scholarly journals The injury of serotonin on intestinal epithelium cell renewal of weaned diarrhoea mice

2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
Y. Dong ◽  
C. Yang ◽  
Z. Wang ◽  
Z. Qin ◽  
J. Cao ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Small Intestine ◽  
Intestinal Epithelium ◽  
Caspase 3 ◽  
Mucosal Barrier ◽  
Intragastric Administration ◽  
Cell Renewal ◽  
Villus Height ◽  
Epithelium Cell ◽  
Positive Rate

Diarrhoea is a common cause of death in children and weaned animals. Recent research has found that serotonin (5-HT) in the gastrointestinal tract plays an important role in regulating growth and the maintenance of mucosa, which protect against diarrhoea. To determine the influence of 5-HT on intestinal epithelium cell renewal under weaned stress diarrhoea, a weaned-stress diarrhoea mouse model was established with senna infusion (15 mL/Kg) via intragastric administration and stress restraint (SR). Mice with an increase in 5-HT were induced by intraperitoneal injection with citalopram hydrobromide (CH, 10 mg/Kg). The results demonstrated that compared with the control animals, diarrhoea appeared in weaned stress mice and the 5-HT content in the small intestine was significantly increased (P<0.05). Further, the caspase-3 cells and cells undergoing apoptosis in the small intestine were significantly increased, but the VH (villus height), V/C (villus height /crypt depth), and PCNA-positive rate significantly decreased. Compared with the control animals, CH increased the intestinal 5-HT content, caspase-3 cells and cells undergoing apoptosis but decreased the VH and V/C. Compared with both control and weaned stress animals, weaned stress animals that were pre-treated with CH showed higher 5-HT concentrations, positive caspase-3 cells and cells undergoing apoptosis but lower VH, V/C and PCNA-positive rate. In vitro, a low concentration of 5-HT inhibit, IEC-6 cell line apoptosis but a higher concentration of 5-HT promoted it. Therefore, weaned stress diarrhoea mice were accompanied by a 5-HT increase in the small intestine and vice versa, and the increase in 5-HT induced by CH caused diarrhoea. In brief, 5-HT and diarrhoea slowed the intestinal epithelium cell renewal and injured the abortion function and mucosal barrier by decreasing VH, V/C and proliferation and increasing epithelium cell apoptosis.

scholarly journals Protective Effect of Sodium Nitroprusside on the Rat Small Intestine Transplanted Mucosa

2015 ◽  
Vol 2015 ◽  
pp. 1-6
Author(s):  
Feng-Hua Chen ◽  
Ke Li ◽  
Lu Yin ◽  
Chun-Qiu Chen ◽  
Zhao-Wen Yan ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Small Intestine ◽  
Molecular Markers ◽  
Protective Effect ◽  
Sodium Nitroprusside ◽  
Ischemia Reperfusion Injury ◽  
Ischemia Reperfusion ◽  
Small Bowel Transplantation ◽  
Mucosal Barrier ◽  
No Donor

The intestinal mucosal epithelium is extremely susceptible to even brief periods of ischemia. Mucosal barrier damage, which is associated with ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) injury and consequently bacterial translocation, remains a major obstacle for clinically successful small bowel transplantation (SBT). Previous studies have demonstrated a protective effect of nitric oxide (NO) on other transplanted organs and NO mediated intestinal protection has also been reportedin vitro. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of sodium nitroprusside (SNP), NO donor, on graft mucosal histology and molecular markers of function after SBT in rats. We used SNP in different period of heterotopic SBT rats. The groups consisted of SBT, pre-SNP group, and post-SNP group. Interestingly, the pre-SNP graft samples exhibited less damage compared to the SBT and post-SNP samples. In addition, mucosal samples from the pre-SNP group showed higher Na+-K+-ATPase activity and higher levels of laminin expression compared to the SBT and post-SNP samples. The findings of the present study reveal that SNP given before graft ischemia/reperfusion injury has a protective effect on mucosal histology and molecular markers of function in the transplanted small intestine.

scholarly journals Trehalose increases jejunum cytoplasmic lipid droplets and suppresses adipocyte hypertrophy

