scholarly journals Reading between the lines: A qualitative case study of national public health institute functions and attributes in the Joint External Evaluation

2020 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Jacob Clemente ◽  
Shelby Rhee ◽  
Bridget Miller ◽  
Elisha Bronner ◽  
Ellen Whitney ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Health Systems ◽  
National Level ◽  
Vital Role ◽  
External Evaluation ◽  
Health Security ◽  
National Public Health Institute ◽  
National Public Health ◽  
Control And Prevention ◽  
Joint External Evaluation

National Public Health Institutes (NPHIs) are national-level institutions that can lead and coordinate a country’s public health system. The Africa Centres for Disease Control and Prevention (Africa CDC) considers NPHI development critical to strengthening public health systems in Africa. This paper describes how Joint External Evaluation (JEE) reports demonstrate the role NPHIs can play in supporting the goals of IHR compliance and global health security. This study is a secondary document-based qualitative analysis of JEE reports from 11 countries in the WHO AFRO region (Botswana, Ethiopia, Liberia, Mozambique, Namibia, Nigeria, Rwanda, Sierra Leone, South Africa, Uganda, and Zambia). Researchers found three distinct thematic areas: i) core public health functions, ii) governance, and iii) coordination, collaboration, and communication. These themes and their interlinkages, both in pairs and all three, were of importance in displaying the roles that NPHIs could play in the strengthening of health systems. The data suggests that NPHIs, though not always explicitly mentioned in the data, may have a vital role in strengthening health systems across Africa and their governments’ goals of achieving IHR compliance.

IANPHI and National Public Health Institutes

Public Health ◽  
2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ellen Whitney ◽  
Katherine Seib ◽  
Jessica Blackburn ◽  
Jacob Clemente ◽  
Courtenay M. Dusenbury ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Disease Control ◽  
Health Systems ◽  
Health Programs ◽  
Public Health Programs ◽  
Public Health Systems ◽  
The World ◽  
National Public Health ◽  
Control And Prevention ◽  
National Public Health Institutes

More than one hundred countries around the world have established national public health institutes (NPHIs) to coordinate and lead their public health systems. Some NPHIs, such as the US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), South African National Institute for Communicable Diseases (NICD), Brazilian Oswaldo Cruz Foundation (FIOCRUZ), and Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, have developed over time. Others, such as the Public Health Agency of Canada (PHAC), emanated in response to more recent global public health threats like severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS). NPHI functionalities range from combatting primarily infectious diseases to comprehensive mandates to lead national efforts for prevention and control of both infectious and noncommunicable disease threats. The International Association of National Public Health Institutes (IANPHI), envisioned in 2001 and chartered in 2006, serves to link and catalyze the capacity of NPHIs around the world through a robust international professional and scientific network. IANPHI works closely with the World Health Organization (WHO) through a formal partnership agreement. The Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation, the Rockefeller Foundation, member dues and peer assistance, bilateral cooperative agreements, and private-sector partnerships support its activities. IANPHI’s members encompass more than five billion people across six continents. IANPHI is the only organization whose mission is to strengthen national public health institutes. To do this, IANPHI’s work focuses on (a) supporting a robust scientific community of NPHI directors through an annual meeting, a listserv, and collaborative activities; (b) developing and distributing guidelines and tools that strengthen NPHIs’ abilities to conduct and evaluate public health programs and efforts, including the IANPHI NPHI development framework, the Staged Development Tool, NPHI-to-NPHI evaluation guidance, and a best practices series; and (c) investing in projects designed to create NPHIs and strengthen public health systems in low-resource countries. IANPHI helps NPHIs by advocating for strong and well-supported NPHIs and providing timely information and insights for public health programs and actions.

scholarly journals Joint external evaluation process: bringing multiple sectors together for global health security

2017 ◽  
Vol 5 (9) ◽  
pp. e857-e858 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nirmal Kandel ◽  
Rajesh Sreedharan ◽  
Stella Chungong ◽  
Karen Sliter ◽  
Simo Nikkari ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Global Health ◽  
Evaluation Process ◽  
External Evaluation ◽  
Global Health Security ◽  
Health Security ◽  
Joint External Evaluation

Using the Turning Point Model State Public Health Law

2003 ◽  
Vol 31 (S4) ◽  
pp. 88-89
Author(s):  
Lawrence O. Gostin ◽  
Glen Safford ◽  
Deborah Erickson
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Health Systems ◽  
Turning Point ◽  
Planning Process ◽  
National Level ◽  
Health Law ◽  
Point Model ◽  
Public Health Systems ◽  
State And Local ◽  
Local Levels

The Turning Point Initiative is an initiative for which the Robert Wood Johnson (RWJ) and W.K. Kellogg foundations partnered in order to fund a group of states and a number of communities within each of those states to work through a planning process to look at ways to strengthen their public health systems at the state and local levels. Out of that process, the states and communities would come together at the national level to talk about what they had been learning and what the issues were. There were a number of issues that resonated with all of the states.

