Natsef-Amun, keeper of the bulls: a comparative study of the paleopathology and archaeology of an Egyptian mummy

1970 ◽  
Vol 80 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
A. Rosalie David
Keyword(s):  
Comparative Study ◽  
Early Investigation ◽  
Egyptian Mummy ◽  
Archaeological Data ◽  
New Information ◽  
Contemporary Study ◽  
Lifestyle Diseases ◽  
Egyptian History ◽  
The Temple ◽  
Rare Opportunity

The mummy of Natsef-Amun, a priest in the Temple of Amun at Karnak (ca.1000 BC), was purchased for the Leeds Philosophical Society, England, in 1823. Members of the Society unwrapped the mummy and carried out one of the earliest multi-disciplinary mummy investigations in 1824. In recent years, the Manchester Mummy Project undertook a new scientific study of this mummy. The range of techniques they employed included radiology, paleoodontology, endoscopy, histology, immunohistochemistry, paleoserology, aDNA identification, and scientific facial reconstruction. This rare opportunity to compare the methodology and results of an early investigation with those of a contemporary study will be considered in this paper which will also demonstrate how scientific studies can add new information to historical and archaeological data about lifestyle, diseases, death and funerary procedures associated with a priest who lived at a tumultuous period of Egyptian history.

scholarly journals ‘LITERACIES’ – 60+ YEARS OF ‘READING’ THE AEGEAN LATE BRONZE AGE

2014 ◽  
Vol 57 (2) ◽  
pp. 127-137
Author(s):  
JOHN BENNET
Keyword(s):  
Comparative Study ◽  
Bronze Age ◽  
Academic Discipline ◽  
Critical Mass ◽  
Late Bronze Age ◽  
Archaeological Data ◽  
The 1950S ◽  
Linear B

Abstract Inaugurated in January 1954, the ‘Minoan Linear B Seminar’ explored the information emerging from Ventris' decipherment of Linear B in 1952. The new academic discipline of ‘Mycenaean Studies’ rapidly moved on from questions influenced by the field's ‘pre-history’ dating back a further 60 years to Evans' first publication on Aegean scripts. Intense philological and epigraphical research in the 1950s and 1960s laid the foundations for comparative study of the Mycenaean palatial societies, while a greater appreciation of archaeological data and contexts moved interpretation on in the 1980s and 1990s. Building on this tradition, Mycenaean studies currently needs more documents to sustain a ‘critical mass’ of researchers and, ideally, a new Ventris to unlock the Aegean scripts that remain undeciphered.

Bioarchaeological Analysis of Sacrificial Victims from a Postclassic Maya Temple from Ixlu, el Peten, Guatemala

2011 ◽  
Vol 22 (4) ◽  
pp. 549-572 ◽  
Author(s):  
William N. Duncan
Keyword(s):  
Biological Distance ◽  
Adult Males ◽  
Late Adolescent ◽  
Archaeological Data ◽  
Political Group ◽  
Ritual Violence ◽  
Cultural Modification ◽  
Enemy Combatants ◽  
The Temple ◽  
El Peten

AbstractExcavations at the site of Ixlú in northern Guatemala recovered a series of skulls and dismembered postcrania from a Postclassic (ca. A.D. 1000—1525) Maya temple. The current study considers demography, taphonomy (including mortuary processing), cultural modification and biological distance among the remains in light of ethnohistoric and archaeological data. Doing so addresses who made the deposits, why they were made, and who was interred, and informs on the use of ritual violence in the Postclassic Southern Lowlands. Six skulls were arranged in pairs on the east-west midline of the building, and fifteen skulls were placed in rows in the center of the building. All of the skulls faced east. Four postcrania were placed perpendicular to the skull rows. The skulls and postcrania were primarily late adolescent to young adult males. Three of the individuals exhibited a rare dental trait, supernumerary teeth, indicating that at least some of the individuals were related. The most likely scenario to account for the deposits is that the Itzá, a dominant political group in the area, sacrificed enemy combatants drawn from raiding and buried them as a part of a dedicatory ritual in the temple.

scholarly journals Medical and dental hidden treasures and secrets of 2700-year-old Egyptian mummy: Osirmose - the doorkeeper of the Temple of Re.

