scholarly journals Verso una proposta eticamente accettabile nella prevenzione delle malattie del DNA mitocondriale / Towards an ethically acceptable proposal in the prevention of mitochondrial DNA-associated diseases

2016 ◽  
Vol 65 (1) ◽  
pp. 9-17
Author(s):  
Lucía Gómez-Tatay ◽  
José Miguel Hernández-Andreu ◽  
Justo Aznar
Keyword(s):  
Mitochondrial Dna ◽  
Ethical Issues ◽  
Germinal Vesicle ◽  
Healthy Children ◽  
Stage Of Development ◽  
Hereditary Disorders ◽  
Maternal Spindle Transfer ◽  
Pronuclear Transfer ◽  
The Uk ◽  
Current Stage

Le malattie dovute alle alterazioni del DNA mitocondriale (mtDNA) sono attualmente incurabili. C’è tuttavia un certo numero di metodi a vari livelli di sviluppo che potrebbe evitare la trasmissione madre-figlio di questi disturbi ereditari. Tra questi metodi ci sono due tecniche che sono attualmente attirando l’attenzione di ricercatori, decisori e pazienti: il trasferimento pronucleare (PNT) e il trasferimento del fuso materno (MST). Questi metodi comportano l’uso di mitocondri sani da un donatore. PNT ha luogo in uno zigote, mentre nell’MST, le cellule uovo sono manipolate. Questi metodi sono molto promettenti, in quanto sembrano essere efficaci e sicuri, e infatti, potranno presto essere utilizzati nella pratica clinica nel Regno Unito, dove sono già state elaborate alcune misure legislative. Tuttavia, queste tecniche, come sono concepite oggi, sollevano diverse questioni etiche. In questo articolo, proponiamo una possibile soluzione per superare questi problemi, dando alle famiglie colpite la possibilità di concepire bambini sani. Noi crediamo che, allo stadio attuale di sviluppo, ci sono due tecniche, la MST e il Trasferimento di Vescicola Germinale o l’Iniezione di Vescicola Germinale (GVT o GVI), che combinati con una tecnica di riproduzione, come il trasferimento nelle tube di Falloppio di gameti (GIFT) o il trasferimento della cellula uovo nella parte prossimale della tuba di Falloppio (LTOT), potrebbe essere ampiamente accettati. Al contrario, il PNT senza fornire alcun beneficio in termini di efficacia o sicurezza, comporta ulteriori gravi difficoltà da un punto di vista etico. A nostro parere, la ricerca e la legislazione devono seguire questa linea, dal momento che numerose questioni etiche verrebbero superate senza compromettere efficacia e sicurezza. ---------- Diseases due to alterations in mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) are currently incurable. However, there are a number of methods in various stages of development that could avoid mother-child transmission of these hereditary disorders. Among them are two techniques that are currently attracting the attention of researchers, policymakers and patients: pronuclear transfer (PNT) and maternal spindle transfer (MST). These methods involve use of healthy mitochondrial from a donor. PNT takes place in a zygote, whereas in MST egg are manipulated. These methods are highly promising, since they seem to be effective and safe, and in fact, they could soon be used in clinical practice in the UK, where legislative steps have already been taken. Nevertheless, these techniques, as they are conceived today, pose several ethical issues. In this paper, we propose a possible solution to overcome these issues, while giving affected families the possibility of conceiving healthy children. We believe that, at the current stage of development, there are two techniques, MST and Germinal Vesicle Transfer or Germinal Vesicle Injection (GVT or GVI), which combined with a reproduction technique such as gamete intra-fallopian transfer (GIFT) or low tubal oocyte transfer (LTOT), could be widely accepted. In contrast, the PNT without providing any benefit to these in terms of efficacy or safety, entails more serious ethical difficulties. In our opinion, research and legislation must be conducted in this line, since several ethical issues would be overcome without compromising effectivity and safety.

The Legal Function

2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
Josephine Bisacre
Keyword(s):  
Limited Liability ◽  
Early Years ◽  
Business Failure ◽  
Legal Personality ◽  
Legal Structure ◽  
Stage Of Development ◽  
Doing Business ◽  
Legal Structures ◽  
The Uk ◽  
Current Stage

When we look at business, we generally focus on large global businesses, such as Apple, Shell or Rolls Royce. While there are around 5.2 million businesses in the UK, in fact 99% of them are extremely small (HM Government, 2014). Despite the rate of business failure being high in the early years, overall numbers of businesses are slowly growing. Most new businesses start small, with a view to expansion. This narrows the choice of business medium, as some forms may not suit a particular business at its current stage of development. The focus of this chapter is on the legal structures for doing business. It adopts terminology from the UK’s legal system, but similar structures apply in other countries. The objective is to show when a particular legal structure might be appropriate and to highlight key differences between legal structures for enterprises. We also examine the concept of legal personality, which allows a business to be considered as a separate entity from its members, and allows the members of some organizations to have limited liability for business obligations. Most countries have some business forms where the proprietors carry unlimited liability and others where they can avail themselves of limited liability.

