scholarly journals Assessment of Bacillus thuringiensis subsp. israelensis Strain AM65-52 aqueous suspension for the control of black fly populations, (Simulium spp.) in northern Italy

2013 ◽  
Vol 45 (3) ◽  
pp. 18
Author(s):  
P. Radeghieri ◽  
F. Santi ◽  
S. Maini
Keyword(s):  
Bacillus Thuringiensis ◽  
Larvicidal Activity ◽  
Aqueous Suspension ◽  
Larval Mortality ◽  
Field Trials ◽  
Northern Italy ◽  
Application Site ◽  
Black Flies ◽  
Black Fly ◽  
Plain Streams

Four field trials were conducted in Mantua province in northern Italy to evaluate the effect of the <em>Bacillus thuringiensis</em> subsp. israelensis Strain AM65-52 based VectoBac® 12 AS larvicide on black flies. Our objective was to examine and compare the efficacy of different concentrations of this microbial larvicide in small plain streams. Larvicidal activity was exhibited in all trials. VectoBac® 12 AS at 2.5 ppm/min rate generated larval mortality from the treatment point to 500 meters downstream. Larvae mortality (over 80%) was observed for 3500 meters downstream of the application site when a concentration of 40 ppm/min was applied.

Transport of Bacillus thuringiensis var. israelensis and Its Effect on Drift and Benthic Densities of Nontarget Macroinvertebrates in the Susquehanna River, Northern Pennsylvania

1994 ◽  
Vol 51 (2) ◽  
pp. 295-314 ◽  
Author(s):  
John K. Jackson ◽  
Bernard W. Sweeney ◽  
Thomas L. Bott ◽  
J. Denis Newbold ◽  
Louis A. Kaplan
Keyword(s):  
Bacillus Thuringiensis ◽  
Black Flies ◽  
Black Fly ◽  
Susquehanna River ◽  
Microbial Pesticide

The microbial pesticide Bacillus thuringiensis var. israelensis (B.t.i.) was applied aerially to suppress larval black fly populations in the Susquehanna River, Pennsylvania. We quantified (1) the passage and retention of B.t.i. spores through a 1.5-km reach and (2) changes in black fly and nontarget macroinvertebrate abundances in the drift and benthos. B.t.i. exposure in the treatment riffle was 1.16 × 105 min-spores/mL or 16 min-mg/L in 1989 and 5.20 × 104 min-spores/mL or 4.4 min-mg/L in 1990. Retention of B.t.i. within the reach was low. While black fly drift from the treatment riffle increased markedly, B.t.i. appeared to have little effect on drift densities of most nontarget macroinvertebrates during the 48-h period following application. Similarly, benthic densities of black flies in the treatment riffle decreased significantly 1 d after the B.t.i. application whereas benthic densities of most nontarget taxa in the treatment riffle and depositional zone appeared unaffected 1, 7, and 28 d following B.t.i. application. Responses potentially related to B.t.i. exposure were observed for the aquatic lepidopteran Petrophila and the chironomid Polypedilum. These results suggest that the application of B.t.i. on the Susquehanna River markedly reduces black fly populations, but does not negatively affect most nontarget macroinvertebrates.

scholarly journals Field control of Herpetogramma licarsisalis (Walker) in northern Northland pastures

2000 ◽  
Vol 53 ◽  
pp. 360-364
Author(s):  
S. Hardwick ◽  
L.T. Davis
Keyword(s):  
Bacillus Thuringiensis ◽  
Larval Mortality ◽  
Field Trials ◽  
Laboratory Bioassay ◽  
Field Control ◽  
Treatment Application

Two field trials and one laboratory bioassay were used to evaluate insecticides for the control of Herpetogramma licarsisalis a new arrival infesting kikuyu pastures in northern Northland In both field trials larval densities in plots treated with chlorpyrifos diazinon alphacypermethrin diflubenzuron triflumuron and Bacillus thuringiensis were significantly lower than those in the control plots 14 days after treatment application In the laboratory 80100 larval mortality occurred after eight days exposure to kikuyu foliage treated with the above insecticides (P

