scholarly journals Natural host preferences of parasitoid wasps (Hymenoptera: Pteromalidae) on synanthropic flies

2019 ◽  
Vol 29 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Mehdi Khoobdel ◽  
Hossein Sobati ◽  
Omid Dehghan ◽  
Kamran Akbarzadeh ◽  
Ehsan Radi
Keyword(s):  
Biological Control ◽  
Musca Domestica ◽  
Natural Enemy ◽  
Lucilia Sericata ◽  
Natural Host ◽  
Parasitoid Wasps ◽  
Host Preferences

Synanthropic flies are members of order Diptera and considered as medical and veterinary pests. In this study, parasitoid wasps were determined and their natural host preferences in order to select a suitable agent for biological control of flies. The pupae of three species of flies; Musca domestica, Lucilia sericata and Sarcophaga haemorrhoidalis were used as hosts for natural parasitoids. For this issue, as much as 50 pupae of each fly species put in three separate dishes with covered top by a net. These dishes were placed in the field to attract parasitoid wasps. The most parasitic rate was related to N. vitripennis (%17.2). Host preferences of N. vitripennis on M. domestica pupae were higher than observed parasitism on L. sericata and S. haemorrhoidalis. The emerging rate of two parasitoids; P. vindemmiae and S. nigroaenea were one per host pupae. According to the result, N. vitripennis can be an appropriate candidate for use as natural enemy which expected to be effective in controlling various species of synanthropic flies. Therefore, S. nigroaenea was more suitable to biological control of housefly populations.

Niche differentiation of two pupal parasitoid wasps of Musca domestica (Diptera: Muscidae): Pachycrepoideus vindemmiae and Spalangia endius (Hymenoptera: Pteromalidae)

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-13
Author(s):  
Sheng Zhang ◽  
Yumei Tao ◽  
Yongzhuo Chen ◽  
Pengcheng Liu ◽  
Jialu Liu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Biological Control ◽  
Musca Domestica ◽  
Competitive Ability ◽  
Niche Differentiation ◽  
House Fly ◽  
Parasitoid Wasps ◽  
Parasitoid Species ◽  
Spalangia Endius ◽  
Pupal Parasitoids ◽  
Different Depths

Abstract In nature, competing species often achieve coexistence through niche differentiation. We examined this phenomenon for Pachycrepoideus vindemmiae and Spalangia endius (Hymenoptera: Pteromalidae), two species of pupal parasitoids that are considered biological control agents of house fly, Musca domestica (Diptera: Muscidae). We examined the ability of each species, alone and in combination, to locate host pupae buried at different depths (0, 1, 2, 4, and 6 cm) in three types of substrate (sand, dry wheat bran, and spent fly diet). We then evaluated the competitiveness of each species by allowing first one species, then the other species, to parasitise host individuals within time periods ranging from less than 2 hours to 96 hours of each other. Spalangia endius exhibited greater ability than did P. vindemmiae to locate host pupae buried at depths below one centimetre. Conversely, P. vindemmiae exhibited a greater competitive ability, being more likely to emerge from pupae co-parasitised by S. endius, regardless of oviposition interval or sequence. Our findings suggest that these two parasitoid species coexist through niche differentiation. Our findings also indicate that to increase the effectiveness of biological control, the environmental conditions and risk of interspecific competition should be considered when selecting parasitoid species for release.

scholarly journals Methyl Salicylate Fails to Enhance Arthropod Predator Abundance or Predator to Pest Ratios in Cotton

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Steven E Naranjo ◽  
James R Hagler ◽  
John A Byers
Keyword(s):  
Biological Control ◽  
Natural Enemies ◽  
Natural Enemy ◽  
Methyl Salicylate ◽  
Production Systems ◽  
Control Function ◽  
Conservation Biological Control ◽  
Cotton Production ◽  
Control Activity ◽  
Synthetic Chemicals

Abstract Conservation biological control is a fundamental tactic in integrated pest management (IPM). Greater biological control services can be achieved by enhancing agroecosystems to be more favorable to the presence, survival, and growth of natural enemy populations. One approach that has been tested in numerous agricultural systems is the deployment of synthetic chemicals that mimic those produced by the plant when under attack by pests. These signals may attract arthropod natural enemies to crop habitats and thus potentially improve biological control activity locally. A 2-yr field study was conducted in the cotton agroecosystem to evaluate the potential of synthetic methyl salicylate (MeSA) to attract native arthropod natural enemies and to enhance biological control services on two key pests. Slow-release packets of MeSA were deployed in replicated cotton plots season long. The abundance of multiple taxa of natural enemies and two major pests were monitored weekly by several sampling methods. The deployment of MeSA failed to increase natural enemy abundance and pest densities did not decline. Predator to prey ratios, used as a proxy to estimate biological control function, also largely failed to increase with MeSA deployment. One exception was a season-long increase in the ratio of Orius tristicolor (White) (Hemiptera: Anthocoridae) to Bemisia argentifolii Bellows and Perring (= Bemisia tabaci MEAM1) (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae) adults within the context of biological control informed action thresholds. Overall results suggest that MeSA would not likely enhance conservation biological control by the natural enemy community typical of U.S. western cotton production systems.

