Consequences for Host Population Levels of Increasing Natural Enemy Species Richness in Classical Biological Control

1996 ◽  
Vol 147 (2) ◽  
pp. 307-318 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael E. Hochberg
Keyword(s):  
Biological Control ◽  
Species Richness ◽  
Natural Enemy ◽  
Classical Biological Control ◽  
Host Population

Classical biological control of an invasive forest pest: a world perspective of the management ofSirex noctiliousing the parasitoidIbalia leucospoides(Hymenoptera: Ibaliidae)

2014 ◽  
Vol 105 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-12 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. Fischbein ◽  
J.C. Corley
Keyword(s):  
Biological Control ◽  
Natural Enemy ◽  
Regional Scale ◽  
Classical Biological Control ◽  
Host Population ◽  
Limiting Factor ◽  
Sirex Noctilio ◽  
Affect Control ◽  
Control Programmes ◽  
History Of

AbstractClassical biological control is a key method for managing populations of pests in long-lived crops such as plantation forestry. The execution of biological control programmes in general, as the evaluation of potential natural enemies remains, to a large extent, an empirical endeavour. Thus, characterizing specific cases to determine patterns that may lead to more accurate predictions of success is an important goal of the much applied ecological research. We review the history of introduction, ecology and behaviour of the parasitoidIbalia leucospoides. The species is a natural enemy ofSirex noctilio, one of the most important pests of pine afforestation worldwide. We use an invasion ecology perspective given the analogy between the main stages involved in classical biological control and the biological invasion processes. We conclude that success in the establishment, a common reason of failure in biocontrol, is not a limiting factor of success byI. leucospoides. A mismatch between the spread capacity of the parasitoid and that of its host could nevertheless affect control at a regional scale. In addition, we suggest that given its known life history traits, this natural enemy may be a better regulator than suppressor of the host population. Moreover, spatial and temporal refuges of the host population that may favour the local persistence of the interaction probably reduce the degree to whichS. noctiliopopulation is suppressed by the parasitoid. We emphasize the fact that some of the biological attributes that promote establishment may negatively affect suppression levels achieved. Studies on established non-native pest–parasitoid interactions may contribute to defining selection criteria for classical biological control which may prove especially useful in integrated pest management IPM programmes of invasive forest insects.

INTRODUCTION, PERMANENT ESTABLISHMENT, AND DISPERSAL IN EASTERN CANADA OF OLESICAMPE GENICULATAE QUEDNAU AND LIM (HYMENOPTERA: ICHNEUMONIDAE), AN IMPORTANT BIOLOGICAL CONTROL AGENT OF THE MOUNTAIN ASH SAWFLY, PRISTIPHORA GENICULATA (HARTIG) (HYMENOPTERA: TENTHREDINIDAE)

1990 ◽  
Vol 122 (5) ◽  
pp. 921-934 ◽  
Author(s):  
F.W. Quednau
Keyword(s):  
Biological Control ◽  
Biological Control Agent ◽  
Classical Biological Control ◽  
Control Agent ◽  
Host Population ◽  
Quebec City ◽  
Eastern Canada ◽  
Permanent Establishment ◽  
Mountain Ash ◽  
Primary Parasite

AbstractFrom 1976 to 1978, 1300 mated females of Olesicampe geniculatae Quednau and Lim were released near Quebec City during a severe infestation of the mountain ash sawfly, Pristiphora geniculata (Hartig). Both cage and open releases were made. The interactions among the mountain ash sawfly, the imported primary parasite O. geniculatae, and the indigenous hyperparasite Mesochorus globulator (Thunb.), and the effect of O. geniculatae on the host population during and after the establishment phase, are reported. In 1984, O. geniculatae was recovered from all over southern Quebec. Parasitism ranged from 6 to 94%. Concurrently, infestation levels by the mountain ash sawfly declined significantly, and since 1985, the insect has almost disappeared in Quebec. With an annual spread of about 50 km per year after successful establishment, O. geniculatae now covers an area 1000 km in diameter. No major infestation by the mountain ash sawfly has been recorded in Quebec during the past 7 years. The introduction of O. geniculatae is rated as a complete success in classical biological control.

scholarly journals A study of the parasitoid complex of the European fir budworm, Choristoneura murinana (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae), and its relevance for biological control of related hosts