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chikako Arai ◽  
Aki Suyama ◽  
Shigeyuki Arai ◽  
Norie Arai ◽  
Chiyo Yoshizane ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Small Intestine ◽  
Intestinal Epithelium ◽  
Lipid Droplets ◽  
Experimental Period ◽  
Intestinal Lumen ◽  
Adipocyte Size ◽  
Adipocyte Hypertrophy ◽  
Cytoplasmic Lipid Droplets ◽  
Metabolic Activities

Abstract Background: Trehalose is a functional disaccharide that has anti-metabolic activities such as suppression of adipocyte hypertrophy in mice and alleviation of impaired glucose tolerance in humans. Trehalase hydrolyzes trehalose in the small intestine into two glucose molecules. In this study, we investigated whether trehalose can suppress adipocyte hypertrophy in mice in the presence or absence of trehalase. Methods: Trehalase knockout (KO) mice and wild-type (WT) mice were fed a high fat diet (HFD) and administered water with 0.3% (w/v) or without trehalose for 8 weeks. At the end of the experimental period, mesenteric adipose tissues and the small intestine were collected and the adipocyte size and proportion of cytoplasmic lipid droplets (CLDs, %) in jejunum epithelium were measured by image analysis. Results: Trehalose treatment was associated with suppressed adipocyte hypertrophy in both trehalase KO and WT mice. The rate of CLDs in the jejunal epithelium was increased in both trehalase KO and WT mice given water containing trehalose relative to untreated control mice. Since there was a negative correlation between jejunal epithelial lipid droplet volume and mesenteric adipocyte size, together with these results, trehalose treatment would suppress adipocyte hypertrophy. Because of jejunal epithelium containing lipid droplets falled into the intestinal lumen, triglyceride (TG) levels in feces tended to be higher in the KO/HFD/Tre group than in the KO/HFD/Water group. Whereas feces from trehalose-treated trehalase KO and WT mice tended to have more free fatty acids (FFA) than the untreated groups. Chylomicron-TG tended to be decreased in both trehalose-treated trehalase KO and WT mice. In vitro , addition of trehalose to differentiated Caco-2 cells increased intracytoplasmic lipid droplets and decreased secretion of the chylomicron marker ApoB48. Conclusions: The suppression of adipocyte hypertrophy in the presence and absence of trehalase indicates that trehalose mediates effects prior to being hydrolyzed into glucose. In both trehalase KO and WT mice, trehalose treatment increased the rate of CLDs in jejunal epithelium, reduced chylomicron migration from the intestinal epithelium to the periphery, and suppressed adipocyte hypertrophy. Thus, trehalose ingestion could prevent metabolic syndrome by trapping fat droplets in the intestinal epithelium and suppressing rapid increases in chylomicrons.

Effect of fasting on esterification of fatty acids by the small intestine in vitro

1964 ◽  
Vol 207 (6) ◽  
pp. 1207-1210 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alvin M. Gelb ◽  
Morton I. Davidson ◽  
Jacques I. Kessler
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Small Intestine ◽  
Glucose Metabolism ◽  
Myristic Acid ◽  
Intragastric Administration ◽  
Inert Substance ◽  
Intestinal Segments ◽  
Significant Change

Fasting for periods up to and including 12–13 hr produced no significant change in esterification of myristic acid-1-C14 by the small intestine of hamsters in vitro. However, fasting for 18–19 hr, 22–24 hr, and 46–48 hr produced a significant decrease. This was partially reversed by feeding 1 hr prior to sacrifice, but was not altered by the ingestion of an inert substance. Esterification in fasted animals was significantly increased by glucose, parenterally prior to sacrifice, and when added in vitro. Intragastric administration of glycerol also increased esterification in fasted animals, although in vitro addition had no effect. An intermediate of glucose metabolism, dl-α-glycerophosphate, did not influence esterification. After a 46- to 48-hr fast no change in per cent protein in intestinal segments was noted.