A PILOT BLACK FLY (DIPTERA: SIMULIIDAE) CONTROL PROGRAM USING BACILLUS THURINGIENSIS VAR. ISRAELENSIS IN NEWFOUNDLAND

1984 ◽  
Vol 116 (8) ◽  
pp. 1085-1096 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. H. Colbo ◽  
H. O'Brien
Keyword(s):  
Bacillus Thuringiensis ◽  
Cold Water ◽  
Control Program ◽  
Black Flies ◽  
Small Stream ◽  
Black Fly ◽  
Larval Stages ◽  
Population Reduction ◽  
Stream System ◽  
Fly Control

AbstractA pilot black fly control program using Bacillus thuringiensis var. israelensis on a small stream system near St. John's, Newfoundland resulted in a 70% or greater population reduction of adult black flies from the previous year. The species present in the system were Prosimulium mixtum, Stegopterna mutata, Eusimulium vernum, Simulium tuberosum, S. venustum/verecundum complex, and S. vittatum. The formulation used was Teknar® flowable concentrate (Sandoz Inc.) rated at 600 ITU/mg which proved effective against the larval stages of all black fly species at a dose of 10 ppm for 1 min. The results indicated that this agent will be effective if applied at the appropriate locations and times. The 1-min dose was practical except in very cold water (0°–7 °C) where a 5-min or longer dose may be required. The unpredictable relief pattern of the northern streams resulted in a highly variable downstream carry for the B.t.i. Therefore application sites must be determined by a stream survey and not just from discharge characteristics.

EFFECT OF BACILLUS THURINGIENSIS VAR. ISRAELENSIS ON A GENETICALLY-DEFINED POPULATION OF BLACK FLIES (DIPTERA: SIMULIIDAE) AND ASSOCIATED INSECTS IN A MONTANE NEW HAMPSHIRE STREAM

1984 ◽  
Vol 116 (7) ◽  
pp. 975-981 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lawrence A. Pistrang ◽  
John F. Burger
Keyword(s):  
Bacillus Thuringiensis ◽  
New Hampshire ◽  
Aquatic Insects ◽  
Weather Conditions ◽  
Black Flies ◽  
Larval Population ◽  
Black Fly ◽  
Stream Insects ◽  
Treatment Site ◽  
Fly Larvae

AbstractA small, undisturbed stream in central New Hampshire was treated for 1 min with a 10 ppm suspension of Bacillus thuringiensis var. israelensis (B.t.i.) to determine the effect on an outlet-breeding black fly population and associated nontarget aquatic insects. The black fly larval population was eliminated and susbsequent adult black fly biting activity reduced near the treatment site although weather conditions may also have contributed to an observed decrease in biting activity. Some Chironomidae were killed by B.t.i. but they were not abundant enough to adequately assess impact on their populations. Temporary increases in the drift of two Ephemeroptera and two Trichoptera species were observed following treatment. Increase in rate of drift was inversely related to increase in distance from the treatment point. Slight increases in observed drift of three Plecoptera species could not be attributed directly to the B.t.i. treatment. No direct mortality caused by B.t.i. was observed in any stream insects studied except black fly larvae and some Chironomidae.

CHANGES IN FEEDING HABITS OF SELECTED NONTARGET AQUATIC INSECTS IN RESPONSE TO LIVE AND BACILLUS THURINGIENSIS VAR. ISRAELENSIS DE BARJAC-KILLED BLACK FLY LARVAE (DIPTERA: SIMULIIDAE)

1991 ◽  
Vol 123 (1) ◽  
pp. 179-185 ◽  
Author(s):  
Richard W. Merritt ◽  
Mark S. Wipfli ◽  
R.S. Wotton
Keyword(s):  
Bacillus Thuringiensis ◽  
Aquatic Insects ◽  
Feeding Habits ◽  
Hot Water ◽  
Black Flies ◽  
Black Fly ◽  
Nontarget Organisms ◽  
Viable Population ◽  
Fly Larvae ◽  
Dead Prey

