scholarly journals Feeding in the adult of Hermetia illucens (Diptera Stratiomyidae): reality or fiction?

2019 ◽  
Vol 51 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
D. Lupi ◽  
S. Savoldelli ◽  
M.G. Leonardi ◽  
C. Jucker
Keyword(s):  
Animal Feed ◽  
Sucrose Solution ◽  
Nutritional Composition ◽  
Protein Source ◽  
Food Sources ◽  
Ovary Development ◽  
Single Individual ◽  
Protein Solution ◽  
Hermetia Illucens ◽  
Wide Range

Hermetia illucens (L.) (Diptera Stratiomyidae) is a promising species as alternative protein source for animal feed, able to convert a wide range of organic materials. The knowledge on larval biology, development, nutritional needs, and nutritional composition is rich, while few information is available on adult traits. The aim of the present study was to investigate the influence of the adult nutrition on the survival, the longevity and the ovaries development of H. illucens. In detail, three food sources have been compared to starvation. Water, a sucrose solution and a protein solution were given to new emerged adults and data on longevity and ovary development were acquired. Trials were conducted on single specimen and on a cohort of adults. In all the trials, starved adults survived significantly shorter than all other thesis. When adults were maintained isolated, the survival was significantly influenced by the nourishment: longevity was longer when adults were fed with a sucrose solution, while the supply of a protein source provided a lifespan significantly higher than starvation but similar to water or to sucrose solution. In cages longevity was always shorter than in isolated adults for both males and females and the overall trend was similar to single individual trials with the exception of protein solution. Ovary development of females under different nourishment did not show differences. More studies are necessary to identify a correct nutrition considering the integration of different chemical compounds to obtain optimal adult performance in terms of longevity and reproduction.

scholarly journals Nutrient Recapture from Insect Farm Waste: Bioconversion with Hermetia illucens (L.) (Diptera: Stratiomyidae)

2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
pp. 362 ◽  
Author(s):  
Costanza Jucker ◽  
Daniela Lupi ◽  
Christopher Douglas Moore ◽  
Maria Giovanna Leonardi ◽  
Sara Savoldelli
Keyword(s):  
Animal Feed ◽  
Adult Emergence ◽  
Industrial Applications ◽  
Nutritional Composition ◽  
Good Source ◽  
Protein Meal ◽  
Hermetia Illucens ◽  
Substrate Reduction ◽  
Food Economy ◽  
Faster Development

Hermetia illucens is an efficient bioconverter able to grow on various different organic materials, producing larvae, which are a good source of protein and fat with applications in the animal feed and biochemical industries. This fly’s capacity to reduce huge amounts of waste presents an interesting opportunity to establish a circular food economy. In this study, we assessed the suitability of using organic wastes from cricket and locust farming to rear H. illucens. Larvae developed until adult emergence on all the wastes, with a mean survival of over 94%. Cricket waste allowed faster development of heavier larvae than locust waste. Substrate reduction was particularly interesting on cricket waste (<72%), while locust waste was only reduced by 33%. The nutritional composition of the larvae reflected that of the growing substrates with a high protein and fat content. These results demonstrate the potential of using H. illucens to reduce and valorise waste generated when farming various insects through the production of a larval biomass for use as a protein meal in animal feeds or industrial applications.

Legislative landscape of black soldier fly (Hermetia illucens) as feed

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-14
Author(s):  
S. Alagappan ◽  
D. Rowland ◽  
R. Barwell ◽  
S.M.O. Mantilla ◽  
D. Mikkelsen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Animal Feed ◽  
Amino Acid Profile ◽  
Nutritional Composition ◽  
Black Soldier Fly ◽  
Hermetia Illucens ◽  
Suitable Material ◽  
Regulatory Frameworks ◽  
Agricultural Household ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Black Soldier Fly Larvae

