scholarly journals Environmental effectiveness of GAEC cross-compliance Standard 1.1a (temporary ditches) and 1.2g (permanent grass cover of set-aside) in reducing soil erosion and economic evaluation of the competitiveness gap for farmers

2016 ◽  
Vol 10 (1s) ◽  
Author(s):  
Paolo Bazzoffi ◽  
Rosa Francaviglia ◽  
Ulderico Neri ◽  
Rosario Napoli ◽  
Alessandro Marchetti ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Soil Erosion ◽  
Vegetation Cover ◽  
Bare Soil ◽  
Runoff Water ◽  
Rusle Model ◽  
Environmental Effectiveness ◽  
Additional Costs ◽  
Soil Erosion By Water ◽  
Cross Compliance ◽  
Made In

<p>This paper shows the results of the monitoring carried out in three hilly farms of the MONACO project in order to verify the effectiveness of the Standard 1.1 <sub>(commitment a)</sub> (temporary ditches) and Standard 1.2 <sub>(commitment g)</sub> (Vegetation cover throughout the year in set-aside land) in the reduction in soil erosion, contained in Rule 1: ‘minimum land management that meets specific conditions’ of the decree Mipaaf 2009 and following modifications, until the recent decree No. 180 of January 23, 2015. In addition, the assessment of the competitiveness gap was done. That is the evaluation of the additional costs borne by the beneficiary of the single payment determined from agronomic commitments. Monitoring has also compared the erosion actually observed in the field with that predicted by RUSLE model (Revised Universal Soil Loss Equation) (Renard et al., 1997) in the two situations: with and without the presence of temporary ditches, i.e. assuming Factual (compliance rules) and in that Counterfactual (infringement). This comparison was made in view of the fact that the RUSLE model was chosen by the 'European Evaluation Network for Rural Development (EEN, 2013) as a forecasting tool for the quantification of' Common Indicator ‘soil erosion by water’. The results of soil erosion survey carried out by using a new  UAV-GIS methodology  on two monitoring farms in two years of observations have shown that temporary ditches were effective in decreasing erosion, on average, by 42.5%, from 36. 59 t ha<sup>-1</sup> to 21.05 t ha<sup>-1</sup> during the monitoring period. It was also evaluated the effectiveness of grass strips (at variance with the commitment of temporary ditches). The results showed a strong, highly significant, reduction in erosion by about 35% times respect soil erosion observed in bare soil and also a significant reduction in the volume of runoff water.  With regard to Standard 1.2 <sub>(commitment g)</sub> the statistical analysis shows a strong and highly significant decrease in the erosion due to the vegetation cover of the soil compared to bare soil. The economic competitiveness gap of  Standard 1.1<sub>(commitment a)</sub> stood at € 4.07±1.42 € ha<sup>-1</sup> year<sup>-1</sup>, while CO<sub>2</sub> emissions due to execution of temporary ditches was 2.58 kg ha<sup>-1</sup>year<sup>-1</sup>. As for the Standard 1.2 <sub>(commitment g) </sub>the average differential competitiveness gap amounted to  50.22±13.7 € ha<sup>-1</sup> year<sup>-1</sup> and an output of CO<sub>2</sub> equal to 31.52  kg ha<sup>-1</sup> year.</p>

scholarly journals Retraction: Temporary ditches are effective in reducing soil erosion in hilly areas. An evaluation with the RUSLE model

2021 ◽  
Vol 16 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Rosa Francaviglia ◽  
Ulderico Neri
Keyword(s):  
Soil Erosion ◽  
Original Data ◽  
Copyright Infringement ◽  
Water Control ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Runoff Water ◽  
Rusle Model ◽  
Italian Regions ◽  
Sloping Land ◽  
Cross Compliance