The Development and Growth of the House Fly Musca domestica vicina and the Blowfly Lucilia sericata

1999 ◽  
Vol 2 (2) ◽  
pp. 498-502 ◽  
Author(s):  
E.M. El-Kady . ◽  
A.M. Kheirallah . ◽  
A.N. Kayed . ◽  
S.I. Dekinesh . ◽  
Z.A. Ahmed .
Keyword(s):  
Musca Domestica ◽  
House Fly ◽  
Lucilia Sericata

Characterization of phenoloxidases from larval cuticle of Sarcophaga bullata and a comparison with cuticular enzymes from other species

1987 ◽  
Vol 65 (5) ◽  
pp. 1158-1166 ◽  
Author(s):  
F. Michael Barrett
Keyword(s):  
Musca Domestica ◽  
Sodium Azide ◽  
Lucilia Sericata ◽  
Phormia Regina ◽  
Ph Optimum ◽  
Larval Cuticle ◽  
Sarcophaga Bullata ◽  
Tyrosinase Enzyme ◽  
Laccase Enzyme

A tyrosinase, enzyme A, and a laccase, enzyme B, have been partially purified from larval cuticle of the flesh fly Sarcophaga bullata. Enzyme A (EC 1.10.3.1, o-diphenol: O2 oxidoreductase) oxidizes o-diphenols but not p-diphenols, is strongly inhibited by phenylthiourea, and has a pH optimum around pH 6.5–7.0. Assays on intact cuticle suggest that it becomes maximally activated at pH between 8 and 9. Enzyme B (EC 1.10.3.2, p-diphenol: O2 oxidoreductase) oxidizes both o-diphenols and p-diphenols, is not inhibited by phenylthiourea but is inhibited by concentrations of sodium azide that have little effect on enzyme A, and has a pH optimum near pH 4.5. Enzyme A was identified in extracts of cuticle from nine other species representing five orders. Enzyme B was much less readily extractable but was partially purified from larval cuticle of Phormia regina, Musca domestica, and Lucilia sericata. A summary of all species studied to date makes possible the test of a hypothesis about the distribution of these cuticular phenoloxidases within the Insecta.

An Investigation of the Possibilities of Biological Control ofMelittomma insulareFairm. (Coleoptera, Lymexylonidae), a serious Pest of Coconut in the Seychelles

1956 ◽  
Vol 47 (4) ◽  
pp. 685-702 ◽  
Author(s):  
F. J. Simmonds
Keyword(s):  
Biological Control ◽  
Natural Enemies ◽  
Natural Enemy

The biology and general ecology ofMelittomma insulareFairm. in the Seychelles is briefly described and the difficulties in the biological control of this pest are stressed.As much information as possible was obtained concerning the species of the little-known family Lymexylonidae, particularly with regard to their biology, which in most cases has not been investigated. Several species might warrant further investigation with a view to providing natural enemies for use againstM. insulare, but in general what is known of their biology does not afford much hope that an effective parasite or predator will be found.The biology ofAtractocerus brasiliensisLep. & Serv. was investigated in detail in Trinidad but no natural enemy was found.The only possibility is thatRhizophagus dispar(Payk.), recorded as attackingHylecoetus dermestoides(L.) in England, might also attack the eggs ofM. insulare.

scholarly journals The metabolism of 3,5-di-tert.-butylphenyl N-methylcarbamate in insects and by mouse liver enzymes

1971 ◽  
Vol 125 (2) ◽  
pp. 395-400 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. G. C. Douch ◽  
J. N. Smith
Keyword(s):  
Musca Domestica ◽  
Mouse Liver ◽  
Liver Enzymes ◽  
Lucilia Sericata ◽  
Oxidation Products ◽  
Methyl Group ◽  
Tert Butyl ◽  
Costelytra Zealandica

The oxidation of 3,5-di-tert.-butylphenyl N-methylcarbamate (Butacarb) has been studied in the flies Musca domestica and Lucilia sericata, grass grubs Costelytra zealandica and the mouse. In all species eleven oxidation products, which were formed by hydroxylation of the tert.-butyl groups and the N-methyl group, were detected.

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