Oral Administration of Chemotherapeutic Agents Using Complexation Hydrogels

2002 ◽  
Vol 724 ◽  
Author(s):  
James Blanchette ◽  
Kinam Park ◽  
Nicholas A Peppas
Keyword(s):  
Small Intestine ◽  
Intestinal Epithelium ◽  
Chemotherapeutic Agents ◽  
Uv Spectrophotometry ◽  
Ph Responsive ◽  
Poly Ethylene Glycol ◽  
Target Delivery ◽  
Poly Ethylene

AbstractCarriers were synthesized to target delivery of a chemotherapeutic agent, bleomycin, to the upper small intestine in response to the pH shift when entering the upper small intestine from the stomach. Complexation hydrogels capable of pH-responsive swelling were used to form these carriers. Hydrogel nanospheres composed of methacrylic acid (MAA) and poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) were loaded with bleomycin. Loading of bleomycin was performed by in situ polymerization and release of bleomycin from the nanospheres was measured by UV spectrophotometry. Results showed that bleomycin release from the nanospheres was responsive to the pH of the environment surrounding the nanospheres. In addition to pH-responsive release of bleomycin, the hydrogel nanospheres are also able to enhance the permeability of an in vitro model of the intestinal epithelium. Increasing the permeability of the intestinal epithelium could aid in transport of bleomycin from the lumen of the small intestine out into the bloodstream.

scholarly journals 95 Betaine improves growth performance by increasing digestive enzymes activities, and ameliorating intestinal structure of piglets

2019 ◽  
Vol 97 (Supplement_3) ◽  
pp. 80-80
Author(s):  
Sisi Li ◽  
Haichao Wang ◽  
Jie Feng
Keyword(s):  
Small Intestine ◽  
Growth Performance ◽  
Digestive Enzymes ◽  
Digestive Enzyme ◽  
Average Daily Gain ◽  
Feed Conversion ◽  
Villus Height ◽  
Enzymes Activities ◽  
Dietary Treatments

Abstract This study was aimed to investigate the effects of betaine on intestinal structures and digestive enzyme activities of piglets. A total of 150 crossbred piglets (Duroc × Landrace × Yorkshire), with an average initial body weight of 8.52 ± 0.26 kg and age of 39-day, were randomly divided into three dietary treatments, each of which was replicated five times with ten pigs per replicate. The dietary treatments were basal diet supplemented with 0, 1250, 2500 mg/kg betaine, respectively. The experiments lasted for 30 days. The results showed that supplementation of betaine in the diet significantly increased average daily gain (P &lt; 0.05), decreased diarrhea rate (P &lt; 0.05), and improved feed conversion rate (P &lt; 0.05) of piglets. The villus height and the ratio of villus height to crypt depth of small intestine were significantly increased with betaine supplementation (P &lt; 0.05). The addition of betaine in diet also increased the expression of tight junction proteins in small intestine (P &lt; 0.05) and decreased the diamine oxidase in plasma (P &lt; 0.05). The apparent total tract digestibility of crude protein and ether extract (P &lt; 0.05) and the activities of amylase, trypsin, and lipase (P &lt; 0.05) in small intestinal were increased with betaine addition. Enzyme kinetic experiments in vitro indicated that hypertonic environment formed by NaCl could inhibit the activities of amylase and trypsin. While betaine addition improved the affinity of amylase and trypsin with their corresponding substrates, thereby counteracted the inhibitory effect of hyperosmolarity. In conclusion, the supplementation of betaine in diet could improve growth performance of piglets by ameliorating intestinal structure, increasing digestive enzymes activities, promoting the digestion of nutrients and decreasing the diarrhea rate.

scholarly journals Doxorubicin increases permeability of murine small intestinal epithelium and cultured T84 monolayers

2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Paul Cray ◽  
Breanna J. Sheahan ◽  
Jocsa E. Cortes ◽  
Christopher M. Dekaney
Keyword(s):  
Small Intestine ◽  
Intestinal Epithelium ◽  
Ex Vivo ◽  
Protein Localization ◽  
Enteric Bacteria ◽  
T84 Cells ◽  
Small Intestinal Epithelium ◽  
Small Intestinal ◽  
Bacterial Products