To: Pier Paolo Roggero, Editor-in-Chief, Italian Journal of Agronomy, and Michele Moscato, PAGEPress Publications, Publisher We take note of your communication following the report by Dr. Paolo Bazzoffi regarding the copyright infringement of the paper ‘Effectiveness of the GAEC cross-compliance standard short-term measures for runoff water control on sloping land (temporary ditches and grass strips) in controlling soil erosion’ (Authors: Bazzoffi, Ciancaglini, Laruccia), that can be found at the following address: https://www.agronomy.it/index.php/agro/ article/view/ija.2011.6.s1.e3. The title of the retracted publication is: ‘Temporary ditches are effective in reducing soil erosion in hilly areas. An evaluation with the RUSLE model’ (Authors: Francaviglia, Neri), that can be found at the following address: https://www.agronomy.it/index. php/agro/article/view/1762). The undersigned authors thoroughly agree with the points raised by Dr. Paolo Bazzoffi in relation to the copyright infringement. In particular, we agree that the original paper ‘Effectiveness of the GAEC cross compliance standard short-term measures for runoff water control on sloping land (temporary ditches and grass strips) in controlling soil erosion’ was not clearly indicated as original data source in the paper ‘Temporary ditches are effective in reducing soil erosion in hilly areas. An evaluation with the RUSLE model’. We also recognize that we did not give credit to Dr. Paolo Bazzoffi of the original methodology, particularly: i) the original materials and methods; ii) the GIS elaboration; and iii) the original data and results. The authors declare that: - they considered the opportunity to review the data published by Dr. Bazzoffi et al. shown in Table 7 of their original publication after a data re-elaboration, as shown in Table 3 of the publication to be retracted, with the aim to provide a statistical comparison of erosion in hilly agricultural land among the Italian Regions, as well as introducing an evaluation of the weight of the parameters implemented in the RUSLE model using a multiple regression technique; - they are aware of not having adequately recognized the copyrights of Dr. Bazzoffi and co-authors Ciancaglini and Laruccia. For these reasons, and as requested, we retract the paper ‘Temporary ditches are effective in reducing soil erosion in hilly areas. An evaluation with the RUSLE model’ from publication. We apologize to Dr. Bazzoffi, Dr. Ciancaglini and Dr. Laruccia for the unpleasant inconvenience caused. We also take the opportunity to thank Dr. Paolo Bazzoffi for coordinating the EFFICOND and MONACO projects, in which we participated in various work packages, offering the possibility of a valuable and constructive work experience. Sincerely, Rosa Francaviglia and Ulderico Neri

scholarly journals Environmental effectiveness of GAEC cross-compliance standard 1.1c ‘Maintenance of farm channel networks and field convexity’ and economic evaluation of the competitiveness gap for farmers

2016 ◽  
Vol 10 (1s) ◽  
Author(s):  
Paolo Bazzoffi ◽  
Sergio Pellegrini ◽  
Silvia Carnevale ◽  
Lamberto Borrelli ◽  
Marisanna Speroni ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Roughness Parameter ◽  
Practical Significance ◽  
Channel Networks ◽  
Environmental Threats ◽  
Cultivated Soil ◽  
Agricultural Enterprise ◽  
Environmental Effectiveness ◽  
Structural Fragility ◽  
Additional Costs ◽  
Cross Compliance

<p>This paper shows the results of the monitoring carried out in three farms of the project MO.NA.CO. in order to verify the effectiveness of the cross-compliance standard 1.1c which obliges the farmer to the ‘Maintenance of farm channel networks and field convexity’ in order to ensure its efficiency and functionality in draining water. It was also examined the competitiveness gap induced to the agricultural enterprise by the application of the standard, that is to say the additional costs borne by the beneficiary of the single payment determined by cleaning farm collector channels. Effectiveness was determined by evaluating the degradation of soil structure at the end of winter, on flat fields  sown in autumn with winter wheat, in the two cases: a) Factual (channels along the field edges not clogged and no waterlogging present on the cultivated soil) b) Counterfactual (channels clogged and waterlogging present on the cultivated soil). The monitoring confirmed a positive effect of the adoption of this standard on predisposing soil to the ideal conditions for the maintenance of the structure. Despite the statistical evidence found, it must be said that the change in the surface roughness factor was so small as not to take any practical significance in order to affirm that the functional maintenance of collectors channels have been effective in reducing erosion. Overall, the soils were unstructured and crusted at the end of the observation period. Indexes Icli, NTU, and DS show a structural fragility from medium to high for soils of the three monitoring farms. This explains the lack of appreciable differences in the soil roughness parameter, especially in relation to   heavy rains and long waterlogging periods in the cropping years of monitoring. The competitiveness gap induced by the application of this standard, amounted to 19.89±€ 6.35 ha<sup>-1</sup> year<sup>-1</sup>. Atmospheric emission of CO<sub>2</sub>, was equal to 14.53±6.62 kg ha<sup>-1 </sup>year<sup>-1</sup>. It is considered important to point out that at the present Annex II: ‘Rules of cross-compliance’ of Regulation (EU) No. 1306/2013 includes a BCAA not taking into account the environmental threats determined by waterlogging in cultivated land to soil, crops and to atmosphere, due to the possible production of greenhouse gases. As regards the infringement criteria to the standard it is suggested the introduction of the verification of the presence of convexity on cultivated fields in the plain.</p>

scholarly journals Assessment of Improved Ladder Terraces in Controlling Soil Erosion on Uluguru Mountains-Tanzania

