scholarly journals Effects of mycorrhiza on growth and essential oil production in selected aromatic plants

2015 ◽  
Vol 10 (3) ◽  
pp. 160 ◽  
Author(s):  
Waed Tarraf ◽  
Claudia Ruta ◽  
Francesca De Cillis ◽  
Anna Tagarelli ◽  
Luigi Tedone ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Essential Oil ◽  
Mycorrhizal Fungi ◽  
Arbuscular Mycorrhizal ◽  
Plant Production ◽  
Gas Chromatography Mass Spectrometry ◽  
Agricultural System ◽  
Leaf Essential Oil ◽  
Am Fungus ◽  
Am Symbiosis ◽  
Mycorrhizal Inoculation

Arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) symbiosis is widely investigated in aromatic herbs. Several studies have shown different effects on secondary metabolites, biomass production, as well as oil quantitative and qualitative aspects. The seeking to increase the yield of plants and their oils is an interesting topic in the world of medicinal and aromatic plant production. In tune with that, this study evaluated the effectiveness of two mycorrhiza fungi, <em>Funneliformis</em> <em>mosseae</em> (syn. <em>Glomus</em> <em>mosseae</em>) and <em>Septoglomus</em> <em>viscosum</em> (syn. <em>Glomus viscosum</em>), on three species from Lamiaceae family: <em>Salvia officinalis</em> L., <em>Origanum</em> <em>vulgare</em> L., and <em>Thymus</em> <em>vulgaris</em> L. besides untreated control. It was found that the effect of symbiosis on growth was more favourable with <em>S. viscosum</em> than other AM fungus. The S. viscosum inoculation raised the yield of essential oil in oregano. Analysis of gas chromatography/mass spectrometry showed that manool obtained the highest abundance in leaf essential oil of inoculated sage; thymol was the major component whatever the treatment in thyme and lower relative content of carvacrol was reported with arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi inoculation in oregano. The results suggest the mycorrhizal inoculation as a promising technology in sustainable agricultural system to improve the plant productivity performance. Specific inocula are strategic to enhance the chemical profile of essential oils.

scholarly journals Origanum syriacum Essential Oil Chemical Polymorphism According to Soil Type

Foods ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 8 (3) ◽  
pp. 90
Author(s):  
Imad El-Alam ◽  
Raviella Zgheib ◽  
Marcello Iriti ◽  
Marc El Beyrouthy ◽  
Paul Hattouny ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Gas Chromatography ◽  
Essential Oil ◽  
Soil Type ◽  
Mycorrhizal Fungi ◽  
Gas Chromatography Mass Spectrometry ◽  
Shoot Biomass ◽  
Chemical Components ◽  
Chemical Polymorphism ◽  
Mycorrhizal Inoculation ◽  
Vegetable Compost

Background: Origanum syriacum L. is an aromatic plant growing wild in Lebanon. This species is highly used in Lebanese traditional medicine and is a staple food in Lebanese gastronomy. Due to the over-harvesting, this species has become a cultivated crop rather than being collected from the wild. This study aims to evaluate the chemical polymorphism according to soil type. Methods: Plant samples were cultivated in different soil types including manure, potting mix, professional agriculture mixture, vegetable compost, nursery soils, and natural agricultural soil inoculated with arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi. After 16 weeks of culture, fresh shoot biomass was measured. Root colonization rate was evaluated and foliar biomasses were used for essential oil (EO) extraction. EO yield was calculated and the identification of the main chemical compounds of EO samples was performed by gas chromatography (GC) and gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC/MS). Results: Our findings revealed that the soil type affects the O. syriacum chemotype. Indeed, the EO samples could be divided into two groups: thymol chemotype group including manure and vegetable compost soils and non-sterilized non-inoculated EO samples, and the thymol/carvacrol chemotype including potting mix, professional agriculture mixture, nursery mixture, sterilized non-inoculated, non-sterilized inoculated, and sterilized inoculated EO samples. These results showed that manure and vegetable compost soils promoted thymol synthesis, whereas potting mix, professional agriculture mixture, and nursery mixture soils were thymol/carvacrol chemotype. Moreover, mycorrhizal inoculation increased carvacrol and reduced thymol productions in comparison to non-inoculated conditions. Additionally, mycorrhizal inoculation showed significant enhancements in mycorrhizal rates and shoot biomass production with respect to the non-sterilized soil. Conclusions: These variations confirm the influence of the edaphic conditions on the chemical components biosynthesis pathways of oregano plants. The results of this investigation could be used for determining optimal soil type, leading to a good quality herb production.

