Localized Parylene-C Bonding for Micro Packaging and Cell Encapsulation using Reactive Multilayer Foils

2010 ◽  
Vol 2010 (DPC) ◽  
pp. 000925-000940
Author(s):  
Xiaotun Qiu ◽  
David Welch ◽  
Jennifer Blain Christen ◽  
Rui Tang ◽  
Jie Zhu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Room Temperature ◽  
Cell Encapsulation ◽  
Mouse Fibroblast ◽  
Bonding Process ◽  
Parylene C ◽  
Mems Packaging ◽  
Multilayer Foils ◽  
Localized Heating ◽  
Nih 3T3 ◽  
Bonding Technique

This abstract described a novel physiologically compatible wafer bonding technique for bio-microelectromechnical systems (bio-MEMS) packaging. Room temperature bonding was performed between Parylene-C and silicon wafers with a thin Parylene-C coating using reactive Ni/Al multilayer foils as localized heaters. Live NIH 3T3 mouse fibroblast cells were encapsulated in the package and they survived the bonding process owing to the localization of heating. A numerical model was developed to predict the temperature evolutions in the parylene layers, silicon wafer and the encapsulated liquid during the bonding process. The simulation results were in agreement with the cell encapsulation experiment revealing that localized heating occurred in this bonding approach. This study proved the feasibility of reactive multilayer foil bonding technique for broad applications in packaging bio-MEMS and microfluidic systems.

Soldering and Brazing Metals to Ceramics at Room Temperature Using a Novel Nanotechnology

2006 ◽  
Vol 45 ◽  
pp. 1578-1587 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. Duckham ◽  
J. Levin ◽  
T.P. Weihs
Keyword(s):  
Low Temperature ◽  
Room Temperature ◽  
Thermal Stresses ◽  
Local Heat ◽  
Bonding Process ◽  
Free Standing ◽  
Multilayer Foils ◽  
Heats Of Mixing ◽  
Reactive Foils ◽  
Low Temperature Process

This paper reviews a new, low-temperature process for soldering and brazing ceramics to metals that is based on the use of reactive multilayer foils as a local heat source. The reactive foils range in thickness from 40μm to 100μm and contain many nanoscale layers that alternate between materials with large heats of mixing, such as Al and Ni. By inserting a free-standing foil between two solder (or braze) layers and two components, heat generated by the reaction of the foil melts the solder (or braze) and consequently bonds the components. The use of reactive foils eliminates the need for a furnace, and dramatically reduces the heating of the components being bonded. Thus ceramics and metals can be joined over large areas without the damaging thermal stresses that are typically encountered when cooling in furnace soldering or brazing operations. This paper draws on earlier work to review the bonding process and its application to a variety of ceramic-metal systems. Predictions of thermal profiles during bonding and the resulting residual stresses are described and compared with results for conventional soldering or brazing processes. The microstructure, uniformity, and physical properties of the reactive foil bonds are reviewed as well, using several different ceramic-metal systems as examples.

scholarly journals Cytotoxicity, Antiproliferative Effects, and Apoptosis Induction of Methanolic Extract ofCynometra caulifloraLinn. Whole Fruit on Human Promyelocytic Leukemia HL-60 Cells

2012 ◽  
Vol 2012 ◽  
pp. 1-6 ◽  
Author(s):  
T-Johari S. A. Tajudin ◽  
Nashriyah Mat ◽  
Abu Bakar Siti-Aishah ◽  
A. Aziz M. Yusran ◽  
Afnani Alwi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cell Death ◽  
Methanolic Extract ◽  
Apoptotic Cell ◽  
Mouse Fibroblast ◽  
Promyelocytic Leukemia ◽  
Apoptotic Cell Death ◽  
Apoptotic Cells ◽  
3T3 Cells ◽  
Nih 3T3 ◽  
Nih 3T3 Cells

Methanolic extract ofCynometra cauliflorawhole fruit was assayed for cytotoxicity against the human promyelocytic leukemia HL-60 and the normal mouse fibroblast NIH/3T3 cell lines by using the MTT assay. The CD50of the extract for 72 hours was 0.9 μg/mL whereas the value for the cytotoxic drug vincristine was 0.2 μg/mL. The viability of the NIH/3T3 cells was at 80.0% when treated at 15.0 μg/mL. The extract inhibited HL-60 cell proliferation with dose dependence. AO/PI staining of HL-60 cells treated with the extract revealed that majority of cells were in the apoptotic cell death mode. Flow cytometry analysis of HL-60 cells treated at CD50of the extract showed that the early apoptotic cells were 31.0, 26.3 and 19.9% at 24, 48, and 72 hours treatment, respectively. The percentage of late apoptotic cells was increased from 62.0 at 24 hours to 64.1 and 70.2 at 48 and 72 hours, respectively. Meanwhile, percent of necrotic cells were 4.9, 6.6, and 8.5 at 24, 48, and 72 hours, respectively. This study has shown that the methanolic extract ofC. cauliflorawhole fruit was cytotoxic towards HL-60 cells and induced the cells into apoptotic cell death mode, but less cytotoxic towards NIH/3T3 cells.