NEMESIS ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 17 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-38
Author(s):  
Raphael Olszewski ◽  
Jean-Philippe Hastir ◽  
Caroline Tilleux ◽  
Luc Delvaux ◽  
Etienne Danse
Keyword(s):  
High Resolution ◽  
Ct Scan ◽  
Multidisciplinary Team ◽  
Oral Surgery ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Osteolytic Lesion ◽  
High Resolution Computed Tomography ◽  
Egyptian Mummy ◽  
3D Printed ◽  
The Temple

Objective: To perform a ‘virtual autopsy’ on the Egyptian mummy and to study, understand, and interpret three-dimensional (3D) high-resolution computed tomography (CT) scan images of Osirmose’s mummy with a multidisciplinary team composed of radiologists, archaeologists, and oral and maxillofacial surgeon. Material and methods: We studied the Osirmose’s mummy, the doorkeeper of the Temple of Re, who lived during the XXVth dynasty. His mummy belongs to the Royal Museum of Art and History (Inv. E.5889). We performed a high resolution CT scanning of Osirmose’s mummy. We also 3D printed the upper maxilla of the mummy and a tooth found in the oesophagus with a clinically validated low-cost 3D printer. Results: We confirmed the male sex of the mummy. We found the heart, aorta, and  kidneys inside the mummy’s body. Brain excerebration was performed through the right ethmoid bone pathway. A wood stick embedded in the dura mater tissue was found inside the skull. The orbicularis oculi muscle, internal canthus, optical nerves, and calcified eye were still present. Artificial eyes were added above the stuffing of eye globes. The skull and face were embalmed with multiple layers of inner bandages in a sophisticated manner. The wear of maxillary teeth was asymmetrical and more pronounced on the maxilla. We discovered three anomalies of the upper maxilla: 1) a rectangular hole on the palatine side of tooth n°26 (the palatine root of tooth n°26 was missing), 2) an indentation at a right angle palatine to tooth n°27, and 3) a semilunar shape of edges around the osteolytic lesion distal and palatine to tooth n°28. Conclusions: The present study provides the first evidence of a tooth removal site, and of oral surgery procedures previously conducted in a 2700-year-old Egyptian embalmed mummy. We found traces of dental root removal, and the opening of a tooth-related osteolytic lesion before the person’s death. The multidisciplinary team, the use of a high resolution 3D CT scan and a 3D-printed model of the upper maxilla helped in this discovery.

scholarly journals Efficiency of Training: A Comparative Study on some Selected Commercial Banks in Bangladesh

2015 ◽  
Vol 5 (6) ◽  
pp. 116-124
Author(s):  
Md. Zahidul Islam
Keyword(s):  
Standard Deviation ◽  
Human Resources ◽  
Comparative Study ◽  
Commercial Banks ◽  
Training Programs ◽  
Primary Data ◽  
Advanced Training ◽  
Initial Training ◽  
Statistical Tools ◽  
New Information

Most of the commercial banks in Bangladesh arrange different training programs for adapting their existing human resources to their jobs and also updating new information or techniques and reshaping their knowledge. The purpose of the paper is to discover the level of efficiency of training among different commercial banks in Bangladesh. The study is mostly plunked on primary data that were composed from 100 employees as sample of different banks in Dhaka. Some statistical tools like mean standard deviation, hypothesis etc. were used for analyzing data in this paper. The study reveals that most of the commercial banks arrange initial training and in house training but they do not arrange mid level or advanced training as well as off the job training. Most of the banks in Bangladesh do not frequently arrange training programs. The average level of efficiency of training of all banks is 77.08%. The levels of efficiency of training from higher to lower level are as follows: DBBL, BBL, IBBL, TBL and ABL.