scholarly journals Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Inoculant Increases Yield of Spice Pepper and Affects the Indigenous Fungal Community in the Field

HortScience ◽  
2012 ◽  
Vol 47 (5) ◽  
pp. 603-606 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ildikó Hernádi ◽  
Zita Sasvári ◽  
Jana Albrechtová ◽  
Miroslav Vosátka ◽  
Katalin Posta
Keyword(s):  
Fungal Community ◽  
Mycorrhizal Fungi ◽  
Arbuscular Mycorrhizal ◽  
Small Subunit ◽  
Field Application ◽  
Indigenous Populations ◽  
Plant Production ◽  
Horticultural Crops ◽  
Pcr Rflp ◽  
Mycorrhizal Inoculation

Although the majority of horticultural crops are mycorrhiza-dependent, the role of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) inoculation in plant production has been neglected in high-input agriculture. Field application of a commercial inoculum mix of Glomus spp. was tested in spice pepper (Capsicum annuum L. var. longum), cv. Szegedi, cultivation. With polymerase chain reaction–restriction fragment length polymorphism (PCR-RFLP), differences in small subunit ribosomal RNA genes were used to characterize groups of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) with respect to effects of mycorrhizal inoculation on an indigenous AMF population. The AMF inoculant was able to establish in the rhizosphere of pepper plants and mycorrhizal inoculation increased yield of spice pepper by more than 65% compared with the non-treated control plants. Having relatively high root colonization in the control, non-inoculated treatment indicated high presence of indigenous populations of AMF in the field soil. Although the inoculation affected structure of the resident AM fungal community, it did not influence the composition of AMF associated with pepper roots significantly.

scholarly journals Composition and biological assays of the leaf essential oil of Asparagus flagellaris (Kunth) Bak

2021 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Oluwakayode O. Odeja ◽  
Michael Gabriel Ibok ◽  
Ejike O. Okpala
Keyword(s):  
Free Radical ◽  
Essential Oil ◽  
Radical Scavenging Activity ◽  
Radical Scavenging ◽  
Salmonella Typhi ◽  
Antimicrobial Activities ◽  
Free Radical Scavenging ◽  
Gas Chromatography Mass Spectrometry ◽  
Klebsiella Pneumonia ◽  
Leaf Essential Oil

Abstract Background Asparagus flagellaris leaves are ethnomedicinally used to treat syphilis, gonorrhea and other sexually transmitted diseases (STDs), with no reports on the volatile constituents. This study was aimed to quantitatively and qualitatively characterise the composition of essential oil, evaluates the free radical scavenging and antimicrobial capacity of the essential oil. Methods The essential oil was isolated by hydrodistillation method using all-glass Clevenger-type apparatus, while the identification and quantification of constituents were performed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) technique. The antioxidant activity on 2, 2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) was evaluated and the oil was also tested against 10 strains of microorganisms consisting of 6 bacteria: Escherichia coli, Salmonella typhi, Klebsiella pneumonia, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Staphylococcus aureus and Bacillus subtilis and 4 fungi: Candida albicans, Penicillium notatum, Aspergillus niger and Rhizopus spp. using broth dilution and surface plate methods, respectively. Results A pale yellow essential oil with a characteristic scent was obtained, with a yield of 0.80% (w/w). A total of 28 compounds accounting for 97.41% of the total oil contents were identified. The oil was predominated by Thymol and its derivatives, accounting for 57.48%. The most abundance (% area) constituents of the essential oil were 5-Thymyl tiglate (18.49%), Thymyl-2-methyl butyrate (17.34%), Thymol hydroquinone dimethyl ether (10.52%), Thymol methyl ether (9.42%) and 5-Propyl-1, 3-benzodioxole (4.59%). The essential oil showed a significant free radical scavenging activity compared to the standard antioxidant drugs used in this study, with % inhibition varying from 88.06 ± 0.0001 to 93.05 ± 0.0006. The leaf essential oil exhibited antimicrobial activity on all the tested organisms at 500–125 μg/mL, with an 18–10 mm inhibitory zone. Conclusion The leaf essential oil of A. flagellaris contains notable chemical compounds responsible for its antioxidant and antimicrobial activities.

scholarly journals Target of rapamycin, PvTOR, is a key regulator of arbuscule development during mycorrhizal symbiosis in Phaseolus