1991 ◽  
Vol 81 (4) ◽  
pp. 429-436 ◽  
Author(s):  
N.J. Mills ◽  
M. Kenis
Keyword(s):  
Biological Control ◽  
Species Richness ◽  
Relative Abundance ◽  
Host Population ◽  
Population Abundance ◽  
Host Abundance ◽  
Parasitoid Complex

AbstractThe parasitoid complex and apparent parasitism of Choristoneura murinana Hübner were investigated in relation to the relative abundance of budworm larvae at several sites in Europe. A single outbreak population was sampled, while other sites supported varying but much lower host population abundance. Sampling at Sion in Switzerland from 1984–89, indicated that the species richness of the parasitoid complex was correlated with relative host abundance and in general more polyphagous parasitoids were represented in sites with greater budworm abundance. Of the specialized parasitoids, Apanteles murinanae Čapek & Zwölfer (Hymenoptera: Braconidae) was dominant in less abundant host populations and both Cephaloglypta murinanae (Bauer) and Dirophanes maculicornis (Stephens) (Hymenoptera: Ichneumonidae) were supported only at greater budworm abundance. These findings are discussed in relation to the use of Choristoneura murinana parasitoids in the biological control of native Choristoneura spp. pests in other continents.

Elucidating Tuta absoluta (Meyrick) invasion and enhancing its management in Eastern Africa : spread, socio-ecological impacts, andpotential of a newly importedlarval parasitoid for classical biological control Eastern in Africa

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
◽  
Pascal Osabhahiemen Aigbedion-Atalor
Keyword(s):  
Biological Control ◽  
Alien Species ◽  
Natural Enemy ◽  
Invasive Alien Species ◽  
Sustainable Livelihoods ◽  
Classical Biological Control ◽  
Eastern Africa ◽  
Tomato Production ◽  
Larval Instars ◽  
The Impact

Agriculture is a fundamental source of sustainable livelihoods in sub-Saharan Africa and millions of people in the region rely solely on small-scale farming for their food security. However, the impacts of invasive alien species (IAS) on crop production are serious, and there is no sign of this abating. Among the recent IAS that have invaded Africa in the last decade, the South American tomato pinworm Tuta absoluta (Meyrick) (Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae) has been one of the most damaging. Following its first record in the Maghrebregion of Africa in 2008, T. absoluta rapidly spread throughout Africa with substantial impacts on tomato production, often causing 100% yield loss. Management options adopted against T. absoluta by tomato growers in Africa have been based on the use of synthetic insecticides. While chemical insecticide applications arean important component of an integrated pest management programme, misuse and over-reliance often exacerbates the impacts of T. absolutadue to the development of resistance to commonly used active substances, increasing the fitness of the pest. This thesis sought to understand the socio-economic impacts of the spread of T. absolutain Eastern Africa and provide effective sustainable pest managementstrategies to reduce its impacts below economic thresholds. Mapping surveys of T. absoluta were conducted in 226 tomato agro-ecosystemsacross four eastern countries (Kenya, Sudan, Tanzania, and Uganda) Eastern Africafrom 2016 to 2018 to determine the spatiotemporal distribution of the pest. The impacts of T. absolutaon the livelihoods of tomato growers were also assessed. Here, 200 tomato growers in Kenya were interviewed using a semi-structured questionnaire. Although T. absoluta, a recent invader,was distributed at high infestation levels throughout the subregion (all four countries) and was considered as the the most damaging invasive alien species of agriculturally sustainable livelihoods. The arrival of T. absolutain the subregion has resulted in livelihood losses and increased the cost of tomato production and price of the fruit, and the frequency of pesticide applications. The impact of this pest and the and the absence of effective indigenous natural enemies of the pest in Eastern Africa, was the rationale for the importation of a larval parasitoid, Dolichogenidea gelechiidivorisMarsh Syn.:Apanteles gelechiidivoris Marsh) (Hymenoptera: Braconidae), of T. absoluta from Peru into the quarantine facility of the International Centre of Insect Physiology and ecologyz(icipe), in Kenya. Pre-release assessments on the parasitzation potentia of D. gelechiidivoris, encompassing host larval preference and the host suitability, and its reproductive strategy, for classical biological control of T. absolutain Africa were conducted. Dolichogenidea gelechiidivoris females preferentially oviposited in early (1st and 2nd) larval instars of T. absolutabut parasitized and completed development in all four instars of the host. Host instar did not affect D. gelechiidivorissex-ratio but females reared on the first instar had significantly fewer eggs than when reared in late larval instars (3rd and 4th). Females of the parasitoid emerged with a high mature egg load which peaked 2 d post-eclosion. The females of D. gelechiidivoris survived 8.51±0.65 d and produced 103±8 offspring per female at 26±4°C (range: 24 to 29°C) and 50–70% relative humidity (RH) in the presence of malesand fed honey-water (80% honey). Increasing maternal age decreased the proportion of female offspring. Under th aforementioned laboratory conditions, the Gross and Net reproductive rates were 72 and 39.5 respectively, while the mean generation time was 20 d. The estimated intrinsic rate of natural increase was 0.18. These findings indicate that D. gelechiidivorisis a potential biological control agent of T. absoluta and should be considered for augmentative/inundative release in Kenya and across Africa following host specificity testing and risk assessments.The nature of the interaction between D. gelechidivorisand the predatory mirid bug Nesidiocoris tenuis(Reuter) (Hemiptera: Miridae), an important and widespread natural enemy of T. absolutain Africa was evaluated because N. tenuis, although being a voracious predator of T. absolutaeggs, it can also prey on the early host larval instars (1st and 2nd) which are the preferred oviposition host stages of D. gelechiidivoris. Here, the impact of N. tenuisfeeding on T. absolutaand the effects on D. gelechiidivorisperformance was tested.Regardless of the order of introductions (i.e. the sequence of combination with D. gelechiidivoris) and densities (i.e. number of N. tenuiscombined with D. gelechiidivoris), there was no intraguild predation by N. tenuis on D. gelechiidivorisas there was little host larval feeding behaviour. Also, the presence of N. tenuisdid not affect the oviposition performance of D. gelechiidivoris. Further investigations revealed that the combined efficacy of N. tenuisand D. gelechiidivorison T. absoluta population was significantly higher than either natural enemy alone, thus contributes to the data supporting the release of D. gelechiidivoris in Africa. In concluding, integrating D. gelechiidivoris and N. tenuisin the management of T. absolut could potentially reduce yield losses in tomato in Eastern Africa where the socio-economic impacts of the pest are very serious.

