with a notification or notification system that will be sent to farmers using Telegram smart phone applications.          This system has been able to control the watering according to the desired conditions. With the telegraph-based plant watering plant automation system can improve the efficiency and effectiveness of farmers so that the quality of the plant can be maintained properly. Keywords -- Watering Plants, Watering Automatically, Telegram.  

Characterization of non polar-polar solvent extracts from some tea plantation shade tree leaves with special reference to antioxidant and antibacterial activities

2020 ◽  
pp. 15-21
Author(s):  
Arindam Ghosh ◽  
Soumya Majumder ◽  
Sumedha Saha ◽  
Malay Bhattacharya
Keyword(s):  
Cardiac Glycosides ◽  
Polar Solvent ◽  
Reducing Power ◽  
Scavenging Activity ◽  
Shade Trees ◽  
Crude Fibre ◽  
Shade Tree ◽  
Dpph Scavenging Activity ◽  
Dpph Scavenging

Beneficial properties of shade trees of tea plantations other than their medicinal properties have been extensively studied. This research was initiated to explore the properties of some shade trees with special emphasis on their antioxidant and antibacterial properties. Leaves from shade tree like Dalbergia sissoo (DS), Cassia siamea (CS), Derris robusta (DR), Leucaena leucocephala (LL), Acacia lenticularis (AL) and Melia azedarach (MA) were used for the study. Characterization of shade tree leaves by determination of moisture, crude fibre and ash content and tests of non polar – polar solvent extracts for steroid, tannins, cardiac glycosides and coumarin, free radical scavenging, ferric reducing power, NO scavenging activities, quantification of Flavonoids and antibacterial activity were conducted. The average moisture, crude fibre and ash percentage of shade tree plants were found to be 62.95, 11.28 and 1.86 respectively. Methanol, ethanol, acetone and ethyl acetate respectively proved to be the most potent solvent for various phytochemical extractions as it gave positive results for tests like tannin, steroid, cardiac glycosides and coumarin. AL (91.46%), DR (92.69%), LL (94.32%) and MA (93.34%) leaf extracts showed a high level of DPPH scavenging activity in their water extracts. In DS (88.11%) and CS (83.23%) maximum DPPH scavenging activity was observed in Diethyl ether and Methanol extracts respectively.  Acetone extracts were more active than the water extracts in exhibiting ferric reducing power and NO scavenging activity. Summation of the quantity revealed that DS showed maximum presence of flavonoids and acetone as most potential for isolation of flavonoids. The decreasing order of summative antibacterial activity was recorded in DS, followed by CS, DR, AL, MA and LL. Chloroform showed the highest summative inhibition zone followed by ethanol, ethyl acetate, diethyl ether, acetone, water,  hexane, benzene and methanol. The antioxidant and antibacterial potential of shade trees were established.

Molecular Insights into Beneficial Effects of Tea-Plant Growth and Selenium Enrichment by Herbaspirillum camelliae

2021 ◽  
pp. 37-51
Author(s):  
Wei Cheng ◽  
Xuejing Yu ◽  
Xingguo Wang
Keyword(s):  
Plant Growth ◽  
Molecular Mechanisms ◽  
Acc Deaminase ◽  
Nitrogen Sources ◽  
Endophytic Bacterium ◽  
Tea Plant ◽  
Nitrogen Fixing ◽  
Biotic And Abiotic Stress ◽  
Bacterial Strains ◽  
Secretion Systems

Herbaspirillum camelliae WT00C, as a tea-plant endophytic bacterium, not only colonizes specifically in tea plants but also promotes tea-plant growth and selenium enrichment. Different from diazotrophic endophytes H. seropedicae, H. frisingense and H. rubrisubalbicans, H. camelliae WT00C does not display nitrogen-fixing activity. To understand the molecular mechanisms of promoting the growth of tea plant and Se-enrichment, we sequenced and annotated the genome of H. camelliae WT00C. The results showed that the genome was composed of 6,079,821 base pairs with a total of 5,537 genes. The genomic survey also revealed that H. camelliae WT00C was a multifunctional bacterium metabolizing a variety of carbon and nitrogen sources and defending against biotic and abiotic stress. Although this bacterium did not have intact nitrogen-fixing genes, its genome held the genes responsible for indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) biosynthesis, 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylate (ACC) deamination, siderophore synthesis, ammonia formation, urea metabolism, glutathione and selenocompound metabolisms. Biosynthesis of IAA, siderophore, ammonia, urea and ACC deaminase could explain why two bacterial strains promote tea-plant growth and development. Selenocompound metabolism in this bacterium might also benefit tea-plant growth and Se-enrichment. In addition, the genome of H. camelliae also contained a multitude of protein secretion systems T1SS, T3SS, T4SS and T6SS, in which T4SS did not exhibit in other members of the genus Herbaspirillum.