The demand for animal-based protein sources is increasing rapidly. The rearing of insects on bioproducts and their subsequent use as feedstock for animals has been receiving a lot of attention lately. Hermetia illucens, black soldier flies are highly investigated insects owing to their ability to reduce and transform different types of wastes, such as agricultural, household, municipal wastes, and human sludge. The nutritional composition and amino acid profile of black soldier fly larvae (BSFL) raised on these organic wastes is similar to that of several feed constituents making it a suitable material for feed. However, the commercialisation of BSFL is limited due to prevailing unclear legislative requirements regarding their use as feed. In this paper, the legislative landscape involved in using BSFL as feed in different regions is addressed. European Union, Australia, Canada and USA specifically allow the trade and manufacture of BSFL as feed under specific conditions. Interestingly, most countries where entomophagy is a tradition, lack specific regulations concerning their use as feed and are currently drafting regulatory frameworks. Understanding the legislative layout is essential for harmonising the industrial upscaling of BSFL as animal feed.

scholarly journals Substitution of Fishmeal with Black Soldier Fly Hermetia illucens Linnaeus, 1758 Larvae in Finfish Aquaculture – A Review

2021 ◽  
Vol 34 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
MANIYANGAMAGE KASUN CHATHURANGA PRIYADARSHANA ◽  
◽  
CHAMINDA NIROSHAN WALPITA ◽  
MANOHARAN NAVEENAN ◽  
MANJULA PRIYANTHA SUMITH MAGAMAGE ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Adverse Effects ◽  
Crude Protein ◽  
Pupal Stage ◽  
High Energy ◽  
Protein Source ◽  
Fish Nutrition ◽  
Black Soldier Fly ◽  
Hermetia Illucens ◽  
Fishmeal Replacement ◽  
Wide Range

The reliance of aquaculture feed industry on fishmeal has been challenged by ecological, economic, and ethical limitations leading fish nutritionists to look for viable alternatives, and conventional animal-based protein sources showed varying degrees of success in this regard. However, a non-conventional protein source, black soldier fly Hermetia illucens Linnaeus, 1758 larvae (BSFL), received due attention as a focal point in fish nutrition research. Though many studies were conducted on H. illucens as a potential protein source for fish, a comprehensive review is not available. Therefore, this article aims to review the existing literature on the use of BSFL as a fishmeal replacer in aquaculture. The nutrient composition of BSFL varied with the developmental stage and the composition of growing medium. High crude protein levels (40.4–56.2 %) and high crude fat levels (4.8–24.8 %) made BSFL suitable for high protein and high energy diet. Early prepupa was the best stage for harvesting, considering its high crude protein content and dry matter yield and less chitin content. Up to 100 % inclusion levels of BSFL meal were tested in a wide range of fish species. Most studies revealed that up to 50 % of fishmeal replacement would be possible without negative effects on the fish. Notable adverse effects were found beyond 50 % of fishmeal replacement, mainly due to high chitin levels in the pupal stage and high crude fat levels. Harvesting BSFL before the pupal stage and defattening made it possible to replace 100 % of fishmeal without adverse effects on fish.

scholarly journals Black Soldier Fly (Hermetia illucens) as an Alternative Protein Source for Animal Feed

2017 ◽  
Vol 26 (2) ◽  
pp. 069 ◽  
Author(s):  
April Hari Wardhana
Keyword(s):  
Protein Content ◽  
Soybean Meal ◽  
Fish Meal ◽  
Animal Feed ◽  
Essential Amino Acids ◽  
Protein Source ◽  
Black Soldier Fly ◽  
Hermetia Illucens ◽  
Alternative Protein ◽  
Amino Acid Requirements