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Manoj-Kumar Arthikala ◽  
Kalpana Nanjareddy ◽  
Lourdes Blanco ◽  
Xóchitl Alvarado-Affantranger ◽  
Miguel Lara
Keyword(s):  
Arbuscular Mycorrhizal ◽  
Am Fungi ◽  
Target Of Rapamycin ◽  
Mycorrhizal Symbiosis ◽  
Energy Status ◽  
Symbiotic Associations ◽  
Expression Of Genes ◽  
Fungal Symbiosis ◽  
Am Fungus ◽  
Am Symbiosis

AbstractTarget of rapamycin (TOR) is a conserved central growth regulator in eukaryotes that has a key role in maintaining cellular nutrient and energy status. Arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi are mutualistic symbionts that assist the plant in increasing nutrient absorption from the rhizosphere. However, the role of legume TOR in AM fungal symbiosis development has not been investigated. In this study, we examined the function of legume TOR in the development and formation of AM fungal symbiosis. RNA-interference-mediated knockdown of TOR transcripts in common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris) hairy roots notably suppressed AM fungus-induced lateral root formation by altering the expression of root meristem regulatory genes, i.e., UPB1, RGFs, and sulfur assimilation and S-phase genes. Mycorrhized PvTOR-knockdown roots had significantly more extraradical hyphae and hyphopodia than the control (empty vector) roots. Strong promoter activity of PvTOR was observed at the site of hyphal penetration and colonization. Colonization along the root length was affected in mycorrhized PvTOR-knockdown roots and the arbuscules were stunted. Furthermore, the expression of genes induced by AM symbiosis such as SWEET1, VPY, VAMP713, and STR was repressed under mycorrhized conditions in PvTOR-knockdown roots. Based on these observations, we conclude that PvTOR is a key player in regulating arbuscule development during AM symbiosis in P. vulgaris. These results provide insight into legume TOR as a potential regulatory factor influencing the symbiotic associations of P. vulgaris and other legumes.

scholarly journals First Insights into the Effect of Mycorrhizae on the Expression of Pathogen Effectors during the Infection of Grapevine with Plasmopara viticola

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (3) ◽  
pp. 1226
Author(s):  
Ana Cruz-Silva ◽  
Andreia Figueiredo ◽  
Mónica Sebastiana
Keyword(s):  
Mycorrhizal Fungi ◽  
Arbuscular Mycorrhizal ◽  
Plasmopara Viticola ◽  
Vitis Vinifera L ◽  
Wine Production ◽  
Grapevine Downy Mildew ◽  
Pathogen Effectors ◽  
Rxlr Effectors ◽  
Mycorrhizal Inoculation ◽  
And Control

Grapevine (Vitis vinifera L.), widely used for berry and wine production, is highly susceptible to the pathogenic oomycete Plasmopara viticola, the etiological agent of grapevine downy mildew disease. The method commonly used to prevent and control P. viticola infection relies on multiple applications of chemical fungicides. However, with European Union goals to lower the usage of such chemicals in viticulture there is a need to develop new and more sustainable strategies. The use of beneficial microorganisms with biocontrol capabilities, such as the arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF), has been pointed out as a viable alternative. With this study, we intended to investigate the effect of AMF colonization on the expression of P. viticola effectors during infection of grapevine. Grapevine plants were inoculated with the AMF Rhizophagus irregularis and, after mycorrhizae development, plants were infected with P. viticola. The expression of P. viticola RxLR effectors was analyzed by real-time PCR (qPCR) during the first hours of interaction. Results show that pre-mycorrhizal inoculation of grapevine alters the expression of several P. viticola effectors; namely, PvRxLR28, which presented decreased expression in mycorrhizal plants at the two time points post-infection tested. These results suggest that the pre-inoculation of grapevine with AMF could interfere with the pathogen’s ability to infect grapevine by modulation of pathogenicity effectors expression, supporting the hypothesis that AMF can be used to increase plant resistance to pathogens and promote more sustainable agriculture practices, particularly in viticulture.

scholarly journals Mycorrhizal fungi inoculation and phosphorus fertilizer on growth, essential oil production and nutrient uptake in peppermint (Mentha piperita L.)