ANALYSIS OF THE OBSTETRIC AND GYNECOLOGICAL SERVICE BUDGET HEALTHCARE INSTITUTION OF THE VORONEZH REGION "VORONEZH STATE CLINICAL EMERGENCY HOSPITAL Nо. 8" FOR 2015-2020

2021 ◽  
pp. 171-177
Author(s):  
Владимир Петрович Косолапов ◽  
Станислав Сергеевич Попов ◽  
Галина Владимировна Сыч ◽  
Наталья Николаевна Чайкина ◽  
Алёна Геннадьевна Деряева
Keyword(s):  
The State ◽  
Healthy Children ◽  
Healthcare Organizations ◽  
Emergency Hospital ◽  
Stage Of Development ◽  
Women And Children ◽  
The Russian Federation ◽  
Social Importance ◽  
Current Stage ◽  
Clinical Emergency

Важное медико-социальное значение, как для современного этапа развития общества, так и для будущего страны, имеет охрана здоровья женщин и детей. Здоровье ребенка находится в прямой зависимости от состояния здоровья матери, ее физической и нравственной готовности к рождению ребенка. Поэтому защита материнства и детства стала одной из основных задач государственной политики, важной составляющей здравоохранения, имеющей особое значение в формировании здоровья нации. Охрана репродуктивного здоровья населения, создание условий для рождения здоровых детей, предупреждение инвалидности, сокращение младенческой, детской и материнской смертности в стране имеют особую общественную значимость и стали критериями эффективности деятельности органов управления и организаций здравоохранения. Акушерско-гинекологическая служба в Российской Федерации находится в постоянном развитии. Внедряются новые методы и подходы к ведению беременности, родов и послеродового периода. С каждым годом снижаются материнская, младенческая, перинатальная смертности. Государство определило одним из приоритетов улучшение демографической политики в стране и делает все возможное для достижения результата. В статье приводится характеристика акушерско-гинекологической службы Воронежской государственной клинической больницы скорой медицинской помощи №8. Проведен анализ показателей, характеризующих организацию работы гинекологического отделения и дневного стационара. Выявлены проблемы в работе службы и предложены варианты их решения The protection of the health of women and children is of great medical and social importance, both for the current stage of development of society and for the future of the country. The health of the child is directly dependent on the state of health of the mother, her physical and moral readiness for the birth of the child. Therefore, the protection of mothers and children has become one of the main tasks of state policy, an important component of health care, which is of particular importance in shaping the health of the nation. The protection of the reproductive health of the population, the creation of conditions for the birth of healthy children, the prevention of disability, the reduction of infant, child and maternal mortality in the country are of particular public importance and have become criteria for the effectiveness of the activities of governing bodies and healthcare organizations. The obstetric and gynecological service in the Russian Federation is in constant development. New methods and approaches are being introduced to the management of pregnancy, childbirth and the postpartum period. Maternal, infant and perinatal mortality rates are decreasing every year. The state has identified improvement of the demographic policy in the country as one of its priorities and is doing everything possible to achieve the result. The article describes the characteristics of the obstetric and gynecological service of the Voronezh State Clinical Emergency Hospital No.8. The analysis of indicators characterizing the organization of work of the gynecological department and day hospital was carried out. Problems in the work of the service were identified and options for their solution were proposed

The Belt and Road Initiative and Sino-Russian economic cooperation: Is there one more chance for us?