Towards European Modern Societies with Health Systems That Are Able to Add More Years to Life, But Also to Add More Life to Years

2016 ◽  
pp. 228-255
Author(s):  
Androutsou Lorena ◽  
Androutsou Foulvia
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Health Systems ◽  
Healthcare Access ◽  
National Level ◽  
World Population ◽  
Health Issues ◽  
Quality Healthcare ◽  
Public Health Policies ◽  
The Public ◽  
European Public

The political context in Europe is changing including health. Among the priorities in seeking to influence the future of healthcare is a renewed attachment to health for all, health in all policies and a better coordination between social and health policy. Health issues are by definition international, and Europe has a duty to extend solidarity to the wider world population, in strategy and in delivery. Ensuring equitable access to high-quality healthcare constitutes a key challenge for health systems throughout Europe. The chapter will emphasise the importance of European public health policies. The chapter will offer a real opportunity to address public health areas and values such as right to access to healthcare into the detailed mechanisms of European policy. The chapter will form a tool for health leaders, to enrich their knowledge in the public health spectrum from a European perspective, to support, promote and improve healthcare access at a national level.

scholarly journals National Public Health Institute Legal Framework: A Tool to Build Public Health Capacity

2020 ◽  
Vol 18 (S1) ◽  
pp. S-43-S-52 ◽  
Author(s):  
Emily L. Rosenfeld ◽  
Sue Binder ◽  
C. Adam Brush ◽  
Ellen A. Spotts Whitney ◽  
Dennis Jarvis ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Legal Framework ◽  
National Public Health Institute ◽  
Health Institute ◽  
National Public Health ◽  
Public Health Institute

scholarly journals Disease modeling for public health: added value, challenges, and institutional constraints

2019 ◽  
Vol 41 (1) ◽  
pp. 39-51 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mirjam Kretzschmar
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Mathematical Modeling ◽  
Disease Modeling ◽  
Scientific Evidence ◽  
Policy Support ◽  
Added Value ◽  
National Public Health Institute ◽  
Health Institute ◽  
National Public Health ◽  
Public Health Institute

AbstractPublic health policymakers face increasingly complex questions and decisions and need to deal with an increasing quantity of data and information. For policy advisors to make use of scientific evidence and to assess available intervention options effectively and therefore indirectly for those deciding on and implementing public health policies, mathematical modeling has proven to be a useful tool. In some areas, the use of mathematical modeling for public health policy support has become standard practice at various levels of decision-making. To make use of this tool effectively within public health organizations, it is necessary to provide good infrastructure and ensure close collaboration between modelers and policymakers. Based on experience from a national public health institute, we discuss the strategic requirements for good modeling practice for public health. For modeling to be of maximal value for a public health institute, the organization and budgeting of mathematical modeling should be transparent, and a long-term strategy for how to position and develop mathematical modeling should be in place.

scholarly journals Factors that influence the scale up of new interventions in low-income settings: a qualitative case study of the introduction of chlorhexidine cleansing of the umbilical cord in Bangladesh

2020 ◽  
Vol 35 (4) ◽  
pp. 440-451
Author(s):  
Jennifer A Callaghan-Koru ◽  
Munia Islam ◽  
Marufa Khan ◽  
Ardy Sowe ◽  
Jahrul Islam ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Health Systems ◽  
Umbilical Cord ◽  
Low Income ◽  
Qualitative Case Study ◽  
National Level ◽  
Scale Up ◽  
New Drugs ◽  
Low Income Countries

Abstract There is a well-recognized need for empirical study of processes and factors that influence scale up of evidence-based interventions in low-income countries to address the ‘know-do’ gap. We undertook a qualitative case study of the scale up of chlorhexidine cleansing of the umbilical cord (CHX) in Bangladesh to identify and compare facilitators and barriers for the institutionalization and expansion stages of scale up. Data collection and analysis for this case study were informed by the Consolidated Framework for Implementation Research (CFIR) and the WHO/ExpandNet model of scale up. At the national level, we interviewed 20 stakeholders involved in CHX policy or implementation. At the district level, we conducted interviews with 31 facility-based healthcare providers in five districts and focus group discussions (FGDs) with eight community-based providers and eight programme managers. At the community level, we conducted 7 FGDs with 53 mothers who had a baby within the past year. Expanded interview notes were thematically coded and analysed following an adapted Framework approach. National stakeholders identified external policy and incentives, and the engagement of stakeholders in policy development through the National Technical Working Committee for Newborn Health, as key facilitators for policy and health systems changes. Stakeholders, providers and families perceived the intervention to be simple, safe and effective, and more consistent with family preferences than the prior policy of dry cord care. The major barriers that delayed or decreased the public health impact of the scale up of CHX in Bangladesh’s public health system related to commodity production, procurement and distribution. Bangladesh’s experience scaling up CHX suggests that scale up should involve early needs assessments and planning for institutionalizing new drugs and commodities into the supply chain. While the five CFIR domains were useful for categorizing barriers and facilitators, additional constructs are needed for common health systems barriers in low-income settings.