2012 ◽  
Vol 14 (4) ◽  
pp. 692-699 ◽  
Author(s):  
M.C. Arango ◽  
M.F. Ruscitti ◽  
M.G. Ronco ◽  
J. Beltrano
Keyword(s):  
Essential Oil ◽  
Plant Growth ◽  
Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi ◽  
Mycorrhizal Fungi ◽  
Glomus Intraradices ◽  
Arbuscular Mycorrhizal ◽  
Fungal Species ◽  
Mentha Piperita ◽  
Essential Oil Yield ◽  
Essential Oil Production

This study evaluated the effects of inoculation with the arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi Glomus mosseae, Glomus intraradices A4 and Glomus intraradices B1 and two phosphorus levels (10 and 40 mg kg-1) on root colonization, plant growth, nutrient uptake and essential oil content in Mentha piperita L. The experiment was carried out in a greenhouse, in 4x2 factorial arrangement, in completely randomized design. At sixty days after transplanting, the mycorrhizal plants had significantly higher fresh matter, dry matter and leaf area compared to non-mycorrhizal plants. The inoculation increased P, K and Ca levels in the shoot which were higher under 40 mg P kg-1 of soil. Plants grown with 40 mg P kg-1 soil increased the essential oil yield per plant by about 40-50% compared to those cultivated with 10 mg P kg-1, regardless of the mycorrhizal treatment. Among the studied fungal species, inoculation with G. intraradices A4 and a high level of P significantly increased plant growth and essential oil yield, compared to the other studied mycorrhizal fungal species. In conclusion, inoculation of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi into peppermint plants is a feasible alternative to increase the essential oil production and reduce the use of fertilizers required to obtain economic production of peppermint under phosphorus-deficient soil condition.

scholarly journals The Synergy of Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi and Exogenous Abscisic Acid Benefits Robinia pseudoacacia L. Growth through Altering the Distribution of Zn and Endogenous Abscisic Acid

2021 ◽  
Vol 7 (8) ◽  
pp. 671
Author(s):  
Xiao Lou ◽  
Xiangyu Zhang ◽  
Yu Zhang ◽  
Ming Tang
Keyword(s):  
Abscisic Acid ◽  
Mycorrhizal Fungi ◽  
Black Locust ◽  
Robinia Pseudoacacia ◽  
Arbuscular Mycorrhizal ◽  
Am Fungi ◽  
Am Symbiosis ◽  
Antioxidant Defense Systems ◽  
Robinia Pseudoacacia L ◽  
Zn Stress

The simultaneous effects of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi and abscisic acid (ABA) on the tolerance of plants to heavy metal (HM) remain unclear. A pot experiment was carried out to clarify the effects of simultaneous applications of AM fungi and ABA on plant growth, Zn accumulation, endogenous ABA contents, proline metabolism, and the oxidative injury of black locust (Robinia pseudoacacia L.) exposed to excess Zn stress. The results suggested that exogenously applied ABA positively enhanced AM colonization, and that the growth of plants only with AM fungi was improved by ABA application. Under Zn stress, AM inoculation and ABA application increased the ABA content in the root/leaf (increased by 48–172% and 92%, respectively) and Zn content in the root/shoot (increased by 63–152% and 61%, respectively) in AM plants, but no similar trends were observed in NM plants. Additionally, exogenous ABA addition increased the proline contents of NM roots concomitantly with the activities of the related synthases, whereas it reduced the proline contents and the activity of Δ1-pyrroline-5-carboxylate synthetase in AM roots. Under Zn stress, AM inoculation and ABA application decreased H2O2 contents and the production rate of O2, to varying degrees. Furthermore, in the roots exposed to Zn stress, AM inoculation augmented the activities of SOD, CAT, POD and APX, and exogenously applied ABA increased the activities of SOD and POD. Overall, AM inoculation combined with ABA application might be beneficial to the survival of black locust under Zn stress by improving AM symbiosis, inhibiting the transport of Zn from the roots to the shoots, increasing the distribution of ABA in roots, and stimulating antioxidant defense systems.

Mycorrhizal inoculation and application of Fe correction in the soil for ameliorating grapevine performance in a copper-contaminated soil

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Amaia Nogales ◽  
Erika S. Santos ◽  
Gonçalo Victorino ◽  
Wanda Viegas ◽  
Maria Manuela Abreu
Keyword(s):  
Soil Contamination ◽  
Contaminated Soil ◽  
Contaminated Soils ◽  
Mycorrhizal Fungi ◽  
Root Biomass ◽  
Arbuscular Mycorrhizal ◽  
Nutrient Contents ◽  
Beneficial Effects ◽  
Continuous Application ◽  
Mycorrhizal Inoculation