AbstractEnteric bacteria and/or their products are necessary for doxorubicin (DXR)-induced small intestine mucosal damage. While DXR does not induce gross loss of epithelium, others have shown elevated serum endotoxin after DXR administration. However, the mechanism of movement is unknown. We hypothesized that DXR treatment resulted in increased paracellular translocation of bacteria or bacterial products through the small intestinal epithelium. We measured permeability after DXR administration using transepithelial resistance and macromolecular flux and assessed tight junctional gene expression and protein localization both in vitro using T84 cells and ex vivo using murine jejunum. DXR treatment increased flux of 4 kDa dextrans in mouse jejenum, but increased flux of 4, 10 and 20 kDa dextrans in T84 cells. Following DXR, we observed increased permeability, both in vitro and ex vivo, independent of bacteria. DXR induced increased expression of Cldn2 and Cldn4 in murine small intestine but increased only CLDN2 expression in T84 cells. DXR treatment induced disorganization of tight junctional proteins. We conclude that DXR increases paracellular transit of small macromolecules, including bacterial products, through the epithelium, by altering expression of tight junctional components and dynamic loosening of cellular tight junctions.

Pulsatilla Saponin A Induces Apoptosis and Differentiation of Myeloma Cells

2020 ◽  
Vol 20 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bibo Ye ◽  
Yingying Zhou ◽  
Yanli Liu ◽  
Xuewei Li ◽  
Tianyu Li ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Low Dose ◽  
Caspase 3 ◽  
Culture Supernatant ◽  
Cyclin B1 ◽  
Myeloma Cell ◽  
Erk Signaling ◽  
G2 Arrest ◽  
Myeloma Cells ◽  
Positive Rate

Objectives: To investigate the performance of Pulsatilla saponin A (PsA) in multiple myeloma (MM) cells. Methods: Proliferation, cell cycle analysis, apoptosis and TUNEL assays were conducted to detect the growth and apoptosis in MM cells. Western blotting was used to identify the change in protein. Results: In cells assays, PsA significantly inhibited the growth and apoptosis in MM cells. Cyclin B1, caspase-3, cleavedcaspase-3, PARP, cleaved-PARP, p-ERK were increased, while Bcl-2 were decreased after PSA treated. The CD49e positive rate of U266 cells was increased after PsA treated 96h. At the same time immunoglobulin and the free light chain (FLC) ratio in the culture supernatant obviously increased after treated. Also, the differentiation induced by PsA was confirmed in the primary myeloma cells. Conclusions: Our findings revealed PsA may exert its antitumor effect by causing G2 arrest and apoptosis in myeloma cells. And low-dose PsA can induce the differentiation of myeloma cell lines and primary myeloma cells, probably through the MEK/ERK signaling pathway in vitro.

scholarly journals Intestinal histology of Santa Ines lambs fed bovine or ovine colostrum

2011 ◽  
Vol 56 (No. 10) ◽  
pp. 465-474 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. Machado-Neto ◽  
I.H. Grigolo ◽  
D.B. Moretti ◽  
L. Kindlein ◽  
P. Pauletti
Keyword(s):  
Small Intestine ◽  
Intestinal Epithelium ◽  
Bovine Colostrum ◽  
Intestinal Histology ◽  
Villus Height ◽  
Histological Changes ◽  
Basal Nuclei ◽  
Crypt Depth ◽  
Santa Inês

The aim of this study was to investigate histology characteristics in the small intestine of Santa Ines lambs fed bovine or ovine colostrum. At 0 and 6 h of life, 12 newborn lambs received 250 ml of first milking bovine colostrum (BC) and another 12 animals received 250 ml of first milking ovine colostrum (OC). Samples of duodenum, jejunum and ileum were collected at 24 and 72 h of life. Six animals were sampled at birth, without colostrum intake (0 h). The histomorphologic analysis revealed differences between BC and OC groups in the jejunum and ileum segments. BC group had higher amounts of colostrum-filled vacuoles in the intestinal epithelium compared to OC group and the latter group had a higher number of empty vacuoles. However, at 72 h of life both groups revealed the end of the intestinal colostrum absorption. Regardless of the treatment, apical nuclei and vacuoles were mainly observed in the villi of animals at 0 and 24 h of life, and at 72 h the enterocytes had basal nuclei and cytoplasm without the presence of vacuoles. An interaction between treatment and period was observed in villus height and crypt depth in the jejunum (P&nbsp;&lt;&nbsp;0.05). In this segment, BC group showed the lowest villus height at 24 h of life (710.37 &plusmn; 115.79 &micro;m) while OC group had the larger villus height (883.79 &plusmn; 207.24 &micro;m) at 24 h than at 0 h of life (791.43 &plusmn; 129.19&nbsp;&micro;m) (P &lt; 0.05). Lambs from BC group showed the deepest crypts at 72 h (157.15 &plusmn; 41.81 &micro;m), followed by 24 h (100.08 &plusmn; 23.40 &micro;m) and 0 h (84.89 &plusmn; 21.10&micro;m), and in OC group the deepest crypts were observed at 0 h (84.89 &plusmn; 21.10 &micro;m), without the colostrum ingestion (P &lt; 0.0%). The effects of treatment on the crypt depth were observed in the ileum (P &lt; 0.05), crypts in BC group were deeper than in OC group (92.67 &plusmn; 21.47 and 83.12 &plusmn; 13.85 &micro;m, respectively). The histological changes related to the ingestion of bovine colostrum did not apparently determine any consequences for enteric physiology. Thus, the results concerning the histologic and histomorphometric aspects confirm a possibility of successfully using bovine colostrum as a substitute for ovine colostrum in newborn lambs.