<p class="awabstrak2">Increasing demand of protein source for animal feed, particularly fish meal and soybean meal has led to a problem in the future. It is a need to look for an alternative protein source, in order to meet amino acid requirements maintaining livestock production level. Insects possesing high quality, efficient dan rich protein content at all life stages such as Black Soldier Fly (BSF, <em>Hermetia illucens</em>) could be used as one of the alternatives. The flies grow and reproduce easily, have high feed efficiency and can be reared on bio-waste streams. These are neither pests nor vectors of diseases. Insect meal generally possesses levels of chemical contaminants which are below recommended maximum concentrations. The larvae have antibacterial (<em>Escherichia coli</em> O15:H7, <em>Salmonella enterica</em> serovar <em>Enteritidis</em>) and antiviral (enterovirus and adenovirus ) properties. Larvae of BSF could be scaled up easily and possess 40-50% protein content, including some essential amino acids that can be used to replace both fish meal and soybean meal in feed.</p>

scholarly journals Effect of protein and carbohydrate feed concentrations on the growth and composition of black soldier fly (Hermetia illucens) larvae

2019 ◽  
Vol 5 (3) ◽  
pp. 193-199 ◽  
Author(s):  
J.J.A. Beniers ◽  
R.I. Graham
Keyword(s):  
Life History ◽  
Dietary Protein ◽  
Life Stage ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Nutritional Composition ◽  
Dietary Carbohydrate ◽  
Black Soldier Fly ◽  
Hermetia Illucens ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
The Impact

Black soldier flies (Hermetia illucens) can be used for a wide range of applications, from screening their anti-microbial properties, entomophagy through to waste management. Although the use of black soldier flies for these purposes has been widely studied, mass-rearing black soldier flies is still in the preliminary phase. This study focussed on the nutritional composition of black soldier fly larvae over the course of their life history, and the impact of manipulating dietary protein and carbohydrate on the growth and composition (protein and fat) of the larvae. Larvae were collected every 24 h over the course of this life-stage to test for differences in composition. To test the effect of dietary protein and carbohydrate differences, larvae were fed 25 diets with varying concentrations of protein and carbohydrates. Overall, the composition of larvae changed very little over their life history, with the higher concentration of protein mostly observed in the earlier instars of the larvae. The pre-pupal stage reduced the fresh and dry weight of the larvae, whereas the ash concentration was very stable throughout their life history. Both dietary protein and dietary carbohydrate had a significant effect on the fresh and dry weight of the larvae, but dietary protein was a stronger indicator of larval fresh and dry weight than dietary carbohydrate. Larval composition was also influenced by the feed-type, with heavier larvae producing significantly more fat than the lighter ones.

Biochemical characterization of eight Greek algae as candidate species for local seaweed cultivation

2021 ◽  
Vol 0 (0) ◽  
Author(s):  
Fotini Trikka ◽  
Pauline Israel ◽  
Konstantinos Koukaras ◽  
Anagnostis Argiriou
Keyword(s):  
Antioxidant Activity ◽  
Biochemical Characterization ◽  
Animal Feed ◽  
Food Supplements ◽  
Food Sources ◽  
Seaweed Cultivation ◽  
High Iron Content ◽  
Codium Fragile ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Candidate Species

Abstract Seaweeds cover a wide range of applications, e.g. as food supplements, in animal feed, as biofuels or as sources of bioactive compounds. The Greek coast in the East Mediterranean is rich in various seaweeds that remain unexploited because their chemical and nutritional content has not yet been characterized. In the present study, eight seaweeds belonging to the Rhodophyta, Ochrophyta (class Phaeophyceae) and Chlorophyta were biochemically characterized and evaluated as potential food sources. Total polyphenol content, antioxidant activity, fatty acids and elemental composition were measured. Acanthophora nayadiformis, Ceramium sp. (Rhodophyta), Codium fragile (Chlorophyta), Cystoseira foeniculacea and Gongolaria barbata (formerly Cystoseira barbata) (Ochrophyta, Phaeophyceae) had the highest phenolic content and strongest antioxidant activity. Both brown and red seaweeds were rich in minerals, with G. barbata, Dictyopteris polypodioides (formerly Dictyopteris membranacea) (Chlorophyta, Phaeophyceae) and A. nayadiformis being the richest in macro- and microelements. The low Na/K ratio in most seaweeds (0.03–3.49) and the high iron content of red and brown algae (1.01–52.40 mg 100 g−1 of wet tissue) make algal consumption an attractive option. Chlorophyta and Phaeophyceae had the lowest n-6/n-3 PUFA ratios, with α-linolenic acid being the most abundant n-3 PUFA. The green algae Codium fragile and Ulva lactuca had the highest oleic and docosahexaenoic acid content, respectively. Finally, Rhodophyta were the highest producers of eicosapentaenoic acid. The findings confirmed the nutritional value of all seaweeds, highlighting brown seaweeds Cystoseira foeniculacea, G. barbata, and D. polypodioides as potential sources for food supplements and candidate species for seaweed cultivation in Mediterranean coastal waters.