On the Regionalization of Roman-Period Egyptian Hands

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Joachim Friedrich Quack
Keyword(s):  
Roman Period ◽  
Writing Style ◽  
Viable Option ◽  
Regional Centre ◽  
Local Tradition ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Egyptian History ◽  
The Temple

In earlier periods of Egyptian history, cursive writing tends to display a certain degree of uniformity all over the country, and it is difficult to localize a hieratic text just on the basis of its writing style. Beginning in the Ptolemaic period and even more so in Roman imperial times, indigenous Egyptian scripts tend to become regionalized to such a degree that, for relatively well-known places, the attribution of an unprovenanced item simply on the basis of the individual hand can become a viable option. Even places of comparatively limited distance can develop seriously different features in orthography as well as preferred sign forms. The most likely explanation is that there was no super-regional centre setting standards to be emulated all over the country. Thus, teaching Egyptian writing was purely a local tradition taking place in the temple schools, and local habits could grow freely.

Tomb Robberies at the End of the New Kingdom

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Valentina Gasperini
Keyword(s):  
British Museum ◽  
New Kingdom ◽  
Intermediate Period ◽  
Ancient Egyptian ◽  
New Information ◽  
New Interpretation ◽  
And Function ◽  
The 19Th Century ◽  
First Time ◽  
Egyptian History

At the end of the 19th century W.M.F. Petrie excavated a series of assemblages at the New Kingdom Fayum site of Gurob. These deposits, known in the Egyptological literature as 'Burnt Groups', were composed by several and varied materials (mainly Egyptian and imported pottery, faience, stone and wood vessels, jewellery), all deliberately burnt and buried in the harem palace area of the settlement. Since their discovery these deposits have been considered peculiar and unparalleled. Many scholars were challenged by them and different theories were formulated to explain these enigmatic 'Burnt Groups'. The materials excavated from these assemblages are now curated at several Museum collections across England: Ashmolean Museum, British Museum, Manchester Museum, and Petrie Museum. For the first time since their discovery, this book presents these materials all together. Gasperini has studied and visually analysed all the items. This research sheds new light on the chronology of deposition of these assemblages, additionally a new interpretation of their nature, primary deposition, and function is presented in the conclusive chapter. The current study also gives new information on the abandonment of the Gurob settlement and adds new social perspective on a crucial phase of the ancient Egyptian history: the transition between the late New Kingdom and the early Third Intermediate Period. Beside the traditional archaeological sources, literary evidence ('The Great Tomb Robberies Papyri') is taken into account to formulate a new theory on the deposition of these assemblages.

scholarly journals A Multidisciplinary Approach to the Study of the Temple of Athena in Poseidonia-Paestum (Southern Italy): New Geomorphological, Geophysical and Archaeological Data

Geosciences ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (8) ◽  
pp. 324 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marilena Cozzolino ◽  
Fausto Longo ◽  
Natascia Pizzano ◽  
Maria Luigia Rizzo ◽  
Ottavia Voza ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Remote Sensing ◽  
Twentieth Century ◽  
Multidisciplinary Approach ◽  
Southern Italy ◽  
Geophysical Data ◽  
Archaeological Data ◽  
Multidisciplinary Study ◽  
Late Nineteenth ◽  
The Temple ◽  
Archaeological Excavations

The Temple of Athena is one of the main sacred areas of the Greek–Roman settlement of Poseidonia-Paestum (southern Italy). Several archaeological excavations were carried out here between the late nineteenth and early twentieth century. Unfortunately, the locations of these excavations are only approximately known, as are the geomorphology and stratigraphy of the temple area. A multidisciplinary study, including stratigraphic, geomorphological, archaeological, and sedimentological investigations, remote sensing, and electromagnetic and geoelectrical tests, was therefore carried out, shedding new light on the geomorphology and stratigraphy of the SW and W temple sectors. The geophysical data obtained revealed anomalies in the subsoil that probably correspond to ancient structures and the cutting of the travertine deposits around the temple. The position and extension of the trenches of the early archaeological excavations were also established.