Electron probe x-ray microanalysis and electron microscopy of amino acid absorption and transport by the small intestine: inhibition by chemical poisons and correlation to the elemental composition of the epithelial cells

1986 ◽  
Vol 44 ◽  
pp. 134-135
Author(s):  
A. J. Tousimis
Keyword(s):  
Small Intestine ◽  
Amino Acid ◽  
Epithelial Cells ◽  
Elemental Composition ◽  
Isotope Labeling ◽  
Structural Components ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Human Small Intestine ◽  
Transport Studies

The elemental composition of amino acids is similar to that of the major structural components of the epithelial cells of the small intestine and other tissues. Therefore, their subcellular localization and concentration measurements are not possible by x-ray microanalysis. Radioactive isotope labeling: I131-tyrosine, Se75-methionine and S35-methionine have been successfully employed in numerous absorption and transport studies. The latter two have been utilized both in vitro and vivo, with similar results in the hamster and human small intestine. Non-radioactive Selenomethionine, since its absorption/transport behavior is assumed to be the same as that of Se75- methionine and S75-methionine could serve as a compound tracer for this amino acid.

Hepato- and Nephroprotective Effects of the Polyphenol Concentrate From Cabernet Sauvignon Grape Varieties Cultivated in Kazakhstan in the Experimental Model Of CCL4-Induced Toxicity

2017 ◽  
Vol 9 (03) ◽  
Author(s):  
Nurgozhin T. ◽  
Sergazy S. H. ◽  
Adilgozhina G. ◽  
Gulyayev A. ◽  
Shulgau Z. ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Tetrachloride ◽  
Experimental Model ◽  
Lethal Dose ◽  
Radical Scavenging ◽  
Cabernet Sauvignon ◽  
Intragastric Administration ◽  
Liver And Kidney ◽  
Antioxidant Stress

Objective:This study investigates the hepatoprotective effect and the antioxidant role of polyphenol concentrate in the experimental model of carbon tetrachloride (CCl4) induced toxicity. Methods: Antioxidant activity of Cabernet Sauvignon grape polyphenol were evaluated by radical scavenging of 1,1-diphenyl-2-picryl hydrazyl radical (DPPH), 2,2’-azinobis(3-ethylbenzthiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) (ABTS.+). In addition, the effects of polyphenol concentrate on the survival of Wistar rats in the toxicity model, was also investigated. The polyphenol concentrate was administered for 5 five days prior to injection of carbon tetrachloride in a sub-lethal dose of 300 mg/kg of animal body weight in order to perform histological examinations of the liver and kidney, and detect the levels of AST, ALT and bilirubin. Results: Administration of polyphenol concentrate increased animal survival in the experimental model. Moreover, the intragastric administration of polyphenol concentrate prior to the initiation of the experimental model of toxicity, which was caused by a sub-lethal CCl4 dose, reduced morphological injuries in the liver and kidney, decreased the AST and ALT levels of the blood serum. Discussion and conclusion: Our data demonstrate that polyphenol concentrate possesses an antioxidant potential both in vitro and in vivo by reducing antioxidant stress that was caused by CCl4 administration into rats.

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