Host preference by the twig borer Xylosandrus compactus (Coleoptera: Scolytidae) and simulated influence of shade trees on its populations

2017 ◽  
Vol 37 (03) ◽  
pp. 183-188
Author(s):  
James Peter Egonyu ◽  
John Baguma ◽  
Isaac Ogari ◽  
Gladys Ahumuza ◽  
Gerald Ddumba
Keyword(s):  
Tree Species ◽  
Host Preference ◽  
Coffea Canephora ◽  
Real Field ◽  
Shade Trees ◽  
Alternate Host ◽  
Shade Tree ◽  
Field Situation ◽  
Generalized Linear Modelling

Abstract Xylosandrus compactus (Eichhoff) is a serious pest of Coffea canephora and Theobroma cacao in Uganda and also attacks several common shade tree species often associated with these crops. Seedlings of 10 common hosts of X. compactus were screened for preferential infestation by X. compactus, with a view to analysing the potential role of the shade trees in escalating incidence and damage by the pest. The experiment was conducted for 8 weeks in a garden of mature C. canephora infested by X. compactus that served as a natural source of infestation for the seedlings. The seedlings that became infested by X. compactus were counted weekly and the counts subjected to generalized linear modelling. Results show marked host preference by X. compactus, with T. cacao and C. canephora being the most preferred, while Eucalyptus sp. and Albizia chinensis being the least preferred. Four simulated scenarios of incidence and damage by X. compactus on a preferred crop such as C. canephora are discussed. It is suggested that it is most unlikely for unpreferred alternate host shade tree species to markedly increase populations of X. compactus on shaded preferred host plants. However, these simulations, which are based on results from potted seedlings, need to be validated in a real field situation, taking into account other ecological parameters that are likely to influence pest populations.

Importance of shade trees (Grevillea robusta) in the dispersal of forest tree species in managed tea plantations of southern Western Ghats, India

2012 ◽  
Vol 28 (2) ◽  
pp. 187-197 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. C. Chetana ◽  
T. Ganesh
Keyword(s):  
Species Richness ◽  
Forest Tree ◽  
Forest Edge ◽  
Shade Trees ◽  
Grevillea Robusta ◽  
Ecological Processes ◽  
Species Dominance ◽  
Shade Tree ◽  
Tea Plantations ◽  
Southern Western Ghats

Abstract:Abandoned plantations of coffee, tea and other commercial crops offer opportunities for understanding ecological processes in modified forest ecosystems. Unlike tree plantations tea is maintained as a shrub with a continuous dense short canopy that precludes large-frugivore activity thereby limiting dispersal of forest species to such areas. In this study we determine how location and density of Grevillea robusta a shade tree in tea plantations and proximity of plantations to forests influences seed arrival from forests into the plantations. We also estimate the importance of dispersal modes in the colonization processes. We laid 10 × 10-m plots at three distance intervals from the forest edge in three different plantation types with varying shade tree densities. Within the plots we laid four 1× 1-m subplots at the corners of the plot. We estimated species richness, abundance and categorized the seeds into dispersal modes in these plots. Grevillea robusta increased species richness of seeds by three times and abundance of seeds by 3–30 times compared with plantations without them. Higher density of G. robusta increased seed input changed species composition and altered species dominance in the plantations. Distance to forests influenced seed arrival in plantations without G. robusta trees and plots 95 m from the forest did not have any seeds in them. No such effect was seen in plantations with G. robusta trees. Seeds dispersed by birds or a combination of birds and mammals contribute 30% of the seeds reaching the plantations with G. robusta and this was not influenced by distance from the forest. In plantations without G. robusta bird dispersal is restricted to 25 m from the forest edge. In general density of shade trees has a strong influence on seed arrival which can negate the forest proximity effect and enhance natural forest colonization.