2016 ◽  
Vol 8 (7) ◽  
pp. 69
Author(s):  
S. T. Materu
Keyword(s):  
Soil Erosion ◽  
Soil Loss ◽  
Bare Soil ◽  
Runoff Water ◽  
Maize Crop ◽  
Uluguru Mountains ◽  
Percentage Weight ◽  
Steep Slopes ◽  
Runoff And Soil Loss ◽  
Field Plots

<p>This study assesses effectiveness of improved ladder terraces in controlling soil erosion on steep slopes of Uluguru Mountains in Morogoro Region, where runoff collection tanks were located downstream of the divisor system were all runoff from the catchment upstream where improved ladder terraces were located. The soil properties percentage weight for sand, silt and clay were average 40, 10 and 50 respectively. Half of the terraces were left barely and half were planted with maize crop. Runoff and soil loss generated during every rainstorm was collected from six field plots of improved ladder terraces to the tanks. There was statistically significant different between reductions of soil loss in bare improved ladder terrace and cropped improved ladder terrace. The amount of runoff on the bare soil was high by 15% to 18% compare to runoff on cropped soils. It was found that cropped improved ladder terrace reduced soil loss by 74% while bare improved ladder terrace reduced soil loss only by 41%. Simple linear regression shows runoff water generated from rainfall amount with soil losses from different land cover. Bare soils behave with linear relationship (r² = 0.85) unlike cropped soil were r² = 0.36 because of gradual increase of crop canopy at every crop stage hence less impact to the soil. Soils losses from the bare soil ladder terrace and that of cropped soil ladder terrace was significantly difference with correlation coefficient of 0.863 at vegetative stage and 0.928 at the full booting stage.</p>

scholarly journals Soil Erosion Evaluation and Mapping Based on Geomatic Techniques in Wadi El Malleh Watershed

2017 ◽  
Vol 13 (18) ◽  
pp. 211
Author(s):  
Abdelkader El Garouani ◽  
Asmaa Nasser Mohamed EID ◽  
Omar El Aroussi
Keyword(s):  
Soil Erosion ◽  
Soil Loss ◽  
Remote Sensing Data ◽  
Google Earth ◽  
Geographical Information ◽  
Irrigated Agriculture ◽  
Anthropogenic Pressure ◽  
Rusle Model ◽  
Sedimentation Model ◽  
Soil Erosion By Water

Soil erosion by water considered is serious problem in the Mediterranean region due to the climate aggressiviness of the mountainous terrain, the traditional farming practices and other anthropogenic pressure on its land and soil. The present study was scheduled to use Geographical Information System (GIS), Remote Sensing data and the Revised Universal Soil Loss Equation (RUSLE) model to evaluate the annual average soil loss and sedimentation rate from Wadi El Malleh watershed, which is located in the Northern-Fez (Morocco), and covers an area of 34 km2 . In fact, RUSLE and SEDIMENTATION models were combined with GIS techniques to predict the spatiotemporal distribution of soil erosion and deposition under different land uses. The land use was assessed using the Google Earth image, which was taken in 2013. The image was first geo-referenced and projected into Moroccan coordinates system and classified by ArcGIS software. The use of RUSLE model allowed the estimation of static soil loss. Then the results of RUSLE were applied in the deposition modelling calculations to assess the spread of soil loss downstream by SEDIMENTATION model. The values of the annual net soil erosion obtained by this study were (81.86 t/ha/y) in bad land, (-19.19 t/ha/y) in irrigated agriculture areas and (-13.66 t/ha/y) in reforestation land where the negative values indicated deposition.

scholarly journals Measurement of rill erosion through a new UAV-GIS methodology

2015 ◽  
Vol 10 (1s) ◽  
Author(s):  
Paolo Bazzoffi
Keyword(s):  
High Resolution ◽  
Soil Erosion ◽  
Soil Surface ◽  
Rill Erosion ◽  
Evaluation Tool ◽  
Runoff Water ◽  
Statistics Analysis ◽  
Erosion Rates ◽  
Quick Measurement ◽  
Soil Erosion By Water