The Materiality of Shabtis: Figurines over Four Millennia

2019 ◽  
Vol 30 (1) ◽  
pp. 123-140 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kathryn E. Howley
Keyword(s):  
Cultural Background ◽  
Significant Part ◽  
Archaeological Record ◽  
Human Response ◽  
Archaeological Data ◽  
Long Period ◽  
Ancient Egyptian ◽  
Ancient Times ◽  
Different Cultures ◽  
Egyptian History

Miniature human figurines have inspired many theoretical advances in archaeological literature, centred around universal human reactions to the material affect of their form. However, confirmation that ancient audiences had such reactions to figurines can be difficult to access in the archaeological record. Egyptian shabtis, a type of funerary figurine, allow such reactions to be accessed by the archaeologist due to their widespread use throughout a long period of Egyptian history and their continuing popularity in other cultures since ancient times: evidence consists of a broad range of textual, artistic and archaeological data from many different cultures over a period of roughly 4000 years. This evidence confirms not only that ancient Egyptian craftsmen responded to and sought to maximize the material affect of the shabtis, but that a significant part of the human response to miniature human figurines is indeed conditioned by their material qualities, independent of the figurines’ original religious function and the cultural background of the viewer.

scholarly journals La arqueología virtual: de la excavación arqueológica a la gestión y socialización del patrimonio. Les cases de la Catedral (Tortosa) y el yacimiento protohistórico de La Cella(Salou), Tarragona

2018 ◽  
Vol 9 (19) ◽  
pp. 102 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ivan Cots ◽  
Jordi Vilà ◽  
Jordi Diloli ◽  
Ramon Ferré ◽  
Laura Bricio
Keyword(s):  
Information Technologies ◽  
Virtual Museum ◽  
Archaeological Remains ◽  
Virtual Communication ◽  
Archaeological Data ◽  
New Information ◽  
Scientific Hypothesis ◽  
Virtual Reconstruction ◽  
Urban Problems

<p>This article reports how the new information technologies are used in two practical examples in the field of archaeology from the early stages of excavation up to the reporting of the results. The first example is an urban settlement focused on the process of documentation and recording, the presentation of the archaeological remains and the resulting museum discourse in Tortosa, Tarragona (Spain). The second example is a settlement near the coast with no urban problems or conditions, which is more focused on the diffusion of research results through a variety of virtual communication channels (La Cella, Salou). In this regard, we present a variety of techniques and systems that we apply to achieve our objectives. Photogrammetry is now an essential tool for recording archaeological data because it facilitates fieldwork, provides extremely accurate measurements and considerably increases the quality of the result. It also enables archaeological and heritage research to be socialized and the results target scientific and interpretative analysis. If it is combined with the appropriate software, the remains of artefacts and buildings recovered at the sites, and which in some cases cannot be conserved, can be displayed in 3D. Finally, it can be used to make recreations and virtual interpretations that can present all these archaeological data to a non-specialized public in the form of a virtual museum, an immersive virtual reality experience, or can be applied to improve scientific research, through 3D modelling and virtual experimentation.</p><p><strong>Highlights:</strong></p><ul><li><p>Photogrammetric technique saves the real information that emerges and prevents much of it from disappearing, a common occurrence in archaeological excavations.</p></li><li><p>Virtual reconstruction is an effective method of presenting the results in an educational way for the general public.</p></li><li><p>The final product needs to show the result of a scientific hypothesis in an attractive and understandable way.</p></li></ul>

3. History

2021 ◽  
pp. 40-61
Author(s):  
Ian Shaw
Keyword(s):  
Complex Mixture ◽  
Ancient Egypt ◽  
Historical Event ◽  
Delta Region ◽  
Archaeological Data ◽  
The North ◽  
Dating Methods ◽  
The Military ◽  
Egyptian History

‘History’ examines Egyptian history. The Narmer Palette and various other ‘protodynastic’ artefacts have long been regarded as lying at the interface of prehistory and history in ancient Egypt. Indeed, the palette was interpreted as a record of the first truly significant historical ‘event’ in Egyptian history: the military defeat of Lower Egypt (the delta region in the north) by the ruler of an expanding Upper Egyptian Kingdom. The interpretation of Predynastic palettes and mace-heads are useful to enable us to extract myth and history. There are numerous ways in which Egyptologists have set about creating a chronological framework for ancient Egypt, using a complex mixture of archaeological data, texts, and scientific dating methods.

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