2019 ◽  
pp. 47-71
Author(s):  
Petr M. Mozias
Keyword(s):  
Regional Integration ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Belt And Road Initiative ◽  
Stage Of Development ◽  
Belt And Road ◽  
Flexible Framework ◽  
The One ◽  
International Transactions ◽  
The Belt And Road ◽  
Current Stage

China’s Belt and Road Initiative could be treated ambiguously. On the one hand, it is intended to transform the newly acquired economic potential of that country into its higher status in the world. China invites a lot of nations to build up gigantic transit corridors by joint efforts, and doing so it applies productively its capital and technologies. International transactions in RMB are also being expanded. But, on the other hand, the Belt and Road Initiative is also a necessity for China to cope with some evident problems of its current stage of development, such as industrial overcapacity, overdependence on imports of raw materials from a narrow circle of countries, and a subordinate status in global value chains. For Russia participation in the Belt and Road Initiative may be fruitful, since the very character of that project provides us with a space to manoeuvre. By now, Russian exports to China consist primarily of fuels and other commodities. More active industrial policy is needed to correct this situation . A flexible framework of the Belt and Road Initiative is more suitable for this objective to be achieved, rather than traditional forms of regional integration, such as a free trade zone.

Digital literacy as a prerequisite for transforming the modern Russian education system

2020 ◽  
Vol 22 (5) ◽  
pp. 62-66
Author(s):  
NATALIA S. EPIFANOVA ◽  
◽  
MIKHAIL G. POLOZKOV ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Educational System ◽  
Education System ◽  
Digital Literacy ◽  
Integrated Approach ◽  
Digital Economy ◽  
Educational Process ◽  
Stage Of Development ◽  
Main Factors ◽  
Russian Education ◽  
Current Stage

The article studies the necessity and features of transformation of the educational system under conditions of accelerated development in the digital economy. Particular attention in the context of this transformation is given to significance and possibilities of digital literacy, which forms the whole complex of fundamentally new requirements for all participants in the education system. The authors argue that the current stage of development of the digital economy requires the education system not only to digitalize its individual elements and links, but to apply a fundamentally new integrated approach that would transform the education system while taking into account new goals, structure and content of the educational process. The authors define digital literacy as the ability to form and apply educational content through digital technologies. The article gives particular emphasis on the significance and potential of individualizing the educational trajectory and the concept of continuing education. The authors consider the main factors in the development and achievement of the level of digital literacy, considering the requirements that the digital economy is currently imposing on the educational system.

‘Who Ya Gonna Call …?’ Ethical and legal dilemmas in specialist children centres and district general hospitals

2021 ◽  
pp. 147775092110366
Author(s):  
Harika Avula ◽  
Mariana Dittborn ◽  
Joe Brierley
Keyword(s):  
Intensive Care ◽  
Clinical Ethics ◽  
Ethical Issues ◽  
General Setting ◽  
Daily Practice ◽  
Paediatric Intensive Care ◽  
Ethical Challenges ◽  
Legal Cases ◽  
Ethics Support ◽  
The Uk

The field of Paediatric Bioethics, or ethical issues applied to children's healthcare, is relatively new but has recently gained an increased professional and public profile. Clinical ethics support to health professionals and patients who face ethical challenges in clinical practice varies between and within institutions. Literature regarding services available to paediatricians is sparse in specialist tertiary centres and almost absent in general paediatrics. We performed a mixed-methods study using online surveys and focus groups to explore the experiences of ethical and legal dilemmas and the support structures available to (i) paediatric intensive care teams as a proxy for specialist children's centres and (ii) paediatricians working in the general setting in the UK. Our main findings illustrate the broad range of ethical and legal challenges experienced by both groups in daily practice. Ethics training and the availability of ethics support were variable in structure, processes, funding and availability, e.g., 70% of paediatric intensive care consultants reported access to formal ethics advice versus 20% general paediatricians. Overall, our findings suggest a need for ethics support and training in both settings. The broad experience reported of ethics support, where it existed, was good – though improvements were suggested. Many clinicians were concerned about their relationship with children and families experiencing a challenging ethical situation, partly as a result of high-profile recent legal cases in the media. Further research in this area would help collect a broader range of views to inform clinical ethics support's development to better support paediatric teams, children and their families.

scholarly journals Three models for the regulation of polygenic scores in reproduction

2021 ◽  
pp. medethics-2020-106588
Author(s):  
Sarah Munday ◽  
Julian Savulescu
Keyword(s):  
Human Genetics ◽  
Ethical Issues ◽  
Well Being ◽  
Embryo Selection ◽  
Risk Scores ◽  
Regulatory Regime ◽  
Polygenic Scores ◽  
The Usa ◽  
The Uk ◽  
The Impact