AbstractThe effects of Bacillus thuringiensis var. israelensis de Barjac (B.t.i.) on the feeding habits of two black fly predators, Nigronia serricornis (Say) and Acroneuria lycorias (Newman), and a detritivore, Prostoia completa (Walker), were examined. We assessed whether B.t.i.-killed and hot water-killed black fly larvae were less or more desirable to these consumers than live larvae. Nigronia larvae showed no significant differences in predation on larvae within the three categories. Acroneuria nymphs consumed more live than dead prey. Experiments with the detritivore, Prostoia, showed that they preferred dead black fly larvae to live ones. Bacillus thuringiensis var. israelensis treatment may have little direct effect on nontarget organisms, but these studies indicate that there still may be consequences for predators and detritivores when a viable population of larval black flies is transformed into dead organic matter.

scholarly journals Larvicidal activity of Bacillus Thuringiensis Kurstaki against Tuta Absoluta (Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae)

2019 ◽  
Vol 20 (3) ◽  
pp. 352-362
Author(s):  
Abdelkader harizia ◽  
◽  
Abdelkader Benguerai ◽  
Yahia Boukhari ◽  
◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Bacillus Thuringiensis ◽  
Larvicidal Activity ◽  
Larval Mortality ◽  
Mortality Rates ◽  
Tuta Absoluta ◽  
Commercial Formulation ◽  
Larval Stages ◽  
Laboratory Conditions ◽  
High Concentrations ◽  
L1 And L2

A commercial formulation of Bacillus thurengiensis var Kurstaki (BTK) (IAB Bt) has been shown to be effective in controlling Tutaabsoluta Zeller larvae under laboratory conditions. Five concentrations are tested ((200, .350;500;650et800ppm)by ingestion, on the various larval stages (L1, L2, L3, L4 and L5). The larval mortality caused by BTK swelledwith increasing concentrations. The high concentrations of 650 and 800 ppm give 100% mortality rates for the early stages L1, L2, L3 and L4. Theacute toxicity (LC50) of BTK calculated for all larvae is 517 ppm. The lethal efficacy of BTK is noted 02 days, after the ingestion treatment, for the young stages (L1 and L2) and 04 at 6 days for the older larvae (L3 and L4) with a LT50, all larval stages combined equal to 2.6 days.

A STANDARDIZED BIOASSAY FOR LARVICIDAL ACTIVITY OF BACILLUS THURINGIENSIS IN SUNFLOWER MOTH HOMOEOSOMA ELECTELLUM (LEPIDOPTERA: PHYCITIDAE)

1985 ◽  
Vol 117 (1) ◽  
pp. 15-22 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. G. Lidstone ◽  
D. W. Goerzen ◽  
G. G. Khachatourians
Keyword(s):  
Bacillus Thuringiensis ◽  
Larvicidal Activity ◽  
Standard Test ◽  
Mortality Curve ◽  
Bioassay Technique ◽  
Sunflower Moth ◽  
Homoeosoma Electellum ◽  
Third Instar Larvae

AbstractA standard test for the larvicidal activity of Bacillus thuringiensis (B.t.) against the larvae of the sunflower moth Homoeosoma electellum (Hulst) has been developed. Bioassay parameters investigated include diet preparation, concentration of B.t., effect of formaldehyde, and method of pathogen incorporation in diet. The LC50 for seconded third-instar larvae is 1.24 μg of Dipel® WP ml−1 or 19.8 IU B.t. ml−1 pathogen-incorporated diet. Layering of a pathogen-suspension upon the surface of the diet was not a reliable bioassay technique for H. electellum. The addition of formaldehyde in the diet reduced the slope of the dose–mortality curve but did not change the LC50.