Photogrammetry from aerial pictures acquired through micro Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAV), integrated by post-processing is a promising methodology both in terms of speed of data acquisition, degree of automation of data processing and cost-effectiveness. The new UAV-GIS methodology has been developed for three main purposes: i) for a quick measurement of rill erosion at a field scale with the aim of combining the simplicity of field survey to reliability of results, at an affordable price; ii) to calibrate the RUSLE model to make it suitable for the purposes of the CAP common indicator; iii) to provide an easy evaluation tool to Regions and to non-research professionals who use the very popular ESRI ArcGis software for assessing the effectiveness of soil conservation measures adopted under CAP and to calibrate the common indicator “soil erosion by water”. High-resolution stereo photos pairs, acquired close to the soil, are of crucial importance in order to produce high resolution DEMs to be analysed under GIS. The GIS methodology consists of the measurement of rill erosion that occurred in a plot from the total volume of the incisions, regardless of internal sediment redeposition, based on Plan Curvature analysis and Focal Statistics analysis, described in detail, as they are the essential constituents of the new methodology. To determine the effectiveness and reliability of the new methodology a comparison between rill depth measured manually on field of 51 rill points and depth measured by UAV-GIS methodology was done. The best calibration equation was obtained by using 30 cm radius in the Focal statistics analysis. The linear regression equation resulted highly significant with R2 =0.87. Two case studies are presented, solved step by step, in order to help the user to overcome possible difficulties of interpretation in the application of the GIS procedure. The first solved exercise concerns a heavily eroded plot where only one DEM, derived from post erosion UAV photos, was used to calculate rills erosion. In this case, incisions due to tillage tools and wheel tracks (false rills) which were present on the soil surface before soil erosion had occurred were no longer present at flight time, as they have been fully incorporated (absorbed) by rills. The second exercise concerns a less rilled plot, where the diachronic analysis of DEMs was deemed necessary to subtract from the rill volume the false rill volume which was still present on the soil surface before soil erosion has occurred. In this case rill erosion increased the volume of preexisting mechanical incisions that are still distinguishable (with the naked eye on the field) from the incision forms due to runoff water. A solved exercise to assess interrill erosion from the calculated value of rill erosion, according to a previous study of 1989, is also reported. A comparison between UAV-GIS measured and RUSLE predicted erosion rates is also reported, which gives a first confirmation of validity of the new methodology.

scholarly journals ESTIMATION OF SOIL LOSSES BY THE IMPROVED TILLAGE HOMOGENIZATION MODEL AND RUSLE MODEL

2020 ◽  
Vol XLIII-B3-2020 ◽  
pp. 961-967
Author(s):  
S. Bouhlassa ◽  
N. Bouhsane
Keyword(s):  
Soil Erosion ◽  
Soil Loss ◽  
Environmental Problem ◽  
Scientific Methods ◽  
Rusle Model ◽  
The Past ◽  
Homogenization Model ◽  
Soil Erosion By Water ◽  
Soil Losses ◽  
Sheet Erosion

Abstract. Soil erosion by water is a major environmental problem in the Mediterranean areas. It results in land degradation and soil losses, decreases soil structural stability, and increases soil erodibility. Hence, the need for reliable scientific methods for obtaining soil erosion data becomes crucial. The study aims to estimate soil loss in the Moroccan watershed using two soil erosion estimation models and to discuss the differences between those models. The first model used in this study is the improved tillage homogenization model (T-H) which permits to predict the magnetic susceptibility values after erosion, the second one is the empirical model based on the Revised Universal Soil Loss Equation RUSLE. The results showed that: i) higher soil losses using tillage homogenization (T-H) model have occurred in the upper and lower slopes in the cultivated transect, and in the middleslopes and lower slopes in the forested transect; ii) the average of annual soil loss obtained by RUSLE model is about 20.21 t/ha/yr; iii) T-H model allows us to estimate the total cumulative soil erosion during the past and, while RUSLE model is designed for predicting annual soil loss resulting from sheet erosion under given conditions.

scholarly journals ASSESSMENT OF SOIL EROSION BY RUSLE MODEL USING GIS: A CASE STUDY OF CHEMORAH BASIN, ALGERIA

2020 ◽  
Vol 4 (2) ◽  
pp. 70-78
Author(s):  
Khanchoul K. ◽  
Balla F. ◽  
Othmani O.
Keyword(s):  
Soil Erosion ◽  
Soil Loss ◽  
Agricultural Land ◽  
Plant Cover ◽  
Rainfall Erosivity ◽  
Productive Capacity ◽  
Rusle Model ◽  
Erosion Loss ◽  
Gis Software ◽  
Soil Erosion By Water