The past few years have brought significant breakthroughs in understanding human genetics. This knowledge has been used to develop ‘polygenic scores’ (or ‘polygenic risk scores’) which provide probabilistic information about the development of polygenic conditions such as diabetes or schizophrenia. They are already being used in reproduction to select for embryos at lower risk of developing disease. Currently, the use of polygenic scores for embryo selection is subject to existing regulations concerning embryo testing and selection. Existing regulatory approaches include ‘disease-based' models which limit embryo selection to avoiding disease characteristics (employed in various formats in Australia, the UK, Italy, Switzerland and France, among others), and 'laissez-faire' or 'libertarian' models, under which embryo testing and selection remain unregulated (as in the USA). We introduce a novel 'Welfarist Model' which limits embryo selection according to the impact of the predicted trait on well-being. We compare the strengths and weaknesses of each model as a way of regulating polygenic scores. Polygenic scores create the potential for existing embryo selection technologies to be used to select for a wider range of predicted genetically influenced characteristics including continuous traits. Indeed, polygenic scores exist to predict future intelligence, and there have been suggestions that they will be used to make predictions within the normal range in the USA in embryo selection. We examine how these three models would apply to the prediction of non-disease traits such as intelligence. The genetics of intelligence remains controversial both scientifically and ethically. This paper does not attempt to resolve these issues. However, as with many biomedical advances, an effective regulatory regime must be in place as soon as the technology is available. If there is no regulation in place, then the market effectively decides ethical issues.

National Library of Uzbekistan: from the history of formation and the current stage of development

Infolib ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 24 (4) ◽  
pp. 2-8
Author(s):  
Umida Teshabaeva ◽  
Keyword(s):  
New Technologies ◽  
Public Library ◽  
National Library ◽  
Stage Of Development ◽  
The World ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Republic ◽  
Favorable Conditions ◽  
History Of Formation ◽  
Current Stage

The article is devoted to the history of the Tashkent Public Library, at the origins of which were prominent scientists of that time, to the present day of the National Library of Uzbekistan. The library fund has more than 7.5 million items in 75 languages of the world. The National Library is the main methodological center of information and library institutions of the Republic. Creation of favorable conditions for readers is one of the priority tasks of the library, which is improved every year by the introduction of new technologies for obtaining information in an operational way. Thanks to membership in the International Consortium «eIFL», users have access to 38 foreign educational databases, 12 of which are licensed. Also, library readers get access to national and world educational collections in different languages of the world.

FEATURES OF THE CURRENT STAGE OF DEVELOPMENT OF THE GLOBAL FERTILIZER MARKET

2021 ◽  
pp. 115-123
Author(s):  
Andrei Nikolaevich Osipov ◽  
Aleksandr Ivanovich Bogachev ◽  
Vadim Rishatovich Gumerov ◽  
Elena Gennadevna Mordovina
Keyword(s):  
Stage Of Development ◽  
Current Stage

Possibilities of cytological diagnostics in gynecology. Human papillomavirus as an interdisciplinary problem

2022 ◽  
pp. 15-21
Author(s):  
Oksana Anatolievna Gizinger ◽  
◽  
Irina Yurievna Lepina ◽  
Marina Nikolaevna Bagdasaryan ◽  
◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Human Papillomavirus ◽  
Screening Test ◽  
Molecular Genetic ◽  
Laboratory Diagnosis ◽  
Diagnostic Methods ◽  
Laboratory Diagnostics ◽  
Cytological Examination ◽  
Stage Of Development ◽  
Current Stage ◽  
Cytological Diagnostics

The article presents an analysis of current information on the etiology, pathogenesis, laboratory diagnosis of human papillomavirus. It is shown that at the current stage of development of laboratory diagnostics there is a reliable screening test — cytological examination of smears taken from the ecto- and endocervix. To diagnose HPV, a combination of microscopic (cytological studies) and molecular genetic (PCR) diagnostic methods is used.

scholarly journals Mandating doctors to attend counter-terrorism workshops is medically unethical

2016 ◽  
Vol 40 (2) ◽  
pp. 87-88 ◽  
Author(s):  
Derek Summerfield
Keyword(s):  
Medical Association ◽  
Ethical Leadership ◽  
Ethical Issues ◽  
Civil Liberties ◽  
General Medical Council ◽  
British Medical Association ◽  
Medical Council ◽  
Counter Terrorism ◽  
Mandatory Training ◽  
The Uk

SummaryThis is a brief exploration of the ethical issues raised for psychiatrists, and for universities, schools and wider society, by the demand that they attend mandatory training as part of the UK government's Prevent counter-terrorism strategy. The silence on this matter to date on the part of the General Medical Council, medical Royal Colleges, and the British Medical Association is a failure of ethical leadership. There is also a civil liberties issue, reminiscent of the McCarthyism of 1950s USA. We should refuse to attend.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document