The Politics of Precaution

2012 ◽  
Author(s):  
David Vogel
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Animal Feed ◽  
The United States ◽  
Hazardous Substances ◽  
Risk Regulation ◽  
Scientific Certainty ◽  
European Public ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Regulatory Controls ◽  
Milk Hormones

This book examines the politics of consumer and environmental risk regulation in the United States and Europe over the last five decades, explaining why America and Europe have often regulated a wide range of similar risks differently. It finds that between 1960 and 1990, American health, safety, and environmental regulations were more stringent, risk averse, comprehensive, and innovative than those adopted in Europe. But since around 1990 global regulatory leadership has shifted to Europe. What explains this striking reversal? This book takes an in-depth, comparative look at European and American policies toward a range of consumer and environmental risks, including vehicle air pollution, ozone depletion, climate change, beef and milk hormones, genetically modified agriculture, antibiotics in animal feed, pesticides, cosmetic safety, and hazardous substances in electronic products. The book traces how concerns over such risks—and pressure on political leaders to do something about them—have risen among the European public but declined among Americans. The book explores how policymakers in Europe have grown supportive of more stringent regulations while those in the United States have become sharply polarized along partisan lines. And as European policymakers have grown more willing to regulate risks on precautionary grounds, increasingly skeptical American policymakers have called for higher levels of scientific certainty before imposing additional regulatory controls on business.

Advances in sample digestion using microwave-ultraviolet radiations: phosphorus and sulfur determination in animal feed

2020 ◽  
Vol 16 ◽  
Author(s):  
Diogo L. R. Novo ◽  
Priscila T. Scaglioni ◽  
Rodrigo M. Pereira ◽  
Filipe S. Rondan ◽  
Gilberto S. Coelho Junior ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Inductively Coupled Plasma ◽  
Animal Feed ◽  
Optical Emission ◽  
Emission Spectrometry ◽  
Official Method ◽  
Dissolved Carbon ◽  
Inductively Coupled ◽  
Relative Standard ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Sulfur Determination

Background: Conventional analytical methods for phosphorus and sulfur determination in several matrices present normally analytical challenges regarding inaccuracy, detectability and waste generation. Objective: The main objective is proposing a green and feasible analytical method for phosphorus and sulfur determination in animal feed. Methods: Synergic effect between microwave and ultraviolet radiations during sample preparation was evaluated for the first time for the animal feed digestion associated with further phosphorus and sulfur determination by ion chromatography with conductivity detection. Dissolved carbon and residual acidity in final digests were used for the proposed method assessment. Phosphorus and sulfur values were compared with those obtained using conventional microwave-assisted wet digestion in closed vessels associated with inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometry and with those obtained using Association of Official Analytical Chemists International official method. Recovery tests and certified reference material analysis were performed. Animal feeds were analyzed using the proposed method. Results: Sample masses of 500 mg were efficiently digested using only 2 mol L -1 HNO3. The results obtained by the proposed method was not differing significantly (p > 0.05) from those obtained by the conventional and official methods. Suitable recoveries (from 94 to 99%), agreement with certified values (101 and 104%) and relative standard deviations (< 8%) were achieved. Phosphorus and sulfur content in commercial products varied in a wide range (P: 5,873 to 28,387 mg kg-1 and S: 2,165 to 4,501 mg kg-1 ). Conclusion: The proposed method is a green, safe, accurate, precise and sensitive alternative for animal feed quality control.

scholarly journals A high-quality, chromosome-level genome assembly of the Black Soldier Fly (Hermetia illucens L.)