scholarly journals Neodusmetia sangwani (Subba Rao) (Hymenoptera: Encyrtidae) to control Antonina graminis (Maskell) (Hemiptera: Pseudococcidae) in pastures in Brazil: a revision

2018 ◽  
Vol 84 (0) ◽  
Author(s):  
Antonio Batista Filho ◽  
Valmir Costa ◽  
Harumi Hojo
Keyword(s):  
Biological Control ◽  
Natural Enemy ◽  
Classical Biological Control ◽  
Rhodes Grass ◽  
The World

ABSTRACT: The use of the parasitoid Neodusmetia sangwani to control the Rhodes grass mealybug Antonina graminis is one of the best examples of classical biological control in the world. The situation could not be different in Brazil, where the pest has also been introduced, and kept under control after the release of its natural enemy. In this review, it is united information with respect to the successful use of a natural enemy in this country. Notes about the description and biology of the insects involved and rearing and release procedures of the parasitoid for the Rhodes grass mealybug control in Brazil will also be presented.

Population dynamics and biological control

1988 ◽  
Vol 318 (1189) ◽  
pp. 129-169 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Biological Control ◽  
Density Dependence ◽  
Natural Enemies ◽  
Natural Enemy ◽  
Host Population ◽  
Control Programme ◽  
Life Cycles ◽  
Generalist Predator ◽  
Host Pathogen Interactions ◽  
Host Pathogen