&lt;p&gt;Copper-based fungicides are commonly applied in vineyards to control fungal diseases that can severely affect grapevine productivity. Continuous application of this type of fungicides contributes to Cu accumulation in surface horizons of the soil, which can generate toxicity problems in plants, regardless of being an essential nutrient. Several strategies have been proposed to immobilize or counteract the effect of soil contaminants, such as plant inoculation with arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF). However, depending on the element concentration, this may not be sufficient to avoid its excessive accumulation in belowground and/or aboveground organs. Since Fe is known to have an antagonistic interaction with Cu in plants, Fe application, as an amendment, in vineyard soils, could be a good strategy to avoid excessive Cu uptake by grapevines growing in Cu-contaminated soils. However, little information is available on the combined effects of both strategies.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;In order to reveal the possible beneficial effects of plant mycorrhization and Fe application in Cu-contaminated soils on grapevine growth and nutrition, a mesocosm experiment was established under controlled conditions. Two-year-old plants, previously inoculated or not with two different AMF, were grown in pots filled with 6.5 kg of an Arenosol collected from a wine-growing region. These plants were subjected to three soil treatments: 1) soil contamination with Cu, where the grapevines were watered with a solution containing 5.89 mg/L CuSO&lt;sub&gt;4&lt;/sub&gt; to ensure that the soil in each container reached 300 mg Cu/kg; 2) soil contamination with Cu + Fe addition, where the plants were watered with a solution that contained the same amount of CuSO&lt;sub&gt;4&lt;/sub&gt; plus 0.38 mg/L of FeNaEDTA&amp;#183;3H&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;O to achieve 100 mg of Fe/kg soil; and 3) non-contaminated soil watered with deionized water. Four months later, at the end of the growing season, plant vegetative growth as well as leaf and root nutrient contents were analyzed.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;Grapevines inoculated with AMF demonstrated a good level of tolerance to high Cu concentrations in soil, as they presented significantly higher root biomass than non-inoculated plants and Cu was mainly accumulated in the roots avoiding its translocation to the aerial part. However, when the Cu-contaminated soil was amended with Fe, a significant decrease was observed in root biomass in all mycorrhizal inoculation treatments and Cu was accumulated in grapevine leaves. Contrastingly, Fe application helped to avoid the excessive increase of Mn concentrations in leaf and roots that is commonly induced in Cu contaminated soils, which can be detrimental for grapevine growth.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;These results demonstrated that mycorrhizal inoculation is a suitable strategy to promote grapevine growth in Cu-contaminated soils. However, special attention needs to be taken when applying amendments to correct Cu contamination, as the mycorrhizal status of plants may alter the expected outcome.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;div&gt; &lt;div&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/div&gt; &lt;/div&gt;

scholarly journals Synergy of arbuscular mycorrhizal symbiosis and exogenous Ca2+ benefits peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.) growth through the shared hormone and flavonoid pathway

2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Li Cui ◽  
Feng Guo ◽  
Jialei Zhang ◽  
Sha Yang ◽  
JingJing Meng ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Arachis Hypogaea ◽  
Mycorrhizal Fungi ◽  
Differentially Expressed Gene ◽  
Sufficient Conditions ◽  
Arbuscular Mycorrhizal ◽  
Mycorrhizal Symbiosis ◽  
Marker Genes ◽  
Specific Marker ◽  
Flavonoid Pathway ◽  
Am Symbiosis

Abstract Peanut yield is severely affected by exchangeable calcium ion (Ca2+) deficiency in the soil. Arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) symbiosis increases the absorption of Ca2+ for host plants. Here, we analyzed the physiological and transcriptional changes in the roots of Arachis hypogaea L. colonized by Funneliformismosseae under Ca2+-deficient and -sufficient conditions. The results showed that exogenous Ca2+ application increased arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) colonization, plant dry weight, and Ca content of AM plants. Simultaneously, transcriptome analysis showed that Ca2+ application further induced 74.5% of differentially expressed gene transcripts in roots of AM peanut seedlings. These genes are involved in AM symbiosis development, hormone biosynthesis and signal transduction, and carotenoid and flavonoid biosynthesis. The transcripts of AM-specific marker genes in AM plants with Ca2+ deprivation were further up-regulated by Ca2+ application. Gibberellic acid (GA3) and flavonoid contents were higher in roots of AM- and Ca2+-treated plants, but salicylic acid (SA) and carotenoid contents specifically increased in roots of the AM plants. Thus, these results suggest that the synergy of AM symbiosis and Ca2+ improves plant growth due to the shared GA- and flavonoid-mediated pathway, whereas SA and carotenoid biosynthesis in peanut roots are specific to AM symbiosis.

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