Soil erosion by water is one of the major sources of land degradation. Erosion contributes to the temporary or permanent lowering of the productive capacity of agricultural land and sedimentation of dams. The purpose of this study is to assess soil loss rate using a GIS/RUSLE approach at the Chemorah basin by focusing on two catchments, namely, Reboa and Soultez. The assessment of soil erosion aims thus to identify the lands more prone to erosion which are vital for erosion management process. RUSLE model supported by GIS software is to predict the spatial variability of erosion occurring in the Chemorah basin and its sub-basins. Five inputs such as rainfall erosivity, soil erodibility, slope and length of slope, plant cover and anti-erosion practices, are used in the model to compute the erosion loss rates. The mean annual soil loss in Chemorah river basin is estimated at 7.52 T/ha/year, and varying between 3.78 T/ha/year in Soultez catchment and 6.06 T/ha/year in Reboa sub-basin. The study shows that low erosion (≤ 7 T/ha/year) covers 52% and high to very high erosion (> 7 T/ha/year) which does not exceed 23% of the Chemorah basin area. The results indicate that Reboa catchment faces the greatest risk of soil erosion compared to Soultez one, with contributions of 44 % and 32 % of their basin areas respectively. Use of the erosion factors’ information coupled with GIS/RUSLE program can help to design the appropriate land management to minimize soil erosion in the basin.

Effectiveness of hydrated lime and artificial zeolite amendments and sedum (Sedum sediforme) plant cover in controlling soil erosion from an acid soil

Soil Research ◽  
2007 ◽  
Vol 45 (4) ◽  
pp. 266 ◽  
Author(s):  
Henintsoa Andry ◽  
Tahei Yamamoto ◽  
Mitsuhiro Inoue
Keyword(s):  
Soil Erosion ◽  
Vegetation Cover ◽  
Surface Runoff ◽  
Soil Loss ◽  
Acid Soil ◽  
Hydrated Lime ◽  
Sediment Concentration ◽  
Bare Soil ◽  
Surface Cover ◽  
Rain Splash

There are over 350 different species of sedum (Sedum spp.) and most of them can tolerate harsh conditions including very cold to hot temperatures, drought, and poor and stony soil. Sedum plants are used in rock gardens and edging flower beds, and for greening the tops of buildings, cottages, and thatched roofs. However, little is known about the effectiveness of sedum as vegetation cover in protecting soil erosion from a road embankment made of acid soil. Acid soil is believed to be vulnerable to soil erosion and is not suitable for plant growth. Liming treatment is required first before revegetation to alleviate the soil acidity; however, lime incorporation may affect the soil physical properties and, consequently, runoff and sediment generation. A rainfall simulation study was conducted to test the effectiveness of hydrated lime and artificial zeolite as amendments and Sedum sediforme (Rupestria group) as vegetation cover in controlling soil erosion from an acid soil taken from mountain cuts in Yamaguchi prefecture, Japan, where it is used for road embankment. The soil was treated with 0.5% lime and 10% zeolite. Two rainfall intensities of 30 and 60 mm/h were tested for 2 and 1 h, respectively, on sedum-growing soil plots measuring 0.50 by 0.30 by 0.05 m. Three levels of vegetation cover (bare soil, 25%, 75%) of sedum plant of 5-month growth under 2-day irrigation intervals were tested. The incorporation of hydrated lime and artificial zeolite amendments improved wet aggregate stability, which contributed to significant decrease in surface runoff, sediment concentration, and total soil loss by rain splash from the bare soil. Zeolite was more effective in promoting plant growth than the lime treatment; as a result the decrease in sediment generation and soil loss by rain splash, compared with the control, was larger with zeolite than with lime. Under both intensities of simulated rain, the sediment concentration and total soil loss by rain splash decreased significantly (P < 0.05) with increasing surface cover. The correlation between cumulative soil loss (CSL) and cumulative surface runoff was linear and significant (P < 0.001) and the slope coefficient decreased with increasing surface cover. This suggests that the sediment carrying capacity or the erosivity of the surface runoff was constant and it decreased with increasing surface cover. The sedum cover reduced the CSL up to 72 and 79% under 30 and 60 mm/h rainfall intensities, respectively. The mean weight diameter of the soil sediment transported by runoff and soil loss by rain splash were significantly increased, and therefore, the silt and clay proportion of the crust material formed on the soil surface decreased up to 6 and 16% under 25 and 75% vegetation cover, respectively. These results demonstrate that hydrated lime and artificial zeolite could be used as amendments and sedum plant as vegetation covers in controlling soil erosion from an acid soil.

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