scholarly journals Kadar pati akar dan sitokinin endogen pada tanaman teh menghasilkan sebagai dasar penentuan pemangkasan dan aplikasi zat pengatur tumbuh

Kultivasi ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 17 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Intan Ratna Dewi Anjarsari ◽  
Jajang Sauman Hamdani ◽  
Cucu Suherman Victor Zar ◽  
Tati Nurmala ◽  
Heri Sahrian ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Plant Growth ◽  
Starch Content ◽  
Nutrient Status ◽  
Tea Plant ◽  
Endogenous Cytokinin ◽  
Sources And Sinks ◽  
Qualitative Test ◽  
Root Starch ◽  
Tea Plants ◽  
Lateral Branches

ABSTRAK Pemangkasan pada tanaman teh dilakukan salah satunya untuk menginisiasi tumbuhnya banyak tunas sebagai bakal pembentukan pucuk peko. Pemangkasan mengubah luas daun, kapasitas fotosintesis perdu, mempengaruhi keseimbangan metabolisme antara organ di atas dan di bawah tanah dengan  mengurangi  jumlah tumbuh tunas yang berfungsi sebagai sumber dan pengguna untuk nutrisi dan hormon. Sampai saat ini pertumbuhan tunas sebagai bakal daun setelah pemangkasan terjadi secara alami tanpa penambahan zat pengatur tumbuh (ZPT). Pada dasarnya rekayasa fisiologis dengan menggunakan ZPT sitokinin dapat menjadi pilihan untuk lebih memacu pertumbuhan cabang lateral dan tunas serta memecahkan dormansi pucuk. Tujuan penelitian pendahuluan ini  adalah untuk mengetahui   kadar pati akar, kadar sitokinin endogen, serta status hara tanah  guna menentukan waktu pemangkasan yang tepat dan dasar untuk dilakukan aplikasi zat pengatur tumbuh setelah dipangkas. Penelitian selanjutnya adalah penggunaan sitokinin BAP pada berbgai dosis pada tanaman teh yang sudah dipangkas.  Penelitian pendahuluan dilakukan pada bulan Agustus  hingga Oktober 2017 di kebun percobaan Pusat Penelitian Teh dan Kina (PPTK) Gambung  pada ketinggian 1250 m di atas permukaan laut (dpl). Metode pengambilan sampel daun, akar, dan tanah di lapangan dilakukan secara komposit untuk setiap ulangan selanjutnya dilakukan analisis pati akar, sitokinin endogen serta hara tanah. Hasil uji kualitatif pati akar menggunakan iodium mengindikasikan bahwa tanaman teh siap untuk dipangkas terlihat dari sampel akar yang ditetesi iodium menunjukkan warna hitam. Hasil analisis laboratorium menunjukkan bahwa kadar pai akar berada pada kisaran 6.99 % hingga 9,16% dan sitokinin endogen ada pad akisaran 0,0016% hingga0,0019%.  Penentuan kadar pati akar, kondisi lingkungan serta status hara sebelum pemangkas diperlukan agar meminimalisasi tingkat kematian perdu teh serta analisis sitokinin endogen diperlukan untuk lebih  mengoptimalkan dosis sitokinin yang akan diberikanKata Kunci : pemangkasan, sitokinin endogen, kadar pati akar. ABSTRACT  Pruning on tea plants is  perfomed initiating growth of shoots to be pecco stadia. Pruning changes the leaf area, the capacity of photosynthetic tea bush, affecting the metabolic balance between upper and underground organs by reducing the growing number of buds that function as sources and sinks for nutrients and hormones. Until now the growth of shoots as leaf will after pruning occurs naturally without the addition of plant growth regulating substances (PGR). Essentially physiological engineering using  cytokinins can be an option to increase the growth of lateral branches and buds as well as break the shoot dormancy. The preliminary study was conducted from August to October 2017 at experimental field of Gambung Tea and Quinine Research Center (PPTK) at an altitude of 1250 m above sea level (asl). Preliminary method used in the form of analysis of root starch, endogenous cytokinin and soil nutrients to  determined the proper pruning time and the basis for the application of  plant growth regulator substances after pruning. The results of a qualitative test of root content using iodine indicated that the tea plant was ready to be pruned visible from the root samples that iodized spots showed black. The result of  laboratory test  showed that root starch content was in the range of 6.99 to 9.16. and cytokinin endogen  preliminary analysis showed that the levels are in the range of 0.0016 up to 0.0019. Determination of root starch, environmental conditions and nutrient status before pruning is necessary in order to minimize mortality rate of tea bush as well as analysis of endogenous cytokinin is needed to further optimize the dose of cytokinin to be given. Keywords : cytokinins, pruning,  root starch content