LONG TERM STUDY OF THE EFFECTIVENESS OF AERIAL APPLICATION OF BACILLUS THURINGIENSIS – ACEPHATE COMBINATIONS AGAINST THE SPRUCE BUDWORM, CHORISTONEURA FUMIFERANA (LEPIDOPTERA: TORTRICIDAE)

1977 ◽  
Vol 109 (9) ◽  
pp. 1239-1248 ◽  
Author(s):  
O. N. Morris
Keyword(s):  
Bacillus Thuringiensis ◽  
Choristoneura Fumiferana ◽  
Larval Mortality ◽  
Abies Balsamea ◽  
Spruce Budworm ◽  
White Spruce ◽  
Balsam Fir ◽  
Population Densities ◽  
Long Term Study

AbstractBacillus thuringiensis (Dipel® 36B) mixed with a sublethal concentration of acephate (Orthene®) (O, S-dimethyl acetylphosphoramidothioate), an organophosphorous insecticide, was applied at 2.35–14 l./ha to white spruce (Picea glauca) and balsam fir (Abies balsamea) trees infested with spruce budworm, Choristoneura fumiferana (Clem.). The treatment rate was 20 Billion International Units of B. thuringiensis (B.t.) activity with or without 42 g of active ingredient of acephate/ha.The ground deposit of the standard Dipel wettable powder formulation was 12% of emitted volume compared with 21–32% for the Dipel 36B flowable. The viability of B.t. spores was drastically reduced after 1 day of weathering but a high level of biological activity by the spore–crystal complex persisted for up to 20 days post-spray due probably to crystal activity.The addition of about 10% of the recommended operational rate of acephate to the B.t. suspension increased larval mortality by 34% when applied at 4.7 l./ha. Reductions in budworm populations were 97–99% in B.t. + acephate plots and 86–90% in B.t. alone plots.Plots with moderate budworm densities of up to 27 larvae/100 buds on white spruce and 36/100 on balsam fir were satisfactorily protected from excessive defoliation in the year of spray by B.t. with or without acephate. Plots with higher population densities were not satisfactorily protected based on the branch sample examination but aerial color photographs indicated good protection to the top third of the trees. Population declines were greater and defoliation and oviposition were lower in the treated plots than in the untreated checks 1 year later without further treatment. Two years later the larval population densities in all plots were low but the density was twice as high in the untreated check as in the treated plots, indicating long term suppression by the treatments. Defoliation was negligible in all plots.The treatments had no deleterious effect on spruce budworm parasitism. The data indicate that the integrated approach using Bacillus thuringiensis – chemical pesticide combinations is a viable alternative to the use of chemical pesticides alone in spruce budworm control. Large scale testing is now warranted.

ECOLOGY OF BLACK FLIES (DIPTERA: SIMULIIDAE) OF THE SOURIS RIVER, MANITOBA AS A BASIS FOR CONTROL STRATEGY

1981 ◽  
Vol 113 (3) ◽  
pp. 223-234 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. R. Westwood ◽  
R. A. Brust
Keyword(s):  
Control Program ◽  
Abundant Species ◽  
Pest Species ◽  
Black Flies ◽  
Black Fly ◽  
Simulium Vittatum ◽  
Late Instar ◽  
Simulium Decorum ◽  
Fly Control ◽  
Wire Cage

AbstractTen species of black flies were collected from the Souris River, Manitoba between April 1977 and October 1978. Adults of Simulium luggeri Nicholson and Mickel, Simulium meridionale Riley, Simulium venustum Say, Simulium verecundum Stone and Jamnback, and Simulium johannseni johannseni (Hart) were collected feeding on livestock and humans, and are well known pest species. Simulium vittatum Zetterstedt was the most abundant species, but was not a pest on man or domestic animals. Simulium tuberosum (Lundström) and Simulium johannseni duplex Shewell and Fredeen were the least abundant species. Simulium j. johannseni, S. j. duplex, S. venustum, S. verecundum, S. tuberosum, and Cnephia dacotensis (Dyar and Shannon) appeared to be univoltine species while S. luggeri, S. meridionale, Simulium decorum Walker, and S. vittatum were multivoltine in the Souris River.An evaluation of cone, plate, rope, and wire cage sampling devices for black fly larvae and pupae indicated that cone samplers provided a more representative sample for population assessment.In a black fly control program, of the Souris River, Manitoba two separate larvicide treatments in spring may be necessary. In the case of two treatments, the first should be aimed at late instar larvae of S. j. johannseni, S. venustum, and S. verecundum. Since the majority of S. luggeri and S. meridionale would be in the egg stage at this time, a second treatment, 10–14 days later, would be necessary to control late instar larvae of these species.

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