Using simple models for host-parasitoid and host-pathogen interactions, we present a basic framework for examining the outcome of releasing natural enemies against a target pest population in a classical biological control programme. In particular, we examine the conditions for the initial invasion and establishment of a natural enemy species, for the maximum depression of the host population, and for the persistence of the populations in a stable interaction. In these conditions there are close parallels between parasitoids and pathogens. The practice of augmenting an existing natural enemy population by regular mass releases has been widely practised, especially with parasitoids. The conditions for eradication of the pest are very similar in host-parasitoid and host-pathogen models, namely that releases must be greater than the equilibrium production of natural enemies in the absence of releases. Any additional density dependence acting on the host population after the stage attacked by parasitoids can influence the effectiveness of augmentative releases. This is particularly the case with over-compensating density dependence when additional releases can actually lead to an increase in the host population. A theoretical basis for biological control cannot be properly developed simply by considering the dynamics of releasing single natural enemy species. Biological control often involves the interplay among different types of natural enemies affecting the same host population. As a step in the direction of producing more complex, multispecies models, we examine the dynamics of three situations: (1) where the host is attacked by two parasitoid species; (2) by a generalist predator and a specialist parasitoid; or (3) by a parasitoid and a pathogen. The dynamics of these three-species systems can be complex, and with properties not easily foreseen from the separate pairwise interactions. These results caution us against formulating biological control strategies purely in terms of two-species systems. For the main part we examine host-parasitoid interactions with discrete, synchronized generations. These would appear to be less suitable to tropical insects where continuous generations and life cycles of the host and parasitoid of different length are to be expected. We show, however, that cycles (with a period of one host generation) can be obtained from an age-structured simulation model, and that these are promoted by the parasitoids having a life cycle half as long as that of the host. Some implications for biological control are discussed. Finally, we turn briefly to the dynamics of host-parasitoid and host-pathogen interactions where pesticides are also applied, and we discuss the evolution of pesticide resistance within the context of these models.

Yellow Brazilian Pepper-tree Leaf Galler (suggested common name) Calophya latiforceps Burckhardt (Insecta: Hemiptera: Calophyidae: Calophyinae)

EDIS ◽  
2017 ◽  
Vol 2017 (6) ◽  
Author(s):  
James P. Cuda ◽  
Patricia Prade ◽  
Carey R. Minteer-Killian
Keyword(s):  
Biological Control ◽  
North America ◽  
Natural Enemies ◽  
Host Plants ◽  
Classical Biological Control ◽  
Biological Control Agents ◽  
Pepper Tree ◽  
Brazilian Pepper ◽  
Close Relatives ◽  
Tree Leaf

In the late 1970s, Brazilian peppertree, Schinus terebinthifolia Raddi (Sapindales: Anacardiaceae), was targeted for classical biological control in Florida because its invasive properties (see Host Plants) are consistent with escape from natural enemies (Williams 1954), and there are no native Schinus spp. in North America. The lack of native close relatives should minimize the risk of damage to non-target plants from introduced biological control agents (Pemberton 2000). [...]

scholarly journals Limited host range in the idiobiont parasitoid Phymasticus coffea, a prospective biological control agent of the coffee pest Hypothenemus hampei in Hawaii

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Fazila Yousuf ◽  
Peter A. Follett ◽  
Conrad P. D. T. Gillett ◽  
David Honsberger ◽  
Lourdes Chamorro ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Biological Control ◽  
Native Species ◽  
Biological Control Agent ◽  
Classical Biological Control ◽  
Environmental Safety ◽  
Control Agent ◽  
Hypothenemus Hampei ◽  
Parasitism Rate ◽  
Limited Host Range ◽  
Parasitoid Development

AbstractPhymastichus coffea LaSalle (Hymenoptera:Eulophidae) is an adult endoparasitoid of the coffee berry borer, Hypothenemus hampei (Ferrari) (Coleoptera:Curculionidae:Scolytinae), which has been introduced in many coffee producing countries as a biological control agent. To determine the effectiveness of P. coffea against H. hampei and environmental safety for release in Hawaii, we investigated the host selection and parasitism response of adult females to 43 different species of Coleoptera, including 23 Scolytinae (six Hypothenemus species and 17 others), and four additional Curculionidae. Non-target testing included Hawaiian endemic, exotic and beneficial coleopteran species. Using a no-choice laboratory bioassay, we demonstrated that P. coffea was only able to parasitize the target host H. hampei and four other adventive species of Hypothenemus: H. obscurus, H. seriatus, H. birmanus and H. crudiae. Hypothenemus hampei had the highest parasitism rate and shortest parasitoid development time of the five parasitized Hypothenemus spp. Parasitism and parasitoid emergence decreased with decreasing phylogenetic relatedness of the Hypothenemus spp. to H. hampei, and the most distantly related species, H. eruditus, was not parasitized. These results suggest that the risk of harmful non-target impacts is low because there are no native species of Hypothenemus in Hawaii, and P. coffea could be safely introduced for classical biological control of H. hampei in Hawaii.

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