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tomas N Generalovic ◽  
Shane A McCarthy ◽  
Ian A Warren ◽  
Jonathan M D Wood ◽  
James Torrance ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Genome Assembly ◽  
Animal Feed ◽  
Repetitive Sequences ◽  
Genomic Variation ◽  
Runs Of Homozygosity ◽  
High Quality ◽  
Black Soldier Fly ◽  
Hermetia Illucens ◽  
Chromosome Conformation ◽  
Important Species

Abstract Hermetia illucens L. (Diptera: Stratiomyidae), the Black Soldier Fly (BSF) is an increasingly important species for bioconversion of organic material into animal feed. We generated a high-quality chromosome-scale genome assembly of the BSF using Pacific Bioscience, 10X Genomics linked read and high-throughput chromosome conformation capture sequencing technology. Scaffolding the final assembly with Hi-C data produced a highly contiguous 1.01 Gb genome with 99.75% of scaffolds assembled into pseudochromosomes representing seven chromosomes with 16.01 Mb contig and 180.46 Mb scaffold N50 values. The highly complete genome obtained a BUSCO completeness of 98.6%. We masked 67.32% of the genome as repetitive sequences and annotated a total of 16,478 protein-coding genes using the BRAKER2 pipeline. We analysed an established lab population to investigate the genomic variation and architecture of the BSF revealing six autosomes and an X chromosome. Additionally, we estimated the inbreeding coefficient (1.9%) of a lab population by assessing runs of homozygosity. This provided evidence for inbreeding events including long runs of homozygosity on chromosome five. Release of this novel chromosome-scale BSF genome assembly will provide an improved resource for further genomic studies, functional characterisation of genes of interest and genetic modification of this economically important species.

Impact of age, size, and sex on adult black soldier fly [Hermetia illucens L. (Diptera: Stratiomyidae)] thermal preference

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-12
Author(s):  
N.F. Addeo ◽  
C. Li ◽  
T.W. Rusch ◽  
A.J. Dickerson ◽  
A.M. Tarone ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Life History ◽  
Thermal Gradient ◽  
Life History Traits ◽  
Animal Feed ◽  
Mass Rearing ◽  
Thermal Preference ◽  
Black Soldier Fly ◽  
Hermetia Illucens ◽  
Surface Temperatures ◽  
The Impact

Population growth and rapid urbanisation have increased the global demand for animal feed and protein sources. Therefore, traditional animal feed production should be increased through the use of alternative nutrient sources. Insects as feed are beginning to fill this need. One such insect is the black soldier fly, Hermetia illucens L. (Diptera: Stratiomyidae). However, to more effectively mass produce the black soldier fly, a better understanding of its thermal biology is needed. Thus, the aim of this study was to evaluate the impact of age, size, and sex on adult black soldier fly thermal preference. The thermal preference of adult black soldier flies was determined by exposing flies to a thermal gradient with a range of surface temperatures and monitoring their positions over time. An aluminium plate was used to create a linear thermal gradient where surface temperatures ranged from ~15-60 °C. Flies were distinguished by age (1-d-post-emergence vs 7-d-post-emergence), size (large vs small) and sex (male vs female) to assess whether thermal preference differed by specific life-history traits. Thermal preference for 7-d-post-emergence adults was significantly lower (19.2 °C) than 1-d-post-emergence adults (28.7 °C), respectively. Similarly, small adults selected significantly cooler (21.1 °C) temperatures than large adults (26.9 °C). No significant differences in thermal preferences were found between sex, regardless of age or size. In fact, males and females had similar thermal preference of 23.8 and 24.2 °C, respectively. This study reveals that multiple life-history traits of adult black soldier fly affect their thermal preference, and thus should be taken into consideration by mass rearing facilities to optimize production.

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