scholarly journals Plant Availability of Magnesium in Typical Tea Plantation Soils 

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Qunfeng Zhang ◽  
Dandan Tang ◽  
Xiangde Yang ◽  
Saipan Geng ◽  
Ying He ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Quality Improvement ◽  
Tea Plant ◽  
Tea Plantation ◽  
Fertilizer Use Efficiency ◽  
Fertilizer Use ◽  
Plant Cultivation ◽  
Yield And Quality ◽  
Tea Quality ◽  
Use Efficiency ◽  
Tea Plants

Abstract Background and aims: Magnesium (Mg) plays important roles in improving the yield and quality of tea. However, Mg deficiency frequently occurs in acidic tea plantation soil. Methods: Tea plants were pot-cultivated in 12 typical tea plantations soils amended with and without Mg fertilizer. Exchangeable Mg (Ex-Mg) concentration in soils were quantitatively extracted using four extraction solutions (Mehlich-3, BaCl2, CaCl2 and NH4OAC). Plant availability of Mg was evaluated by Mg uptake and use efficiency, as well as its association with quality-components in tea plants.Results: Ex-Mg in soils were extracted most efficiently by Mehlich-3, while Mg concentrations in tea plant tissue higher correlated with Ex-Mg extracted by CaCl2 than other extraction solutions. Mg fertilizer use efficiency in tea plant varied from 6.08% to 29.56 %, and Mg fertilization significantly improve green tea quality by decreasing the ratio of total polyphenol to amino acid in tea leaves (24-60%). Moreover, the effect of Mg application on tea quality improvement and the use efficiency of Mg fertilizer both negatively correlated with total Mg concentration (r = -0.94 and -0.63, respectively) and nitrogen (N) level (r = -0.61 and -0.51, respectively) in soils prior to tea plant cultivation.Conclusions: CaCl2 could be recommended for plant-available Mg extraction in tea plantation soil, and Mg fertilizer use efficiency could be affected and predicted by total N and Mg status in soils prior to tea plant cultivation, providing a potential theoretical for guidance of Mg fertilization for tea yield and quality improvement in tea plantation management.

scholarly journals Differences in leaf area, trichome density, and xylem structure between the two types of Theobroma cacao l. cultivation: With or without shade plants

2020 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Erma Prihastanti ◽  
Yulita Nurchayati
Keyword(s):  
Leaf Area ◽  
Glandular Trichomes ◽  
Xylem Vessel ◽  
Shade Trees ◽  
Trichome Density ◽  
Xylem Structure ◽  
Shade Tree ◽  
Vessel Structure ◽  
Tree Composition ◽  
Shade Plants

This study aimed to analyze the structure and density of non-glandular trichomes and the area of cocoa leaves, and the differences of xylem vessel structures on various shade tree composition. The leaf area and length, and trichomes were observed. The xylem vessel structure was observed from the root system. The result showed the area of cocoa plots without shade tree has more varied leaves size, in which upper canopy was smaller than the bottom. The area with various shade had a relatively equal size between the upper and the lower of the canopy. The three stellate-shaped non-glandular trichomes were found on the leaf venations only with the density in two plots increased with time. The xylem width area to the whole root width area ratio (k) in various shade trees was lower (k= 0.641) than that of without shade trees (k= 0.718). The higher k values indicated xylem structure without the shade tree had more xylem cells, and the pores was smaller compared to the plot with various shade trees.

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