Localized heating/bonding techniques in MEMS packaging

2005 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. R. Mabesa, Jr. ◽  
A. J. Scott ◽  
X. Wu ◽  
G. W. Auner
Keyword(s):  
Mems Packaging ◽  
Localized Heating

MEMS Post-Packaging by Localized Heating

2000 ◽  
Author(s):  
Liwei Lin
Keyword(s):  
Vapor Deposition ◽  
Microelectromechanical Systems ◽  
Chemical Vapor ◽  
Research Subject ◽  
Major Research ◽  
Research Directions ◽  
Mems Packaging ◽  
Fusion Bonding ◽  
Localized Heating ◽  
Pressure Chemical

Abstract This work addresses important post-packaging issues for microelectromechanical systems (MEMS) and introduces specific research directions by means of localized heating and bonding. MEMS packaging has become a major research subject due to the stringent packaging requirements in the emerging filed of MEMS. Establishing a versatile post-packaging process not only advances the field scientifically but also helps product commercialization in industry. An innovative post-packaging approach by localized heating and bonding is proposed and presented in this paper. Various post-packaging processes are demonstrated, including an integrated LPCVD (Low Pressure Chemical Vapor Deposition) sealing process, localized silicon-gold eutectic bonding, localized silicon-glass fusion bonding, localized solder bonding and localized CVD bonding processes.

scholarly journals Experimental in vitro Comparative Study of Chromovitectomy Agents Cyto- and Phototoxicity

2020 ◽  
Vol 17 (3) ◽  
pp. 473-480
Author(s):  
N. M. Kislitsyna ◽  
S. V. Novikov ◽  
N. V. Perova ◽  
S. V. Kolesnik ◽  
A. I. Kolesnik ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Safety Profile ◽  
Cytotoxic Effect ◽  
Vitreous Body ◽  
Fibroblast Cell ◽  
Negative Control ◽  
Mouse Fibroblast ◽  
Test Plate ◽  
Mouse Fibroblasts ◽  
Nih 3T3

Intravitreal use of vital dyes in combination with the action of endoillumination can induce a cyto- and phototoxic effect on posterior eye segment structures. The search for a staining agent with a maximum safety profile to retinal structures, intensively and selectively coloring vitreous body and vitreoretinal interface structure, remains relevant.Objective: to determine comparative viability of NIH / 3T3 mouse fibroblast cell culture with traditional agents for chromovitrectomy and “Vitreocontrast” suspension with and without endovitreal illumination.Materials and methods. NIH / 3T3 mouse fibroblast cultures contacted with agents for chromovitrectomy (MembraneBlue® Dual, Triamcinolone acetonide, “Vitreocontrast” suspension) and the corresponding controls in a volume of 50 μl / well. The test plate was irradiated with a Photon II illuminator (Synergetics, USA), working distance of 5 mm. The control tablet with the introduced preparations was not exposed to light. Next, the cells were washed and incubated, after which the morphology and lysis of the cells, as well as the number of proliferating relatively negative control of fibroblasts, were evaluated using the vital dye PrestoBlue Cell Viability Reagent. Negative control was the complete growth medium for the cultivation of mouse fibroblasts of the NIH / 3T3 line. The results of the cytotoxic reaction of a culture of mouse fibroblasts of the NIH / 3T3 line were interpreted using the table “The degree of cell response”.Results. Studies have shown that exposure to a source of endovitual illumination does not affect the cytotoxic effect of TA suspension and MembraneBlue® Dual dye. The TA suspension, both after light source and without it, has a moderate cytotoxic effect, and MembraneBlue® Dual has no cytotoxic effect on the culture of mouse fibroblasts of the NIH / 3T3 strain. Without light, “Vitreocontrast” suspension does not have cytotoxic effect on mouse fibroblasts culture NIH / 3T3 line. Light irradiation for 1 h increases the cytotoxicity of “Vitreocontrast” suspension to the level of unsharp cytotoxicity allowed by ISO Standard 10993-5-2011.Conclusion. The safety profile of MembraneBlue® Dual and “Vitreocontrast” suspension allows them to be recommended for use in endovitreal surgery. The cyto- and phototoxicity demonstrated in the experiment with TA suspension can reduce the functional outcomes of retinal surgery. 

scholarly journals The Use of Xanthan Gum as Vaccine Adjuvant: An Evaluation of Immunostimulatory Potential in BALB/c Mice and Cytotoxicity In Vitro

2017 ◽  
Vol 2017 ◽  
pp. 1-9 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rodrigo Andrade Schuch ◽  
Thaís Larré Oliveira ◽  
Thaís Farias Collares ◽  
Leonardo Garcia Monte ◽  
Guilherme Roig Inda ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Immune Response ◽  
Xanthan Gum ◽  
In Vitro Cytotoxicity ◽  
Mouse Fibroblast ◽  
Vaccine Adjuvant ◽  
Iodide Uptake ◽  
Adjuvant Activity ◽  
Cytotoxicity Effects ◽  
Nih 3T3