Understanding national barriers to climate change adaptation for public health: a mixed-methods survey of national public health representatives

2020 ◽  
Vol 25 (4) ◽  
pp. 287-306
Author(s):  
Hannah Marcus ◽  
Liz Hanna
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Climate Change ◽  
Mixed Methods ◽  
Adaptive Capacity ◽  
Climate Change Adaptation ◽  
Online Survey ◽  
National Level ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Knowledge Resources ◽  
National Public Health

PurposeTo uncover the major government constraints to enactment and implementation of public health-targeted climate change adaptation (CCA) strategies in order to equip public health stakeholders and health advocates with the knowledge resources necessary to more effectively mobilize and support CCA for public health responses at the national level.Design/methodology/approachA mixed-methods online survey was distributed to the representatives of national public health associations and societies of 82 countries. The survey comprised 15 questions assessing national progress on CCA for public health and the effects of various institutional, economic/financial, technical and sociopolitical barriers on national adaptive capacity.FindingsSurvey responses from 11 countries indicated that national commitments to CCA for public health have increased markedly since prior assessments but significant shortcomings remain. The largest apparent barriers to progress in this domain were poor government coordination, lack of political will and inadequate adaptation finances.Originality/valueThis study is unique in relation to the prior literature on the topic in that it effectively captures an array of country-specific yet cross-cutting adaptation constraints across diverse national contexts. With a deepened understanding of the major determinants of national adaptive capacity, international actors can devise more effective, evidence-informed strategies to support national governments in responding to the health impacts of climate change.

scholarly journals Keeping up with the times: how national public health and governmental organizations communicate about cannabis on Twitter

2019 ◽  
Vol 14 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Jenna van Draanen ◽  
Tanvi Krishna ◽  
Christie Tsang ◽  
Sam Liu
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
National Level ◽  
Limited Information ◽  
Health Issues ◽  
Medical Cannabis ◽  
The Public ◽  
Governmental Organizations ◽  
National Public Health ◽  
Health Related ◽  
The Times

Abstract Background Public health and governmental organizations are expected to provide guidance to the public on emerging health issues in accessible formats. It is, therefore, important to examine how such organizations are discussing cannabis online and the information that is being provided to the public about this increasingly legal and available substance. Methods This paper presents a concise thematic analysis of both the volume and content of cannabis-related health information from selected (n = 13) national-level public health and governmental organizations in Canada and the U.S. on Twitter. Results There were eight themes identified in Tweets including 1) health-related topics; 2) legalization and legislation; 3) research on cannabis; 4) special populations; 5) driving and cannabis; 6) population issues; 7) medical cannabis, and 8) public health issues. The majority of cannabis-related Tweets from the organizations studied came from relatively few organizations and there were substantial differences between the topics covered by U.S. and Canadian organizations. The organizations studied provided limited information regarding how to use cannabis in ways that will minimize health-related harms. Conclusions Authoritative organizations that deal with public health may consider designing timely social media communications with emerging cannabis-related information, to benefit a general public otherwise exposed to primarily pro-cannabis content on Twitter.

scholarly journals Giants On Clay Feet – COVID-19, infection control, and public health laboratory networks in England, the US, and (West-)Germany (1945-2020)

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Claas Kirchhelle
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Health Systems ◽  
Local Level ◽  
West Germany ◽  
Robert Koch Institute ◽  
Political Autonomy ◽  
Public Health Systems ◽  
The Us ◽  
Control And Prevention ◽  
Anglo American

COVID-19 has exposed significant differences in public health systems’ ability to mount effective test and trace responses. This article analyses the historical and structural reasons behind the relative success of Germany and the problems experienced in Britain and the US during the first wave of the pandemic. It also asks why recent international surveys overestimated Anglo-American preparedness. The article argues that the answer lies in the different evolution of public health systems as well as varying public health capacities at the local level. In Germany, post-1994 reforms of the decentralised public health system managed to overcome decades of political neglect and underinvestment and strengthen federal integration without compromising public health capacity at the state and communal level. This joint strengthening of the centre and hinterland allowed the Robert Koch Institute to function as an effective coordinating hub for locally tailored COVID-19 responses. By contrast, the decades after 1970 saw world-renowned Anglo-American public health systems face increasing challenges posed by funding cuts, privatisation, overambitious reforms, and increasing loss of political autonomy. Both the US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention and Public Health England retained significant prestige, which resulted in an overestimation of capacity by international reviews. However, once centres in Atlanta and Colindale had been overwhelmed, there was little local and state public health capacity to fall back on.

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