The successful production of new, safe, and effective vaccines that generate immunological memory is directly related to adjuvant feature, which is responsible for increasing and/or modulating the immune response. Several compounds display adjuvant activity, including carbohydrates. These compounds play important roles in the immune response, as well as having biocompatible properties in vaccine formulations. One such carbohydrate is xanthan gum, a polysaccharide that is produced by the plant-pathogenic bacterium Xanthomonas spp., which has adjuvant attributes. This study evaluated the immune response induced by xanthan gum associated with ovalbumin in BALB/c mice, which were subcutaneously immunized, in terms of antibody production (IgG1, IgG2a, IgG2b, and IgG3), and assessed the levels of IFN-γ in the splenocyte culture using indirect ELISA. Furthermore, we investigated in vitro cytotoxicity of xanthan in the embryo fibroblasts cell line of the NIH/3T3 mouse by MTT assay and propidium iodide uptake assay. The mice immunized with ovalbumin plus xanthan gum exhibited higher antibody IgG1 responses than control groups. Furthermore, the xanthan polysaccharide was capable of increasing the immunogenicity of antigens by producing IFN-γ and did not exhibit cytotoxicity effects in NIH/3T3 mouse fibroblast cells, considered a promising candidate for vaccine adjuvant.

scholarly journals Andiroba Oil (Carapa guianensis Aublet) Nanoemulsions: Development and Assessment of Cytotoxicity, Genotoxicity, and Hematotoxicity

2017 ◽  
Vol 2017 ◽  
pp. 1-11 ◽  
Author(s):  
Susana Suely Rodrigues Milhomem-Paixão ◽  
Maria Luiza Fascineli ◽  
Luis Alexandre Muehlmann ◽  
Karina Motta Melo ◽  
Hugo Leonardo Crisóstomo Salgado ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Room Temperature ◽  
Future Application ◽  
Hydrodynamic Diameter ◽  
Therapeutic Application ◽  
Mtt Test ◽  
Carapa Guianensis ◽  
Toxicological Effects ◽  
Nih 3T3

Andiroba oil (AO) is obtained from an Amazonian plant and is used in traditional medicine. We carried out a comparative study to test the cytotoxicity, genotoxicity, and hematotoxicity of the oil and its nanoemulsion (AN) in vitro (fibroblasts, lineage NIH/3T3) and in vivo (Swiss mice). The AN was characterized by DLS/Zeta, and its stability was investigated for 120 days. The biological activity of AN was assessed in vitro by MTT test and cell morphology analyses and in vivo by micronucleus, comet, and hematotoxicity tests. The AN presented a hydrodynamic diameter (Hd) of 142.5±3.0 and PDI of 0.272±0.007 and good stability at room temperature. The MTT test evidenced the cytotoxicity of AO and of AN only at their highest concentrations, but AN showed lower cytotoxicity than AO. A lower cytotoxicity of AN, when compared to AO, is in fact an interesting data suggesting that during therapeutic application there will be a lower impact in the cell viability of healthy cells. Cytotoxicity, genotoxicity, and hematotoxicity were not observed in vivo. These tests on the biological and toxicological effects of andiroba oil and nanostructured oil are still initial ones but will give a direction to future application in cosmetics and/or the development of new phytotherapics.

TLP Bonding Technologies for Micro Joining and 3D Packaging

2010 ◽  
Vol 2010 (DPC) ◽  
pp. 001221-001252 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kei Murayama ◽  
Mitsuhiro Aizawa ◽  
Mitsutoshi Higashi
Keyword(s):  
High Temperature ◽  
Melting Point ◽  
Low Temperature ◽  
Wafer Bonding ◽  
Bonding Process ◽  
Tlp Bonding ◽  
Hermetic Sealing ◽  
Low Temperature Bonding ◽  
Free Material ◽  
Bonding Technique

The bonding technique for High density Flip Chip(F.C.) packages requires a low temperature and a low stress process to have high reliability of the micro joining ,especially that for sensor MEMS packages requires hermetic sealing so as to ensure their performance. The Transient Liquid Phase (TLP) bonding, that is a kind of diffusion bonding is a technique that connects the low melting point material such as Indium to the higher melting point metal such as Gold by the isothermal solidification and high-melting-point intermetallic compounds are formed. Therefore, it is a unique joining technique that can achieve not only the low temperature bonding and also the high temperature reliability. The Gold-Indium TLP bonding technique can join parts at 180 degree C and after bonding the melting point of the junction is shifted to more than 495 degree C, therefore itfs possible to apply the low temperature bonding lower than the general use as a lead free material such as a SAC and raise the melting point more than AuSn solder which is used for the high temperature reliability usage. Therefore, the heat stress caused by bonding process can be expected to be lowered. We examined wafer bonding and F.C bonding plus annealing technique by using electroplated Indium and Gold as a joint material. We confirmed that the shear strength obtained at the F.C. bonding plus anneal technique was equal with that of the wafer bonding process. Moreover, it was confirmed to ensure sufficient hermetic sealing in silicon cavity packages that had been bonded at 180 degree C. And the difference of the thermal stress that affect to the device by the bonding process was confirmed. In this paper, we report on various possible application of the TLP bonding.

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